Regional Plan of Action 2019−2023 for Implementation of the Global Vector Control Response 2017−2030

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Regional Plan of Action 2019−2023 for Implementation of the Global Vector Control Response 2017−2030 WHO-EM/MAL/388/E Regional plan of action 2019−2023 for implementation of the Global vector control response 2017−2030 WHO-EM/MAL/388/E Regional plan of action 2019−2023 for implementation of the Global vector control response 2017−2030 WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional plan of action 2019 − 2023 for implementation of the global vector control response 2017 − 2030 / World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean p. WHO-EM/MAL/388/E 1. Disease Vectors 2. Insect Vectors 3. Communicable Disease Control – trends 4. Regional Health Planning - Eastern Mediterranean Region I. Title II. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (NLM Classification: QW 700) © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Regional plan of action 2019−2023 for implementation of the Global vector control response 2017−2030. Cairo: WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean; 2019. Licence: CC BYNC-SA 3.0 IGO. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 7 1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Global vector control response 2017−2030 ........................................................ 9 1.3 Regional status of vector-borne diseases .......................................................... 13 1.4 Regional status of vector surveillance and control ........................................... 14 2. OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 24 3. PRIORITY ACTIVITIES AND TARGETS ............................................................... 25 4. IMPLEMENTATION COST ..................................................................................... 27 5. PROGRESS INDICATORS ....................................................................................... 28 6. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 31 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The regional plan of action 2019–2023 for implementation of the Global vector control response 2017–2030 was developed through a broad consultation process that included two consultation meetings during June 2018 and September 2018 to obtain input and recommendations from experts, WHO partners and Member States. It was prepared and drafted by Dr Moteza Zaim, WHO consultant, Geneva, Switzerland. WHO acknowledges the following for their contribution during the development of the regional plan of action: Dr Ahmed Ali Enayati, Medical Entomology, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Islamic Republic of Iran Dr Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Coordinator of International Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Dr Hamooda Toto Kafy, Head of Integrated Vector Management Unit, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan Mr Muhammad Mukhtar, Senior Vector Control Specialist/Entomologist/Head of Research and Development, Directorate of Malaria Control and National Focal Person for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Integrated Vector Management, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr Henk van den Berg, Scientist, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands The following WHO staff are acknowledged for their contribution during the preparation/development of the regional plan of action: Dr Samira Al-Eryani, Technical Officer, Malaria Control and Elimination, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Dr Adel Aljasari, National Professional Officer, Malaria, WHO Representative’s Office, Yemen Dr Basel Ahmad Al-Yousfi, Director, Regional Centre for Environmental Health Action, Amman, Jordan Dr Birkinesh Ameneshewa, Technical Officer, Public Health and Environment, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, Dr Dhekra Amin Annuzaili, Consultant Neglected Tropical Diseases, Division of Communicable Disease Control, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Dr Hoda Youssef Atta, Coordinator, HIV, TB, Malaria and Tropical Diseases, Division of Communicable Disease Control, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt 5 Regional plan of action 2019–2023 for implementation of the global vector control response 2017–2030 Dr Anna Drexler, Technical Officer, Vector and Ecology Management, Cluster for Communicable Diseases, WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland Dr Rana Hajjeh, Director, Division of Communicable Disease Control, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Dr Tessa Bellamy Knox, Medical Officer (MVP), WP_VU3 Director, Combating Communicable Diseases, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines Dr Jan Kolaczinski Coordinator, Entomology and Vector Control, Cluster for Communicable Diseases, WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland Dr Mamunur Sk Md Malik, Manager, Infectious Hazard Management, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Mr Mazen Malkawi, Regional Adviser, Regional Centre for Environmental Health Action, Amman, Jordan Dr Nhu Nguyen Tran Minh, Technical Officer, Infectious Hazard Management, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Dr Pierre Nabeth, Programme Area Manager, Health Emergency Information and Risk Assessment, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Ms Mona Osman, Consultant, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Division of Communicable Disease Control, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Dr Kakar Qutbuddin, National Professional Officer, WHO Representative’s Office, Pakistan Ms Dalia Samhouri, Programme Area Manager, Country Health Emergency Preparedness and IHR, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Dr Raman Velayudhan, Coordinator, Vector and Ecology Management, Cluster for Communicable Diseases, WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland Mr Martin Walker, Consultant Country Health Emergency Preparedness and IHR, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Dr Rajpal Singh Yadav, Scientist, Vector and Ecology Management, Cluster for Communicable Diseases, WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland 6 Regional plan of action 2019–2023
Recommended publications
  • Sars-Cov-2 Infection in Healthcare Workers and Their Household Contacts at the University of North Carolina Medical Center
    VECTOR OR VICTIM: SARS-COV-2 INFECTION IN HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND THEIR HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA MEDICAL CENTER Team Co-PIs: Ross Boyce, MD (SOM) and Allison Aiello, PhD (SPH) Coinvestigators: David Richardson, PhD (SPH), David Weber, MD (SOM), Emily Sickbert-Bennett, PhD, MS (SOM), Erica Pettigrew Md, JD, MPH (SOM), Raquel Reyes, MD (Hospital Medicine), Naseem Alavian, MD (Hospital Medicine), Jon Juliano, MD, MPH (SOM) Emily Ciccone MD,MHS (SOM), Billy Fischer, MD (SOM) and Subha Sellers, MD,MSc (SOM) The COVID-19 pandemic now accounts for more than 1.1 million confirmed infections and nearly than 70,000 deaths in the United States (US), along with unprecedented disruption to social networks and economic systems. The causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, is primarily spread from person-to-person through the inhalation or direct contact with aerosolized droplets. Frontline healthcare workers (HCW) are at increased risk of infection due to frequent exposure to and close contact with infected patients and contaminated surfaces. Shortages of critical personal protective equipment (PPE) may further exacerbate this risk. A review of the epidemiological data from the site of the initial COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China showed that 63% of HCWs were infected with SARS- CoV-2, many of who developed severe disease. While data from US facilities is still emerging, an analysis of case reports submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found nearly 10,000 cases of COVID-19 among HCWs. Infected HCWs can also contribute to disease transmission, both in the hospital setting and in the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and Vector-Borne/Zoonotic Diseases
    Climate Change and Vector-Borne/Zoonotic Diseases Kenneth L. Gage Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vector Disease agents Threshold for Effects of Climatic Factors Biological Activity on Hosts and Vectors* Anopheles Plasmodium sp. 8-10o C mosquitoes • Growth, development and reproduction Triatomine Trypanosoma 20o C – Q10 effects (approximate doubling of bugs cruzi (2-6o C for survival) metabolic rates in poikliothermic organisms with 10oC rise in temperatures) Aedes Dengue virus 6-10o C – Rate of reproduction/Number of mosquitoes generations per season – Example: Anopheles gambiae gonotrophic Ixodes ticks Borrelia 5-8o C cycles significantly shorter in open treeless burdgdorferi, sites (warmer) than forested sites (cooler) Anaplasma • Activity patterns phagocytophilum, – Feeding Babesia microti – Host seeking o – Mate seeking etc. Bulinus and Schistosoma sp. 5 C o • Availability of breeding sites other snails (25+2 C optimal) • Survival – Severe weather events Source: Patz and Olson 2006 – Tolerance limits for vectors and hosts – Food or water availability – Freezing or heat stress Effect of Temperature on Oxygen Consumption * See Gubler et al. 2001 for citations and additional examples Climate Effects on Hosts and Vectors - Distribution and Abundance - • “Weather school” (Andrewartha and Birch 1954) – Changing conditions make areas more or less suitable for survival and reproduction, which affects abundance of different species – Changing conditions often related to climatic variables (temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc.) – Most extreme effects seen for insects and other arthropods • Host or vector populations can increase during favorable conditions and later crash as conditions deteriorate • Many examples with epidemiologic significance – Mosquito vectors • Rift valley fever (arbovirus)(Linthicum et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A National Public Health Framework for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases in Humans
    A National Public Health Framework for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases in Humans WWW.CDC.GOV/VECTOR 1 Amblyomma maculatum Publication and Copyright Information Centers for Disease Control and Prevention A National Public Health Framework for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases in Humans Atlanta, Georgia: September 2020 www.cdc.gov/vector Media inquiries: 404-639-3286 (9:00 am–6:00 pm ET); [email protected] Acknowledgement: Layout and graphics provided by CDC’s Creative Services. Cover Clockwise from top right: • Blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), James Gathany photographer • Aedes aegypti mosquito, James Gathany photographer • Illustration of the United States • Oriental rat flea Xenopsylla( cheopsis), James Gathany photographer Accessible Version: www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/framework.html 2 A NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH FRAMEWORK FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN HUMANS Introduction and Scope Our nation’s ability to defend against the present the U.S. population from these diseases, five federal and future threat of vector-borne diseases relies on a departments and the Environmental Protection Agency comprehensive national system that is able to detect, contributed to developing a national framework for vector- prevent, and respond to these threats. A concerted borne disease prevention and control. These federal and sustained effort is needed to address significant partners represent the primary federal departments and challenges and reverse the upward trends in illness, agencies engaged
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Disease and Disease Transmission
    DISEASE AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION Chapter 2 Disease and disease transmission An enormous variety of organisms exist, including some which can survive and even develop in the body of people or animals. If the organism can cause infection, it is an infectious agent. In this manual infectious agents which cause infection and illness are called pathogens. Diseases caused by pathogens, or the toxins they produce, are communicable or infectious diseases (45). In this manual these will be called disease and infection. This chapter presents the transmission cycle of disease with its different elements, and categorises the different infections related to WES. 2.1 Introduction to the transmission cycle of disease To be able to persist or live on, pathogens must be able to leave an infected host, survive transmission in the environment, enter a susceptible person or animal, and develop and/or multiply in the newly infected host. The transmission of pathogens from current to future host follows a repeating cycle. This cycle can be simple, with a direct transmission from current to future host, or complex, where transmission occurs through (multiple) intermediate hosts or vectors. This cycle is called the transmission cycle of disease, or transmission cycle. The transmission cycle has different elements: The pathogen: the organism causing the infection The host: the infected person or animal ‘carrying’ the pathogen The exit: the method the pathogen uses to leave the body of the host Transmission: how the pathogen is transferred from host to susceptible person or animal, which can include developmental stages in the environment, in intermediate hosts, or in vectors 7 CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING DISEASE The environment: the environment in which transmission of the pathogen takes place.
    [Show full text]
  • Data–Model Fusion to Better Understand Emerging Pathogens and Improve Infectious Disease Forecasting
    July 2011 DATA ASSIMILATION FOR ECOLOGICAL FORECASTING Ecological Applications, 21(5), 2011, pp. 1443–1460 Ó 2011 by the Ecological Society of America Data–model fusion to better understand emerging pathogens and improve infectious disease forecasting 1,5 2 3 4 1 SHANNON L. LADEAU, GREGORY E. GLASS, N. THOMPSON HOBBS, ANDREW LATIMER, AND RICHARD S. OSTFELD 1Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York 12545 USA 2Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA 3Colorado State University, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524 USA 4University of California, Department of Plant Sciences, Davis, California 95616 USA Abstract. Ecologists worldwide are challenged to contribute solutions to urgent and pressing environmental problems by forecasting how populations, communities, and ecosystems will respond to global change. Rising to this challenge requires organizing ecological information derived from diverse sources and formally assimilating data with models of ecological processes. The study of infectious disease has depended on strategies for integrating patterns of observed disease incidence with mechanistic process models since John Snow first mapped cholera cases around a London water pump in 1854. Still, zoonotic and vector-borne diseases increasingly affect human populations, and methods used to successfully characterize directly transmitted diseases are often insufficient. We use four case studies to demonstrate that advances in disease forecasting require better understanding of zoonotic host and vector populations, as well of the dynamics that facilitate pathogen amplification and disease spillover into humans. In each case study, this goal is complicated by limited data, spatiotemporal variability in pathogen transmission and impact, and often, insufficient biological understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • Adenoviral Vector COVID-19 Vaccines: Process and Cost Analysis
    processes Article Adenoviral Vector COVID-19 Vaccines: Process and Cost Analysis Rafael G. Ferreira 1,* , Neal F. Gordon 2, Rick Stock 2 and Demetri Petrides 3 1 Intelligen Brasil, Sao Paulo 01227-200, Brazil 2 BDO USA, LLP, Boston, MA 02110, USA; [email protected] (N.F.G.); [email protected] (R.S.) 3 Intelligen, Inc., Scotch Plains, NJ 07076, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has motivated the rapid development of numerous vaccines that have proven effective against SARS-CoV-2. Several of these successful vaccines are based on the adenoviral vector platform. The mass manufacturing of these vaccines poses great challenges, especially in the context of a pandemic where extremely large quantities must be produced quickly at an affordable cost. In this work, two baseline processes for the production of a COVID-19 adenoviral vector vaccine, B1 and P1, were designed, simulated and economically evaluated with the aid of the software SuperPro Designer. B1 used a batch cell culture viral production step, with a viral titer of 5 × 1010 viral particles (VP)/mL in both stainless-steel and disposable equipment. P1 used a perfusion cell culture viral production step, with a viral titer of 1 × 1012 VP/mL in exclusively disposable equipment. Both processes were sized to produce 400 M/yr vaccine doses. P1 led to a smaller cost per dose than B1 ($0.15 vs. $0.23) and required a much smaller capital investment ($126 M vs. $299 M). The media and facility-dependent expenses were found to be the main contributors to the operating cost.
    [Show full text]
  • STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease) Or STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection): Should We Choose? Janet Byron Anderson, Phd
    STD (sexually transmitted disease) or STI (sexually transmitted infection): Should we choose? Janet Byron Anderson, PhD 1. Clinical foundation of the problem Another surprise: Documented incidence had shown Each of the terms—“sexual(ly)”, “transmitted”, “disease”, that the two routes of sexual transmission were male-to- and “infection”—is problematic independently, as this female and male-to-male. However, on 15 July 2016 the study will show. Moreover, co-occurring variants, used CDC reported the first case of suspected female-to-male as synonyms in English medical articles worldwide, ag- sexual transmission in New York City [4]. Since 2008, gravate the problem. The purpose of this study is to pro- then, the Zika virus has shown that it is now sexually pose a single term that can stimulate discussion about transmissible. “Transmissible” denotes a potential, and is whether the co-occurring variants are clinically and lin- distinct from “transmitted”, which denotes a reality. guistically justifiable—especially now, when STDs/STIs To say that Zika has proved to be transmissible through have become a global health problem, and public health sexual contact means that it can be transmitted through agencies in every country are scrambling to educate their sex but that it need not be (Zika remains a chiefly vec- citizens. [Until the presentation advances to the point tor-borne disease). However, cases reported since 2008 where the question posed in the title can be definitively document the reality of transmittedness through sexual answered, I’ll use the expression “STD/STI” or the terms contact. “illness(es)” and “condition(s)”.] The predisposing epidemiologic context will first be clar- This carefully differentiated language is used by the ified, for it sheds light on two of the problematic terms: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control chiefly “transmitted” but also “sexual(ly)”.
    [Show full text]
  • GIPZ™ Lentiviral Shrna
    TECHNICAL MANUAL GIPZ™ Lentiviral shRNA Product description Design information The Dharmacon™ GIPZ™ Lentiviral shRNA Library was developed in collabora- Unique microRNA-30 based hairpin design tion with Dr. Greg Hannon of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory [CSHL] and Dr. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs are expressed as human microRNA-30 Steve Elledge of Harvard Medical School. This library combines the design (miR-30) primary transcripts. This design adds a Drosha processing site to the advantages of microRNA-adapted shRNA with the pGIPZ lentiviral vector to hairpin construct and has been shown to greatly increase gene silencing create a powerful RNA tool capable of producing RNA interference (RNAi) in efficiency (Boden 2004). The hairpin stem consists of 22 nucleotides (nt) of most cell types including primary and non-dividing cells. dsRNA and a 19 nucleotides (nt) loop from human miR-30. Adding the miR-30 loop and 125 nucleotides (nt) of miR-30 flanking sequence on either side of the GIPZ shRNA is available in glycerol stock or viral particle hairpin results in greater than 10-fold increase in Drosha and Dicer processing format. If viral particle format is purchased, begin work with of the expressed hairpins when compared with conventional shRNA designs Protocol IX – Determining Relative Transduction Efficiency. (Silva 2005). Increased Drosha and Dicer processing translates into greater shRNA production and greater potency for expressed hairpins. Important safety note Use of the miR-30 design also allowed the use of ‘rules-based’ designs for target Please follow the safety guidelines for use and production of vector-based sequence selection. One such rule is the destabilizing of the 5' end of the lentivirus as set by your institution’s biosafety committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Top Tips How to Avoid Vector Borne Diseases (Eng)
    Tr a a v r e i ljl s k in a g r e to a Vectors such as mosquitoes, sandflies and HOW tO AvOid ticks can transmit serious infectious diseases both in vEctOR-BORnE the WHO European Region disEAsEs – tOp tips and globally. Many of these vectors are blood sucking and transfer diseases to Take simple measures to protect yourself and your family. human beings through their bites. 1. Before you travel, be vaccinated against diseases prevalent at your destination. vaccines exist for yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick- Avoid being bitten by a borne encephalitis. mosquito, sandfly or tick. 2. consult your doctor, 4–6 weeks before departure if possible, to discuss how you can protect yourself (for example, what antimalarial medicines you Be prepared. should take if malaria is endemic at your destination). 3. Wear light-coloured, long-sleeved shirts and long trousers, tucked into socks or boots, and use insect repellent on exposed skin and clothing to protect yourself from being bitten by mosquitoes, sandflies or ticks. temperature, humidity and the time of day affect the likelihood of being bitten, so know when you need extra protective clothing and insect repellent. 4. Use window screens, if available, to keep mosquitoes outside the place where you are staying. 5. sleep under an insecticide-treated bed net, requesting one if necessary, if you are staying in an area with malaria risk. 6. check your body regularly for ticks. if you find one, remove it with tweezers and apply a skin disinfectant. in tick-infested areas, examine your clothing, luggage and other belongings thoroughly before entering the place where you are staying.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Factsheet Vector-Borne Diseases
    WHO Factsheet Vector-borne diseases Factsheet # 387 March 2014 KEY FACTS Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 1 million deaths annually. More than 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of contracting dengue alone. Malaria causes more than 600 000 deaths every year globally, most of them children under 5 years of age. Other diseases such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Many of these diseases are preventable through informed protective measures . Vectors Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (human or animal) and later inject it into a new host during their subsequent blood meal. Mosquitoes are the best known disease vector. Others include ticks, flies, sandflies, fleas, triatomine bugs and some freshwater aquatic snails.1 Some main vectors and diseases they transmit VECTORS MAIN DISEASES Mosquitoes Aedes Dengue fever Rift Valley fever Yellow fever Chikungunya Malaria Anopheles Japanese encephalitis Culex Lymphatic filariasis West Nile fever 1 See table Sandflies Leishmaniasis Sandfly fever (phelebotomus fever) Ticks Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever Lyme disease Relapsing fever (borreliosis) Rickettsial diseases (spotted fever and Q fever) Tick-borne encephalitis Tularaemia Triatomine bugs Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) Tsetse flies Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) Fleas Plague (transmitted by fleas from rats to humans) Rickettsiosis Black flies Onchocerciasis (river blindness) Aquatic snails Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) Vector-borne diseases Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Vector Control
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Theresa Spinner Director, Media and Public Relations Direct: 202.783.5551 [email protected] Report from the Field: The Impact of COVID-19 on Local Vector Control Activities —As mosquito and tick season approaches, local health departments across the country are limiting vector control activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic — Washington, DC, May 5, 2020 – Today the National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO), representing the country’s nearly 3,000 local health departments, released new data documenting the impact of the COVID-19 response on important vector control programs that protect individuals from mosquito- and tick-borne diseases in communities across the country. The COVID- 19 response has taken time, attention, and personnel away from all other unrelated health priorities, as already-underfunded and understaffed local health departments respond to the pandemic. In doing so, existing services are strained or paused, with health impacts that will ripple through communities. Vector programs are no exception, with program impacts related to staff being pulled to the COVID-19 response, reduced services to comply with social distancing requirements, and curtailed surveillance testing due to laboratory resource constraints. Vector programs in local health departments have been experiencing varying levels of impact from COVID-19 to their routine operations, ranging from minimal impact to entire vector programs being shut down, or large portions of staff being realigned for COVID-19 response activities. Even areas that have experienced outbreaks in vector-borne disease in the past year have had their local vector 2 programs deemed “nonessential” during the COVID-19 pandemic, halting surveillance and control activities that can detect or prevent vector-borne disease threats before they affect the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Prevention of HIV
    Control of sexually transmitted infections and prevention of HIV transmission: mending a fractured paradigm Richard Steen,a Teodora Elvira Wi,b Anatoli Kamali c & Francis Ndowa d Abstract Control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is feasible, leads to improved sexual and reproductive health and contributes to preventing HIV transmission. The most advanced HIV epidemics have developed under conditions of poor STI control, particularly where ulcerative STIs were prevalent. Several countries that have successfully controlled STIs have documented stabilization or reversal of their HIV epidemics. STI control is a public health outcome measured by reduced incidence and prevalence. The means to achieve this include: (i) targeting and outreach to populations at greatest risk; (ii) promoting and providing condoms and other means of prevention; (iii) effective clinical interventions; (iv) an enabling environment; and (v) reliable data. Clinical services include STI case management, screening and management of STIs in sex partners. Syndromic case management is effective for most symptomatic curable STIs and screening strategies exist to detect some asymptomatic infections. Presumptive epidemiologic treatment of sex partners and sex workers complement efforts to interrupt transmission and reduce prevalence. Clinical services alone are insufficient for control since many people with STIs do not attend clinics. Outreach and peer education have been effectively used to reach such populations. STI control requires effective interventions with core populations whose rates of partner change are high enough to sustain transmission. Effective, appropriate targeting is thus necessary and often sufficient to reduce prevalence in the general population. Such efforts are most effective when combined with structural interventions to ensure an enabling environment for prevention.
    [Show full text]