Morphology, Geographic Distribution, and Host Preferences Are Poor Predictors of Phylogenetic Relatedness in the Mistletoe Genus
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"Santalales (Including Mistletoes)"
Santalales (Including Introductory article Mistletoes) Article Contents . Introduction Daniel L Nickrent, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA . Taxonomy and Phylogenetics . Morphology, Life Cycle and Ecology . Biogeography of Mistletoes . Importance of Mistletoes Online posting date: 15th March 2011 Mistletoes are flowering plants in the sandalwood order that produce some of their own sugars via photosynthesis (Santalales) that parasitise tree branches. They evolved to holoparasites that do not photosynthesise. Holopar- five separate times in the order and are today represented asites are thus totally dependent on their host plant for by 88 genera and nearly 1600 species. Loranthaceae nutrients. Up until recently, all members of Santalales were considered hemiparasites. Molecular phylogenetic ana- (c. 1000 species) and Viscaceae (550 species) have the lyses have shown that the holoparasite family Balano- highest species diversity. In South America Misodendrum phoraceae is part of this order (Nickrent et al., 2005; (a parasite of Nothofagus) is the first to have evolved Barkman et al., 2007), however, its relationship to other the mistletoe habit ca. 80 million years ago. The family families is yet to be determined. See also: Nutrient Amphorogynaceae is of interest because some of its Acquisition, Assimilation and Utilization; Parasitism: the members are transitional between root and stem para- Variety of Parasites sites. Many mistletoes have developed mutualistic rela- The sandalwood order is of interest from the standpoint tionships with birds that act as both pollinators and seed of the evolution of parasitism because three early diverging dispersers. Although some mistletoes are serious patho- families (comprising 12 genera and 58 species) are auto- gens of forest and commercial trees (e.g. -
Reproductive Biology of Viscum Cruciatum (Viscaceae) in Southern Spain
Int. J. Plant Sci. 156(1):42-49. 1995. ? 1995 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/95/5601 -0006$02.00 REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF VISCUM CRUCIATUM (VISCACEAE) IN SOUTHERN SPAIN ABELARDO APARICIO,',* MARIA JESUS GALLEGO,* AND CARLOS VAZQUEZt *Departamento de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; and tAula de la Naturaleza, Avenida de la Diputaci6n s/n, 11670 El Bosque, Cadiz, Spain The reproductive biology of the dioecious Viscum cruciatum, one of the few viscaceous mistletoes occurring in Europe, was investigated. The male flower is 7.2 mm long and lemon-scented, produces ca. 58,000 pollen grains, and has a dry mass of 14 mg, and thus a low relative staminate effort (RSE) value of 4,059. Female flowers, ca. 3 mm long, 2.7 mg dry mass, secrete small amounts of nectar (0.05 mg sugar/d). A stigma is not apparent. Flowers inside nylon bags (i.e., insect-free) set significantly less fruit than control branches open to natural pollination. Pollination is performed by insects. Flowers bagged against insects but not wind set some fruit. Flowers bagged with dense cloth excluding wind and insect pollination did not set any fruit. Agamospermous embryo production does not take place in this species and cannot be the cause of the shift in sex-ratio toward females. Fruits can contain one (45%), two (43.6%), three (11%), or four (0.3%) embryos, which may not be true polyembryony but may result from the partial or complete fusion of the chlorophyllous endosperm. -
Winter 2011 Issue No 88
The Clematis Winter 2011 Issue No 88 BAIRNSDALE POSTAGE Victoria 3875 PAID Quarterly Newsletter of theBairnsdale & District Field Naturalists Club Inc A0006074C 20 1 BAIRNSDALE & DIST FIELD NATURALISTS CLUB INC. BUSHWALK TO OLD MAN HILL - MAY 2011 A0006074C List of Office Bearers for 2011 Eight members took to the hills along the Old Man Hill track at Sarsfield for the May bushwalk. It was a very pleasant, cool, but sunny day, just President: Pat McPherson ph. (03) 5152 2614 [email protected] ideal for walking. The terrain had long steep sections but with much Vice President: James Turner ph. (03) 5155 1258 [email protected] huffing and puffing by some of us we enjoyed the climbs. We had a Secretary: Fran Bright ph. (03) 5152 2008 [email protected] pleasant lunch stop overlooking a spectacular horse-shoe bend of the Treasurer: Margaret Regan ph. (03) 5156 2541 Nicholson River. Bird song was plentiful and we heard many lyre-birds Correspondence to: singing through their repertoire as we walked along through their territo- The Secretary, ries. P.O. Box 563, Many thanks to our leader, Noel, for taking us out for a lovely day in the BAIRNSDALE 3875 bush. Web Site: www.eastgippsland.com/bdfnc General meetings take place at: Noweyung Centre, 84 Goold Street Bairnsdale General meetings take place: as per program at 7.30pm sharp Committee meetings take place: at members homes, at 4.00pm (see program) Group Co-ordinators: Botanic Group: James Turner Ph. (03) 5155 1258 Fauna Survey Group: Jenny Edwards Ph. (03) 5157 5556 Bushwalking Group: Noel Williamson Ph. -
Determination of Flavonoid and Polyphenol Compounds in Viscum Album and Allium Sativum Extracts
Trifunschi et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, April 2015, 4(5): 382-385 International Current http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol4Issue5/01.pdf Pharmaceutical Journal ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Determination of Flavonoid and Polyphenol Compounds in Viscum Album and Allium Sativum Extracts Svetlana Trifunschi1, *Melania Florina Munteanu1, Vlad Agotici1, Simona Pintea (Ardelean)1 and Ramona Gligor2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Science,”Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania 2Department of General Medicine,”Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania ABSTRACT Ethnopharmacology is a new interdisciplinary science that appeared in Europe of the ‘90, in France, as a necessity claimed by the return to the traditional remedies of each nation. The aim of this study is to identify and quantify the active ingredients of the species Viscum album and Allium sativum, in order to provide a complex chemical characterisation, which is necessary for the use of these plants’ extracts as natural ingredients in the pharmaceutical industry. The following methods were used: (1) the plant material was harvested from the west-side of Romania (Europe) in July 2014; (2) it was dried quickly and the main active principles were extracted using ethylic alcohol solution (50%); (3) the quantitative analyses of the flavonoids and polyphenols were performed according to a procedure described in the Romanian Pharmacopoeia. FT-IR results showed that the Viscum album extract had the highest content of polyphenolic compounds, for both flavonoids and polyphenols. This is the reason why it can be concluded that alcoholic extracts of mistletoe must be used as supplements for diabetics who require diets with flavonoids or for patients with cancers, degenerative diseases, and particularly cardiovascular diseases, who need an increased amount of polyphenols. -
Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and Systematics
This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. CHAPTER 10 Anatomy of the Dwarf Mistletoe Shoot System Carol A. Wilson and Clyde L. Calvin * In this chapter, we present an overview of the Morphology of Shoots structure of the Arceuthobium shoot system. Anatomical examination reveals that dwarf mistletoes Arceuthobium does not produce shoots immedi are indeed well adapted to a parasitic habit. An exten ately after germination. The endophytic system first sive endophytic system (see chapter 11) interacts develops within the host branch. Oftentimes, the only physiologically with the host to obtain needed evidence of infection is swelling of the tissues near the resources (water, minerals, and photosynthates); and infection site (Scharpf 1967). After 1 to 3 years, the first the shoots provide regulatory and reproductive func shoots are produced (table 2.1). All shoots arise from tions. Beyond specialization of their morphology (Le., the endophytic system and thus are root-borne shoots their leaves are reduced to scales), the dwarf mistle (Groff and Kaplan 1988). In emerging shoots, the toes also show peculiarities of their structure that leaves of adjacent nodes overlap and conceal the stem. reflect their phylogenetic relationships with other As the internodes elongate, stem segments become mistletoes and illustrate a high degree of specialization visible; but the shoot apex remains tightly enclosed by for the parasitic habit. From Arceuthobium globosum, newly developing leaf primordia (fig. 10.lA). Two the largest described species with shoots 70 cm tall oppositely arranged leaves, joined at their bases, occur and 5 cm in diameter, toA. -
Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q a Records
Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q A Records plants monocots Poaceae Paspalidium rarum C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida latifolia feathertop wiregrass C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida lazaridis C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Astrebla pectinata barley mitchell grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus setigerus Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Echinochloa colona awnless barnyard grass Y 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida polyclados C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cymbopogon ambiguus lemon grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria ctenantha C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enteropogon ramosus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon avenaceus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eragrostis tenellula delicate lovegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Urochloa praetervisa C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Heteropogon contortus black speargrass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Iseilema membranaceum small flinders grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Bothriochloa ewartiana desert bluegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Brachyachne convergens common native couch C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon lindleyanus C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon polyphyllus leafy nineawn C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus actinocladus katoora grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus pennisetiformis Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus australasicus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne pulchella subsp. dominii C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Dichanthium sericeum subsp. humilius C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria divaricatissima var. divaricatissima C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne mucronata forma (Alpha C.E.Hubbard 7882) C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sehima nervosum C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eulalia aurea silky browntop C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Chloris virgata feathertop rhodes grass Y 1/1 CODES I - Y indicates that the taxon is introduced to Queensland and has naturalised. -
Mistletoes: Pathogens, Keystone Resource, and Medicinal Wonder Abstracts
Mistletoes: Pathogens, Keystone Resource, and Medicinal Wonder Abstracts Oral Presentations Phylogenetic relationships in Phoradendron (Viscaceae) Vanessa Ashworth, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Keywords: Phoradendron, Systematics, Phylogenetics Phoradendron Nutt. is a genus of New World mistletoes comprising ca. 240 species distributed from the USA to Argentina and including the Antillean islands. Taxonomic treatments based on morphology have been hampered by phenotypic plasticity, size reduction of floral parts, and a shortage of taxonomically useful traits. Morphological characters used to differentiate species include the arrangement of flowers on an inflorescence segment (seriation) and the presence/absence and pattern of insertion of cataphylls on the stem. The only trait distinguishing Phoradendron from Dendrophthora Eichler, another New World mistletoe genus with a tropical distribution contained entirely within that of Phoradendron, is the number of anther locules. However, several lines of evidence suggest that neither Phoradendron nor Dendrophthora is monophyletic, although together they form the strongly supported monophyletic tribe Phoradendreae of nearly 360 species. To date, efforts to delineate supraspecific assemblages have been largely unsuccessful, and the only attempt to apply molecular sequence data dates back 16 years. Insights gleaned from that study, which used the ITS region and two partitions of the 26S nuclear rDNA, will be discussed, and new information pertinent to the systematics and biology of Phoradendron will be reviewed. The Viscaceae, why so successful? Clyde Calvin, University of California, Berkeley Carol A. Wilson, The University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley Keywords: Endophytic system, Epicortical roots, Epiparasite Mistletoe is the term used to describe aerial-branch parasites belonging to the order Santalales. -
Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe Common Cause of Brooming in Lodgepole Pine
Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe Common cause of brooming in lodgepole pine Pathogen—Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) is the most widely distributed, one of the most damag- ing, and one of the best studied dwarf mistletoes in North America. Aerial shoots are yellowish to olive green, 2-3 1/2 inches (5-9 cm) long (maximum 12 inches [30 cm]) and up to 1/25-1/8 inch (1-3 mm) diameter (figs. 1-2). The distribution generally follows that of its principal host, lodgepole pine, in the Rocky Mountain Region (fig. 3). Hosts—Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe infects primarily its namesake, but ponderosa pine is considered a secondary host of this species. However, lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe can sustain itself and even be aggressive in pure stands of Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming sometimes a mile or more away from infected lodgepole pine. This infection generally occurs in areas outside the range of ponderosa pine’s usual parasite, southwestern dwarf mistletoe. Figure 1. Flowering male lodgepole pine dwarf mistletow plant para- Figure 2. Female lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe plant with imma- sitizing lodgepole pine. Photo: Brian Howell, USDA Forest Service. ture fruit parasitizing lodgepole pine. Note the basal cups left behind where old shoots have fallen off. Photo: Brian Howell, USDA Forest Service. Signs and Symptoms—Signs of infection are shoots and basal cups (fig. 2) found at infection sites. Symptoms include witches’ brooms, swelling of in- fected branches, and dieback. Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe infections grow systemically with the branches they infect, sometimes causing large witches’ brooms with elongated, loosely hanging branches. -
A Distinctive New Species of Flowerpecker (Passeriformes: Dicaeidae) from Borneo
This is a repository copy of A distinctive new species of flowerpecker (Passeriformes: Dicaeidae) from Borneo. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/155358/ Version: Published Version Article: SAUCIER, J.R., MILENSKY, C.M., CARABALLO-ORTIZ, M.A. et al. (3 more authors) (2019) A distinctive new species of flowerpecker (Passeriformes: Dicaeidae) from Borneo. Zootaxa, 4686 (4). pp. 451-464. ISSN 1175-5326 10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.1 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Zootaxa 4686 (4): 451–464 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2C416BE7-D759-4DDE-9A00-18F1E679F9AA A distinctive new species of flowerpecker (Passeriformes: Dicaeidae) from Borneo JACOB R. SAUCIER1, CHRISTOPHER M. MILENSKY1, MARCOS A. CARABALLO-ORTIZ2, ROSLINA RAGAI3, N. FARIDAH DAHLAN1 & DAVID P. EDWARDS4 1Division of Birds, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 116, Washington, D.C. -
Newsletter No. 13 New Series January 2011
fostering research into the biology and cultivation of the Australian flora Newsletter No. 13 New Series January 2011 President‟s Report 2010 Here is the President‟s Report presented to the Foundation‟s Annual General Meeting by Dr Peter Goodwin on 22nd November 2010: There have been a number of highlights this year: 1. The Treasurer suggested, and Council accepted, that a year‟s free membership of the Foundation be offered to all grantees over the past 5 years. This led to us acquiring 15 new members, a welcome addition to our numbers, and we hope they will represent a dynamic addition to the Foundation. 2. In a further step to promote the Foundation we set up the Australian Flora Foundation Essay prize for University students. The winning essay came from Amy Prendergast, University of Western Australia. 3. We have approved a total of $52,651 in research grants for the 2010/11 financial year, of which $28,091 was for continuing grants, and $24,560 for new grants. The new grants are to: a. Karen Johnson, University of Tasmania, for a project titled „Determining the pollinators of rare and endangered Epacris species: implications for conservation‟. b. Melinda Perkins, Centre for Native Floriculture, University of Queensland, for a project titled „Techniques for improving Phytophthora resistance in potential new floricultural crop Newcastelia interrupta’. c. Sean Roche, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, for a project titled „Functional diversity of mycorrhiza in Kwongan sandplain heath species (Ericaceae), in Western Australia: implications for restoration of rare species‟. 4. Final reports on Australian Flora Foundation research projects have been received from: a. -
Shrubs Shrubs
Shrubs Shrubs 86 87 biibaya Broom bush Language name biibaya (yuwaalaraay) Scientific name Melaleuca uncinata Plant location Shrubs The biibaya (Broom Bush) is widespread through mallee, woodland and forest in the western part of the Border Rivers and Gwydir catchments. It often grows on sandy soils. Plant description The biibaya is an upright shrub with many stems growing from the main trunk. It grows between 1 to 3 metres high. The bark on older stems is papery. It has long, thin leaves which look like the bristles on a broom. Many fruit join together in a cluster which looks like a globe. Traditional use Can you guess what this plant was used for from its common name? The stems and girran.girraa (leaves) of the biibaya provided a useful broom. Bungun (branches) can also be cut and dried for use in brush fences. Paperbark trees (plants belonging to the genus Melaleuca) had many other uses also. The papery nganda (bark) was used to wrap meat for cooking and as plates, as well as being used as bandages, raincoats, shelter, blankets, twine and many other things. The nectar from the gurayn (flowers) could be eaten or drunk, steeped in water, as a sweet drink. Crushing the girran.girraa provides oil. Young girran.girraa can be chewed, or pounded and mixed with water, to treat colds, respiratory complaints and headaches. This mixture was also used as a general tonic. Inhaling the steam from boiling or burning the leaves provides relief from cold, flu and sinusitis (Howell 1983, Stewart & Percival 1997). The gurayn were also used for decoration. -
Morphology, Geographic Distribution, and Host Preferences Are Poor
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/433359; this version posted October 2, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Research Article Morphology, geographic distribution, and host preferences are poor predictors of phylogenetic relatedness in the mistletoe genus Viscum L. Karola Maul1, Michael Krug1, Daniel L. Nickrent2, Kai F. Müller3, Dietmar Quandt1, and Susann Wicke3* 1Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; 2Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6509, USA; 3Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Huefferstr. 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Author for Correspondence is: Dr. S. Wicke, phone: +49 (0) 251 83 21644, email: [email protected] Research article containing 6,200 words, 4 color figures, 1 table; 6 additional figures and 7 additional tables are provided as supporting information. All raw data files and original phylogenetic trees are available from Mendeley Data. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/433359; this version posted October 2, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Abstract (250 words max.) 2 Besides their alleged therapeutic effects, mistletoes of the genus Viscum L.