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L AVORO ORIGINALE

PINTO F. 1,SCHIAVONE M.1, Effects of dietary ω-3 fatty acids MARSICO G.1 content on productive performances and meat quality of foals

PROGRESS IN NUTRITION Summary VOL. 9,N.1, 29-38, 2007 To investigate the effect of diets containing fatty acids of the ω-3 series on productive traits, on carcass cut composition, on meat chemical composi- tion as well as on meat fatty acid composition, eight Martina Franca don- TITOLO Effetti di una dieta contenente key foals were utilized. The animals, weaned at 8 months of age, were divi- acidi grassi -3 sulle ded into two groups of 4 subjects each, homogeneous for age and live ω weight. The first group (control) was given wheat straw and a complete performance produttive e sulla feed non supplemented with -3; the second (trial) was given wheat straw qualità della carne di puledri ω and a ω-3 supplemented complete feed. All the animals were slaughtered asinini di razza Martina after 138 days of trial. From the collected data, it emerges that the utiliza- Franca tion of ω-3 enriched feed, even though with different levels of statistical significance (P ≤ 0.05 and/or P ≤ 0.01), determines differences in the con- KEY WORDS tent of fat, meat and bone of shoulder and loin and in the meat ashes per- PUFA, ω3, donkey, meat quality cent. As regards the meat fatty acids distribution, no remarkable differen- ces are observed as to the saturated series, whereas the unsaturated one (P PAROLE CHIAVE ≤ 0.05) seems to increase the content of C18:3ω3 (ALA - α-linoleic), of C22:5ω3 PUFA, 3, asino, qualità della ω (DPA – docosapentenoic acid), of C22:6ω3 (DHA – docosahesanoic acid) carne and of UFA, PUFA and total ω-3 acids.

Riassunto Per valutare l’incidenza sugli aspetti produttivi, sulla composizione in tagli di carcassa, su quella chimica delle carni ed acidica del loro grasso, di razio- ni contenenti acidi grassi della serie ω-3, sono stati utilizzati 8 puledri di asini di Martina Franca, svezzati a 8 mesi di vita, suddivisi in due gruppi di 4 soggetti ciascuno omogenei per età e peso vivo. Il primo gruppo (con- 1 Dipartimento di Produzione trollo) è stato alimentato con paglia di frumento e mangime completo pri- Animale, Università degli Studi, Bari vo di ω-3; il secondo (sperimentale) è stato allevato con paglia e mangime contenente ω-3. Tutti gli animali sono stati macellati dopo 138 giorni di Lavoro eseguito con fondi Murst 60% prova. Dai dati raccolti, l’impiego di mangime contenente ω-3, anche se con diverso livello di validità statistica (P ≤ 0,05 e/o P ≤ 0,01), determina Indirizzo per la corrispondenza: differenze nel contenuto in grasso, carne ed osso della spalla e della lomba- Prof. Francesco Pinto Dipartimento di Produzione Animale, ta e nella percentuale di ceneri della carne. Per quanto concerne la distribu- Università degli Studi di Bari, zione acidica del grasso della carne non si osservano differenze degne di Via Amendola, 165/A nota a carico della serie satura, mentre quella insatura sembra (P ≤ 0,05) 70126 Bari aumentare il contenuto di C18:3 3 (ALA – -linolenico), di C22:5 3 (DPA – Tel. 080.5442830 ω α ω Fax 080.5442822 acido docosapentenoico), di C22:6ω3 (DHA – acido docosaesaenoico) e degli E-mail: [email protected] UFA, PUFA e degli ω-3 totali.

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Introduction Table 1 - Feed composition (% DM) In the last 50 years, the total per capita consumption of meat in Italy Control Group -3 has passed from 20.5 kg in 1955 to ω 91.1 kg in 2002 (1). meat Wheat middlings 22 22 consumption has sensibly increased Alfalfa meal dehy. 20 20 Wheat straw 11 11 in the 1997-2001 quinquennium Barley 17 17 (2). In , where the reared Carob pulp wo seeds desiccated 3.5 3.5 horse population reaches 7,500 ani- Beet pulp dehy. 4.7 4.7 mals approx., 78,000 are Sugar cane melasses 2.5 2.5 slaughtered yearly, corresponding Soybean meal solv. extd. 9 9 to the 34% of the horses slaughte- Sunflower flour 3 3 red every year in Italy, the total Coconut oil 1.5 - amount of which is equal to Plus ω3 oil - 1.5 137,644 animals (3). It stands clear Dicalcium phosphate 2.5 2.5 that the regional requirements are Calcium carbonate 0.8 0.8 above all safisfied with both impor- Bentonite 0.3 0.3 ted carcasses and live horses for Sodium-chloride 0.5 0.5 Sodium dicarbonate 0.2 0.2 slaughter. L-lysine 0.5 0.5 In 2005, 90,010 horses were im- Irradiated yeast 0.4 0.4 ported in Italy, equal to the 65.44% Magnesium carbonate 0.1 0.1 of the whole requirement, the DL-methionine 0.2 0.2 1.10% of which was represented by L-threonine 0.1 0.1 asses, and (3). The Vit.-min. Suppement: 0.2 0.2 Martina Franca ass, an autochtho- - Vit. A (U.I.) 12500 12500

nous dying breed (4), like similar - Vit. D3 (‘’) 1300 1300 realities (5), could be reared to pro- - Vit. E (mg) 16 16 duce quality meat thus satisfying - Vit. B1 (‘’) 3 3 the requirements of the modern - Vit. PP (‘’) 150 150 consumer who, more and more at- - Vit. B12 (‘’) 0.008 0.008 - Choline chloride (‘’) 75 75 tentive to the relation nutrition- - Cobalt (‘’) 7.5 7.5 health, more and more prefers food - Iron (‘’) 30 30 – and therefore meat – poor in fat - Iodine (‘’) 1.5 1.5 and cholesterol, but rich in polyun- - Manganese (‘’) 130 130 saturated fatty acids. The interest - Cupper (‘’) 6 6 towards the latter and, in particular, - Selenium (‘’) 0.08 0.08 the ω-3 ones depends on the role - Zinc (‘’) 65 65 they play against neoplastic (6, 7) ad cardiovascular (8-12) diseases.

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Table 2 - Fatty acid composition plus-ω-3 oil and coconut oil (%)

Plus ω-3 oil Coconut oil C14:0 1.54 16.80 C16:0 14.81 13.50 The quality of the carcass and meat C18:0 5.45 4.00 depends by several factors, such as C16:1ω-7 1.68 - genotype, rearing system, feeding, C18:1ω-9 23.12 11.05 sex, slaughter techniques and C18:2?6 14.56 2.00 physiological conditions (13), even C18:3ω3 - ALA 19.63 - though some authors assert that the C20:5ω-3 - (EPA) 1.90 - meat fatty acid composition might C22:6ω-3 - (DHA) 7.08 - depend on the carcass adiposity de- ω6 15.24 2.00 3 28.61 - gree (14-17). In horses, the meat ω SFA 23.12 84,11 fatty acid composition can be im- MUFA 27.23 11.05 proved within the limits allowed by PUFA 45.71 2.00 the animal genotype, since the ali- Other fatty acids 3.74 2.84 mentary ones are basically deposi- ted unchanged in the adipocytes as triglycerides. To support this thesis, several authors evidenced that it is Table 3 - Chemical diet composition (%DM) possible to improve both meat qua- lity by increasing the content of Concentrate Straw fatty acids (PUFA) and fat compo- Dry matter 82.15 89.80 sition through feeding (18-26). Crude protein 14.28 3.30 The literature we consulted reports Ether extract 3.42 1.57 interesting news on the quality of NDF 29.83 89.80 horse meat (17, 27-30, 31-35), but Crude cellulose 5.59 7.87 is rather poor as to asses (36, 37). Digestible energy (MJ/kg DM) 12.05 1.60 On the grounMds of what exposed, Lysine 0.82 0.23 it seemed to us interesting to dee- pen our knowledge on this subject. This work aimed at studying the Table 4 - Performances of the fattening foals influence of complete feeds sup- plemented with oil plus -3 on ω Control Group -3 ESD productive performances of Marti- ω (6 = DF) na Franca breed donkey foals, on the cut percent of their carcasses, Foals n. 4 4 on the chemical composition of Days of trial d 138 138 - meat and the acid distribution of Initial live weight kg 133.50 132.00 4.813 Final live weight kg 207.50 207.75 5.127 fats extracted from them. To com- Weight gain (180-304 die) g/d 536.23 548.91 0.025 plete the research, it seemed intere- sting, due to the lack of news in li- terature, to evaluate the effect of content of the meat, on account of the diet and on the plasma level of such a treatment on the cholesterol the action exercized by lipids on cholesterol (38).

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Table 5 - Daily intake and conversion index

Control Group ω-3 ESD (6 = DF) Mean daily intakes Materials and methods Feed g 5099.50 5100.00 0.022 Dry matter g 4194.50 4195.00 0.018 The research, carried on at the ex- DE MJ/Kg 49.89 49.90 0.652 perimental farm “V. Ricchioni” of Conversion index the Department of Animal Produc- Feed./gain 9.51 9.51 0.012 tion of the University of Bari, ai- DM/gain 7.82 7.64 0.584 med at assessing the effects of a DE/gain 93.04 90.90 2.180 diet enriched with fatty acids of the ω-3 series on the productive traits, the carcass cut composition, the Table 6 - Slaughtering data chemical and acid composition of meat from donkey foals of Martina Franca breed. Control Group ω-3 ESD (6 = DF) For this purpose, eight male whole donkey foals of Martina Franca Foals n 4 4 a b breed, weaned at 8 months and Fasting body weight Kg 195.75 189.25 1.674 Carcass weight Kg 113.12 112.75 1.719 with an average live weight of 133 Yield hot % 57.79 59.58 0.021 kg, separared into two groups of 4 Reconstituted right half carcass % 49.01 48.62 1.949 animals each, homogeneous for age Carcass length cm 130.50 135.25 1.274 and weight, were reared receiving Pelvic limb length cm 49.87 53.87 1.062 diets differing only in the kinf of li- Largest pelvic limb width cm 37.50 35.50 1.001 pid supplementation (Table 1). Warm dressing-out % 53.95 54.29 0.650 The first group (control) was fed % Empty body weight on a diet containg wheat straw and Hide 7.19b 7.68a 0.276 a complete feed supplemented with Empty gastrointestinal-tract 7.04b 9.77a 0.835 1.5% cocoanut oil; the second, the Head 5.21 5.41 0.109 Liver 1.49 1.66 0.096 experimental one ( -3 group) re- ω Spleen 0.65 0.74 0.014 ceived the same straw and a com- Kidney 0.17 0.18 0.008 plete feed supplemented with 1.5% Limbs distal part 2.53 2.69 0.157 oil plus ω-3 (a mixture of fish and Heart, lungs and trachea 1.96 1.99 0.063 linseed oils) (39) (Table 2). % Empty body weight The feeds in both the adaptation Neck 7.98 8.69 0.676 and fattening stages were given Proximal thoracic limb 11.55 10.94 0.507 twice a day at 7.00 a.m. and 5 Steaks 8.68 8.74 0.100 p.m., with a progressive quantity up Distal thoracic limb 5.17 4.26 0.465 to the consumption of 2-3% d.m. Brisket 17.67 17.60 1.343 of the animal liveweight. In the ex- Abdominal region 13.78 13.17 1.55 Lumbar region 12.97 13.20 0.372 perimetal phase, the animals regi- Proximal pelvic limb 30.20 29.79 0.583 stered a consumption of 4.195 g Distal pelvic limb 4.26 4.50 0.229 d.m./head/day corresponding to

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the quantity suggested by Lewis (40). Table 7 - In vivo measurements This manner of diet supply was ne- cessary since horses don’t regulate Control Group ω-3 ESD so much the assumption of food on (6 = DF) the repletion state of the gastro-en- Foals n. 4 4 teric tract as on the organoleptic Withers height cm 116.50 110.75 3.259 characteristics of the diet (41). The Croup height cm 124.00 122.50 1.779 feeds were analyzed according to Thorax height cm 50.00 52.50 1.581 the Italian Association of Animal Thorax breadth cm 69.50 67.50 1.316 Production (ASPA) recommenda- Croup length cm 46.25 44.00 1.677 tions (42) (Table 3) and the nutriti- Croup breadth cm 26.75 28.50 1.513 ve value was evaluated according to Thorax circumference cm 36.50 38.00 1.779 NRC recommendations (43). Shin circumference cm 125.00 126.75 2.596 At slaughter, carried out after 138 Withers height cm 19.00 19.00 - days of trial, according to local ha- bits, but keeeping as near as possi- Table 8 - Composition of some carcass cuts ble to ASPA recommendations (44), the data in Table 5 were col- lected. The fat, lean and bone per Control Group ω-3 ESD (6 = DF) cent composition was assessed on the shoulder, leg and loin cuts (Ta- Proximal thoracic limb ble 6). Afterwards, on a muscle ho- - lean % 72.14A 65.59B 1.462 B A mogeneous sample taken from the- - fat % 6.73 9.61 0.275 b a se cuts the chemical composition - bone % 20.85 24.43 1.527 was determined, whereas on the Lumbar region longissimus dorsi and quadriceps fe- - lean % 62.45 A 56.49 B 0.579 moris (qf ) the content in choleste- - fat % 11.00 B 16.11 A 1.201 rol and the chemical composition - bone % 26.78 27.35 0.988 of the meat as well as of the feeds Distal pelvic limb were carried out following ASPA - lean % 69.15 67.87 2.282 procedures (45). The acid distribu- - fat % 15.472 17.639 2.514 tion of their fat, after methylation, - bone % 14.498 15.729 1.518 was determined by a gas-chroma- On the same row A, B: P<0,01; a, b: P<0,05 tography system, equipped with ca- pillary colums of 60 m in silicated glass with stationary phase in 100% tography HPLC (47). Moreover, city and thrombogenicity indexes cyanoprile (46). The cholesterol the ratio PCL/PCE (plasma chole- were calculated (49). present in the meat was determined sterol lowering/plasma cholesterol The data collected were subjected by high-resolution liquid chroma- elevating) (48) and the atherogeni- to analysis of variance according to

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not present valid differences as re- Table 9 - Chemical composition and meat quality (% on edible substance) gards the daily gains. In fact, the last oscillated around 540 g with a slighter prevalence of group B Control Group ω-3 ESD (6 = DF) (548.91 g/d vs 536.23 g/d of con- trol group) (Table 4). Samples 4 4 Moisture 71.83 71.74 0.781 The best conversion indexes were Protein 21.80 22.09 0.235 obtained with the diet enriched Crude fat 4.54 3.99 0.624 with ω-3 (7.64 kg of d.m./kg vs Ash 0.99b 1.24a 0.101 7.82 kg of control group), trend re- N-free extract 0.84 0.94 0.074 flected on energy (DE), where a Cholesterol (mg/100 g) better conversion of ω-3 group - longissimus lumborum 57.2 50.7 0.046 (90.90 Mj/kg vs 93.04 MJ/kg, of - quadriceps femoris 58.1 50.3 0.039 control group) was evidenced (Table 5). The somatic measurements, taken before slaughter (Table 7), offered Table 10 - Saturated fatty acid composition of the intramuscolar fat (%) conformation data not far from the standards of Martina Franca breed, even considering that they were Control Group ω-3 ESD (6 = DF) very young animals, rejected by the selection programmes of breed C6:0 0.30 0.10 0.057 committee. C8:0 0.10 - - At the end of the trial, the element C10:0 0.20 0.10 0.021 that differentiated the two groups C12:0 1.02 - - was the weight loss after fasting. In C14:0 4.02 2.42 0.079 fact, whereas the mean live weight C15:0 0.15 0.15 0.008 was similar for the two groups, the C16:0 29.57 28.86 0.184

C17:0 0.32 0.35 0.010 body weight after fasting was hi-

C18:0 4.65 4.70 0.193 gher in the control group (195.75 C20:0 0.05 0.05 0.018 kg vs 189.25 kg) (P ≤ 0.05). As re- C22:0 1.00 1.00 0.006 gards the warm dressing-out we C24:0 0.10 0.10 0.971 detected more favourable values for SFA 41.48 37.83 0.042 group B (59.58% vs 57.79%), even without any statistical support (Ta- ble 6). GLM procedures (50); the T Stu- Results and discussions The conformation of the carcass dent’s test was used to determine and its cutting did not present any significant differences in mean va- The research evidenced that the significative differences except for lues. donkey foals from both groups did the reduced per cent incidence of

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skin (P 0.05) (7.19% vs 7.68% in ≤ Table 11 - Unsaturated fatty acid composition (% on total) and qualitative favour of control group) and a re- indexes of the intramuscolar fat duced incidence (P ≤ 0.05) of the gastro-intestinal tract in the ani- Control Group -3 ESD mals of ω-3 group (Table 6). ω The single cuts of the carcass sho- (6 = DF) wed nearly always data a little hi- C14:1 0.55 0,55 0.058 C15:1 0.08 0.08 0.024 gher for ω-3 group, but without C16:1 6.97 6.85 0.844 any statistical relevance (Table 6). C17:1 0.55 0.55 0.071 After dissection (Table 8), we noti- C18:1 ?7 1.97 2.01 0.241

ced that the fat of shoulder and C18:1 ?9 35.04 35.15 0.073

loin was in per cent higher in the C18:2 ?6 9.79 10.45 0.094 b a control group than in the experi- C18:3 ?3 – ALA 1.25 2.45 0.022 mental one (72.14 vs 65.59%) and C18:3 ?6 0.35 0.37 0.241 C20:1?9 0.09 0.10 0.754 (62.45% vs 56.49%) (P 0.01), re- ≤ C20:2 ?6 0.35 0.44 0.241

spectively. C20:3 ?3 0.10 0.10 0.489

The different diets did not signifi- C20:3 ?6 0.05 0.18 0.041 cantly influence the chemical com- C20:4 ?6 0.15 0.36 0.058 position of meat; in fact, the meat C20:4 ?3 0.22 0.54 1.008 C20:5 ?3 (EPA) 0.10 0.16 0.042 of donkey foals from the experi- C22:1 ?9 0.19 0.25 0.145 mental group was only slightly ri- b a C22:4 ?6 0.05 0.45 0.028 b a cher in ashes (P>0.05) and poorer C22:5 ?3 (DPA) 0.07 0.35 0.053 in cholesterol (Table 9). Such va- C22:6 ?3 (DHA) 0.35 0.45 0.041 lues are in line with what reported C24:1 ?9 0.25 0.36 0.041 b a by Catalano and Quartarelli (27) UFA 58.52 62.17 1.026 MUFA 45.25 45.26 0.175 and Pinto et al. (26). PUFA 13.02b 16.55a 1.820 As concerns the fatty acid distribu- ω6 10.74 12.25 2.089 b a tion, the kind of feed didn’t seem to ω3 1.87 3.51 0.791 a b have any influence at the level of ω6/ω3 5.74 3.49 0.185 saturated fatty acids (Table 10); on Unsatured/Satured 1.41 1.64 0.101 Index of atherogenicity (AI) 0.81 0.63 0.149 the contrary, the unsaturated ones Index of thrombogenicity (TI) 1.10 0.89 0.103 seemed to depend significantly Saturated/Polynsaturated 3.19 2.29 0.316 from the diet (Table 11). In fact, PCL/PCE 1.03 1.25 0.220 the meat fat of the ω-3 group ani- UFA = unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA = pol- mals was significantly richer (P > yunsaturated fatty acids; 0.05) in CLA (2.45% vs 1.45%), AI = atherogenicity index = (lauric + 4 x myristic + palmitic) / (ω6 PUFA + ω3 PUFA UFA (58.52% vs 61.72%), PUFA + MUFA); Ulbricht and Southgate (1991). (12.95% vs 16.10%), -3 (3.51% vs TI = thrombogenicity index = (myristic + palmitic + stearic) / [0.5 x ω6 PUFA + 3 x ω 3 PUFA + 0.5 x MUFA + ( 3 PUFA / 6 PUFA)]; Ulbricht and Southgate (1991). 1.77%) and with a more favourable ω ω ω PCL/PCE = (plasma cholesterol lowering)/(plasma cholesterol elevanting) ratio ω-6/ω-3 (6.10% vs 3.36%),

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datum nearer to the value of 4 as noic acid) and UFA, PUFA, -3 tion: reesults from the GISSI–Preven- ω tion trial. Lancet 1999; 354 (9177): recommended by the Human Nu- per cent and the ratio ω-6/ω-3, 447-55. trition Society (52, 53), since near thus following the lines suggested 11. Kang JX, Leaf A. Prevention of fatal this value positive effects for hu- by Sinopoulos (62) and (53) for an cardiac arhytmias by polynsaturated man health are evidenced (54). As appropriate human nutrition. fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 202S-7S. to EPA, the relevant values, even 12. Von Shacky C. Fatty acids and the without any statistical value, see- prevention of coronary arherosclerosis. med to be more favourable to Ringraziamenti Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 224S-7S. group B (0.10% vs 0.16%) as well 13. Giorgetti A, Poli BM. Alimentazione animale e qualità della carne. In Acca- as for DHA (P 0.05) (0.05% vs Si ringrazia per la collaborazione la Dr.ssa ≤ Anna Servedio demia dei Georgofili: Alimentazione 0.45%). It is worth stressing that, animale e qualità dei prodotti zootec- for the consumer’s health, these nici. Firenze: La Stampa Zootecnica, two -3 fatty acids have a different 1991: 45-90. ω References 14. Leat W MF. Depot fatty acids of influence on triglyceride plasma le- Aberdeen Angus and Friesian cattle vels: EPA determines a reduction 1. Ismea. Statistiche del settore carne. reared on hay and barley diets. J Agric of triglyceride plasma rate, DHA Quaderni di filiera 2003; 2: 66. Sci 1977; 89: 575-82. reduces HDL cholesterol level in 2. Istat. Annuario di Statistica. Ed. Istat, 15. Pyle CA, Bass JJ, Duganzich DM, Roma, 2002. Payne E. The fatty acid composition plasma (55, 56). Moreover, EPA 3. Istat. Annuario di Statistica. Ed. Istat, of the subcutaneous brisket fat from competes with the arachidonic Roma, 2006. steers abtained from Angus cows ma- acid, thus influencing the platelet 4. Regione Puglia. Bollettino Ufficiale ted to 13 different beef breeds. J Agric activity (57) and thrombogenesis 2005; 24: 2148. Sci 1977; 89: 571-4. 5. Slow Food. Terra Madre. Bra: Slow 16. Bailey AJ, Enser MB, Dransfield E, (58-61). Food, 2006. Restall DJ, Avery NC. Muscle and 6. Dyerberg J, Bang HO, Stoffersen E. adipose tissue from normal and double Eicosapentaenoic acid and prevention muscled cattle: collagen types, muscle Conclusions of thrombosis and atherosclerosis. fibre diametr, fat cell size and fatty Lancet 1978; 11: 117-9. acid composition and organoleptic 7. Simopoulos AP. The traditional diet properties. In King JWB, Menissier F: The research, under our experi- of Greece and cancer, European Jour- Muscle Hypertrophy of Genetic Ori- mental conditions, evidenced that nal of Cancer Prevention 2004; 13 (3): gin and Its Use to Improve Beef Pro- the use of -3 fatty acids in diets 219-30. duction; Martinus Nijhoff, The Ha- ω 8. Harris WS. Fish oils and plasma lipid gue: NL 1982: 178-202. for meat donkey foals, even not in- and lipoprotein metabolism in human: 17. Paleari MA, Moretti VM, Beretta G, fluencing in a significative manner a critical review. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: Mentasti T, Bersani C. Cured products the productive traits, the half side 785-807. from different animal species. Meat cut composition, the meat chemical 9. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, et al. Science 2003; 4: 485-9. Effects in changers in fat, fish and fi- 18. Toullec R, Mathieu CM. Utilisation and/or saturated fatty acid compo- bre intakes on death and myocardial digestive des matières grasses et de sition, significantly influenced and reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial. leurs principaux acides gras par le veau improved the content of polyunsa- Lancet 1989; 2: 757-61. préruminant a l’engrais. Influence sur turated fatty acids such as C18:3 3 10. Gissi (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio la composition corporelle. Annales de ω della Sopravvivenza all’Infarto Mio- Biologie Animale Biochimie Biophy- (ALA - α-linoleic), C22:5ω3 cardico). Dietary supplementation sique 1969; 9: 39-160. (DPA – docosapentaenoic acid), with n-3 polynsaturated fatty acids 19. Stokes GB, Walker DM. The nutritive C22:6ω3 (DHA – docosahexae- and vitamin E after myocardial infarc- value of fat in the diet of milk-fed

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