DOCSLIB.ORG

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694): Pioneer of Microscopic Anatomy and Exponent of the Scientific Revolution of the 17Th Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694): Pioneer of Microscopic Anatomy and Exponent of the Scientific Revolution of the 17Th Century REVIEW Eur. J. Anat. 22 (5): 433-439 (2018) Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694): Pioneer of microscopic anatomy and exponent of the scientific revolution of the 17th Century Sanjib K. Ghosh, Ashutosh Kumar Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, India SUMMARY jealousy and personal feuds. Nevertheless his ex- ploits were instrumental in understanding the hu- Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) was an Italian man microscopic anatomy (histology) and his ac- anatomist and an eminent scientist who significant- complishments have etched his name in the pages ly contributed to the advancement of the anatomi- of medical science forever. cal sciences in the 17th century. Malpighi was one of the first to use the compound microscope (an Key words: Microscope – Capillaries – Circula- instrument designed by Galileo in 1609) and made tion – Embryology – Hepatic lobule – Glomerulus the most important discovery of his life in 1661 when he identified capillaries as connecting ves- INTRODUCTION sels between small arteries and veins in the lungs. Malpighi thus provided the missing link in William Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) was an Italian Harvey’s theory of blood circulation. He made sig- anatomist and an eminent scientist (Fig. 1) who nificant contributions in the field of embryology significantly contributed to the advancement of the based on his observations on chick embryo, and anatomical sciences in the 17th century his efforts provided deep insights into the develop- (Adelmann, 1966). He successfully ventured into ment of the heart and the nervous system. His the unexplored domain of microscopic anatomy, communications based on microscopic studies and documented observations which revolution- scripted valuable details on the structural organiza- ized the understanding of the structural organiza- tion of organs like the liver, kidney and spleen. He tion of organs in the human body (Clendening, identified the hepatic lobule as the fundamental 1960). Malpighi’s findings heralded a new era in unit of the liver and noted that bile was being se- the progress of medical sciences as such, and set creted by these lobules and not from the gall blad- him in a different league altogether as compared to der (the popular belief then). In the kidney he dis- his illustrious predecessors such as Vesalius, Fab- covered the glomerulus (Malpighian Corpuscle), ricius, Veslingius and Harvey (Ghosh et al., 2014). and was the first to observe the convoluted tubules Although he was exceedingly successful in his sci- in the renal cortex. He was the first to describe the entific activities, his life was affected by unfortu- presence of lymphatic bodies (Malpighi’s Corpus- nate events and savage criticism from detractors cle) in the spleen. Although he was exceedingly arising out of professional jealousy and personal successful in his scientific activities, his life was feuds (Campieri et al., 2004; West, 2013). The fol- fraught with unfortunate events and savage criti- lowing words inscribed in his memorial plate ap- cism from detractors arising out of professional propriately describes the extraordinary life of this great anatomist in short (Bigoni et al., 2018): “Summum ingenium/ integerrimam vitam/ fortem Corresponding author: Dr. Sanjib Kumar Ghosh. Department strenuamque mentem/ audacem salutaris artis amorem” of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, [Great genius/ honest life/ strong and tough Phulwarisharif, Patna-801507, Bihar, India. Phone: +91- 8867502575 7 +91-8017541980; Fax : +91- 11- 4157-1111. E- mail: [email protected] Submitted: 28 April, 2018. Accepted: 24 May, 2018. 433 Marcello Malpighi and microscopic anatomy ever applicable have been appropriately refer- enced. The images used in the text were procured from the internet and it was ensured that all the figures included in this study are in public domain, i.e. free from copyright issues. EARLY LIFE AND CAREER Marcello Malpighi was born in the town of Crevalcore at the outskirts of Bologna, Italy, on 10 March 1628 (James, 1928). Interestingly in the same year, William Harvey published his ground- breaking findings on the circulation of blood in De Motu Cordis, and years later it was Malpighi that provided the missing link in Harvey’s observation through the discovery of capillaries (Lubitz, 2004). Malpighi was born to a family of small landowners and he was raised in the farm that his parents owned. In the early part of his life, he was engaged in grammatical studies mostly under the influence of his father. However by the tryst with destiny, he enrolled at the University of Bologna in 1646 to study medicine and philosophy (Adelmann, 1966). Unfortunately, his academic pursuits were inter- rupted by the sad demise of both his parents as well as his paternal grandfather when he was just 21 years old. He had to abandon his studies tem- porarily to take care of his family of eight brothers and sisters. He resumed his studies two years lat- Fig 1. A portrait of Marcello Malpighi from his text Opera Posthuma (1697). Image available online, and is in Pub- er and obtained doctorates in both medicine and lic Domain. philosophy in 1653 from Bologna (Motta, 1998). He displayed steely resolve as he withstood oppo- sition from University authorities while pursuing his mind/ daring love for the medical art] studies because he was not born in Bologna. This aspect of his character later served him well in his The present review was undertaken to chronicle defence against aggressive opposition to his aca- a brief outline of the life and achievements of Mar- demic exploits by his detractors. After completing cello Malpighi, regarded as the founder of micro- his graduation in medicine, Malpighi devoted him- scopic anatomy. We consider that this review self to anatomical studies and thus began his ex- would be relevant to anatomical sciences in the traordinary productive journey in the domain of present day, when scientists empowered with anatomy. His career was boosted by his appoint- technological advances are coming up with radical ment as Professor of Medicine at the University of revelations in relation to the orientation of human Bologna in 1656 (Nuland, 2008). During this time anatomy (Benias et al., 2018). he became a member of the anatomical society Coro Anatomico which was headed by Bartolomeo METHODS Massari, Professor of Anatomy in Bologna and Malpighi’s teacher. The society comprised of intel- An extensive literature search was undertaken lectuals devoted to anatomical studies on cadav- for this study and indexed databases such as Med- ers and the group met in Massari’s home to con- line, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google duct dissections and vivisection of animals (Porter Scholar as well as popular search platforms such 1996). These events were critical in shaping Mal- as Wikipedia and standard Google search engine pighi’s inclination towards rational experiment- were referred to for relevant published materials. based anatomical studies and his refusal to accept The following terms were used during literature Galen’s theories, which eventually made him un- search: “Marcello Malpighi”, “Malpighi”, “Biography popular among his contemporaries. Malpighi later of Malpighi”, “Malpighi and Anatomical Sciences”, married Francesca Massari (the daughter of his “Scientific discoveries of Malpighi”, “Microscopic teacher), who however died the following year, Anatomy and Malpighi”, “Capillaries”, bringing an unfortunate twist in his personal life “Communications of Malpighi”, “Published texts of (Malpighi, 1975). Towards the later part of 1656, Malpighi”, “Anatomy in 17th Century”, “Malpighi’s Malpighi (possibly compelled by the gloomy phase contributions in Embryology” and “Malpighi as Phy- in his personal life) accepted an offer from the sician”. Published texts of Malpighi and their trans- Archduke of Tuscany for the Chair of Theoretical lations in English were consulted from online librar- Medicine in the newly established University of ies while conducting the present study and wher- Pisa, which was specially created for him 434 S.K. Ghosh & A. Kumar (Bertoloni Meli, 1997). tions (Adelmann, 1966). He was successful in identifying the red blood cells and attributed the ACHIEVEMENTS AND TURBULENCES IN PRO- colour of blood to them. His communications with FESSIONAL LIFE his friends and colleagues during his stay in Messi- na underline the fact that he had to withstand a However, the stay in Pisa proved to be highly revolutionary environment of counter-opinion from productive from a professional point of view for the followers of Galenic traditions (Piccolino, Malpighi. Here he came across Giovanni Alfonso 1999). Subsequently he returned to Bologna in the Borelli (1608-1679), an eminent mathematician later part of 1667 and devoted himself to studies and naturalist, and this marked the beginning of a related to the subdivisions of specific organs like long association. Influenced by Borelli, Malpighi the brain, liver, spleen, kidney and the deeper lay- became a member of the Academia del Cimento, ers of the skin. His extraordinary exploits garnered one of the earliest scientific societies (Giglioni, the attention of the Royal Society of London, and 1997). As a member of the society, he was ex- his findings were serially published since 1668 in posed to the theory of iatromechanics, whereby the “Philosophical transactions”, a journal man- the human body is conceived as a set of machines aged by the Royal Society itself (Hall, 2002). Even- working independently
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Fingerprint Sourcebook
    CHAPTER HISTORY Jeffery G. Barnes CONTENTS 3 1.1 Introduction 11 1.6 20th Century 3 1.2 Ancient History 17 1.7 Conclusion 4 1.3 221 B.C. to A.D. 1637 17 1.8 Reviewers 5 1.4 17th and 18th Centuries 17 1.9 References 6 1.5 19th Century 18 1.10 Additional Information 1–5 History C H A P T E R 1 CHAPTER 1 HISTORY 1.1 Introduction The long story of that inescapable mark of identity has Jeffery G. Barnes been told and retold for many years and in many ways. On the palm side of each person’s hands and on the soles of each person’s feet are prominent skin features that single him or her out from everyone else in the world. These fea- tures are present in friction ridge skin which leaves behind impressions of its shapes when it comes into contact with an object. The impressions from the last finger joints are known as fingerprints. Using fingerprints to identify indi- viduals has become commonplace, and that identification role is an invaluable tool worldwide. What some people do not know is that the use of friction ridge skin impressions as a means of identification has been around for thousands of years and has been used in several cultures. Friction ridge skin impressions were used as proof of a person’s identity in China perhaps as early as 300 B.C., in Japan as early as A.D. 702, and in the United States since 1902. 1.2 Ancient History Earthenware estimated to be 6000 years old was discov- ered at an archaeological site in northwest China and found to bear clearly discernible friction ridge impressions.
    [Show full text]
  • Tiny Love Baby Names Book 2016 Page 2
    Tiny Love Baby Names Book 2016 page 2 Connecting with Your Little One: A Guide to the Perfect Name Choosing your baby’s name is never an easy task, so we at Tiny Love have created a special book to help you bond with your baby and find the perfect name. Our Tiny Love Baby Names Book is meant to accompany you through each stage before giving birth to your little one. Keep track of the names you like, read inspirational and informative articles, enjoy interactive resources and more! Amber Amethyst Aqua Aquamarine Ash page 3 Geographical Begin your baby’s life journey with a name inspired by a city or country that is meaningful to you! Tiny Thoughts You can bond with your baby by taking periodic walks. It’s a good Boys way to not only stay active, but to create a special bond between you and your baby. Bailey (Colorado, USA) Geneva (Switzerland) Berlin (Germany) Jackson (Mississippi, USA) Cairo (Egypt) Jordan Carson (California, USA) Kent (United Kingdom) What do you do to get outside Cody (Wyoming, USA) Lincoln (Nebraska, USA) during your pregnancy? Dakota (USA) London (England) Dallas (Texas, USA) Marquise (France) Dayton (Ohio, USA) Mitchell (South Dakota, USA) Devon (England) Orlando (Florida, USA) Diego (California, USA) Paris (France) Francisco (California, USA) Reno (Nevada, USA) Gary (Indiana, USA) Santiago (Chile) Tiny Love Baby Names Book 2016 Play Gyms | Mobiles & Soothers | Baby Gear | On The Go Toys | Baby Toys | Best Baby Toys TinyLove.com page 4 Geographical Be inspired by your favorite places and most adventurous explorations while discovering the perfect name for your new baby.
    [Show full text]
  • Art As Science: Scientific Illustration, 1490–1670 in Drawing, Woodcut and Copper Plate Cynthia M
    Art as science: scientific illustration, 1490–1670 in drawing, woodcut and copper plate Cynthia M. Pyle Observation, depiction and description are active forces in the doing of science. Advances in observation and analysis come with advances in techniques of description and communication. In this article, these questions are related to the work of Leonardo da Vinci, 16th-century naturalists and artists like Conrad Gessner and Teodoro Ghisi, and 17th-century micrographers like Robert Hooke. So much of our thought begins with the senses. Before we forced to observe more closely so that he or she may accu- can postulate rational formulations of ideas, we actually rately depict the object of study on paper and thence com- feel them – intuit them. Artists operate at and play with municate it to other minds. The artist’s understanding is this intuitive stage. They seek to communicate their under- required for the depiction and, in a feedback mechanism, standings nonverbally, in ink, paint, clay, stone or film, or this understanding is enhanced by the act of depicting. poetically in words that remain on the intuitive level, The artist enters into the object of study on a deeper level mediating between feeling and thought. Reasoned ex- than any external study, minus subjective participation, plication involves a logical formulation of ideas for pres- would allow. entation to the rational faculties of other minds trained to Techniques (technai or artes as they were called in be literate and articulate. antiquity and the Middle Ages) for the execution of draw- Science (including scholarship) today or in the past ings were needed to depict nature accurately.
    [Show full text]
  • Malpighi, Swammerdam and the Colourful Silkworm: Replication and Visual Representation in Early Modern Science
    Annals of Science, 59 (2002), 111–147 Malpighi, Swammerdam and the Colourful Silkworm: Replication and Visual Representation in Early Modern Science Matthew Cobb Laboratoire d’Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Universite´ Paris 6, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France. Email: [email protected] Received 26 October 2000. Revised paper accepted 28 February 2001 Summary In 1669, Malpighi published the rst systematic dissection of an insect. The manuscript of this work contains a striking water-colour of the silkworm, which is described here for the rst time. On repeating Malpighi’s pioneering investi- gation, Swammerdam found what he thought were a number of errors, but was hampered by Malpighi’s failure to explain his techniques. This may explain Swammerdam’s subsequent description of his methods. In 1675, as he was about to abandon his scienti c researches for a life of religious contemplation, Swammerdam destroyed his manuscript on the silkworm, but not before sending the drawings to Malpighi. These gures, with their rich and unique use of colour, are studied here for the rst time. The role played by Henry Oldenburg, secretary of the Royal Society, in encouraging contact between the two men is emphasized and the way this exchange reveals the development of some key features of modern science — replication and modern scienti c illustration — is discussed. Contents 1. Introduction . 111 2. Malpighi and the silkworm . 112 3. The silkworm reveals its colours . 119 4. Swammerdam and the silkworm . 121 5. Swammerdam replicates Malpighi’s work . 124 6. Swammerdam publicly criticizes Malpighi . 126 7. Oldenburg tries to play the middle-man .
    [Show full text]
  • De Felici1371.Pm4
    Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44: 515-521 (2000) The rise of Italian embryology 515 The rise of embryology in Italy: from the Renaissance to the early 20th century MASSIMO DE FELICI* and GREGORIO SIRACUSA Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy. In the present paper, the Italian embryologists and their main the history of developmental biology were performed (see contributions to this science before 1900 will be shortly reviewed. "Molecularising embryology: Alberto Monroy and the origins of During the twentieth century, embryology became progressively Developmental Biology in Italy" by B. Fantini, in the present issue). integrated with cytology and histology and the new sciences of genetics and molecular biology, so that the new discipline of Embryology in the XV and XVI centuries developmental biology arose. The number of investigators directly or indirectly involved in problems concerning developmental biol- After the first embryological observations and theories by the ogy, the variety of problems and experimental models investi- great ancient Greeks Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen, embryol- gated, became too extensive to be conveniently handled in the ogy remained asleep for almost two thousand years. In Italy at the present short review (see "Molecularising embryology: Alberto beginning of Renaissance, the embryology of Aristotle and Galen Monroy and the origins of Developmental Biology in Italy" by B. was largely accepted and quoted in books like De Generatione Fantini, in the present issue). Animalium and De Animalibus by Alberto Magno (1206-1280), in There is no doubt that from the Renaissance to the early 20th one of the books of the Summa Theologica (De propagatione century, Italian scientists made important contributions to estab- hominis quantum ad corpus) by Tommaso d’Aquino (1227-1274) lishing the morphological bases of human and comparative embry- and even in the Divina Commedia (in canto XXV of Purgatorio) by ology and to the rise of experimental embryology.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature's Bible
    Nature’s Bible: Insects in Seventeenth-Century European Art and Science Brian W. Ogilvie History Department , University of Massachusetts [email protected] Abstract Keywords: Artists and naturalists in seventeenth-century Europe avidly pursued the study of insects. Natural history, Since entomology had not yet become a distinct discipline, these studies were pursued art, within the framework of natural history, miniature painting, medicine, and anatomy. In Science, the late sixteenth century the Renaissance naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi collected and insects, described individual insects and their lore but showed little sustained interest in their tem - entomology poral transmutations; meanwhile, the court artist Joris Hoefnagel studied the structure of insects in order to paint real and imaginary insects while giving them an emblematic inter - pretation. By the middle of the seventeenth century the painter Johannes Goedaert was assiduously studying insect transformations, which he saw as evidence of God’s wondrous works. His work was critiqued and systematized by the physicians Martin Lister and Jan Swammerdam, who insisted that orderly transformation was the best sign of God’s hand - iwork. These examples show how verbal descriptions and illustrations of insects easily crossed disciplinary boundaries; knowledge generated in one particular context moved into others where it was critiqued but also employed in new investigations. The Bible of Nature; or, The History of Insects appropriate for the study of insects in the Brought into Certain Classes , is the strange seventeenth century. Characterized by title that Jan Swammerdam (d. 1680) gave scholarly erudition, painstaking observa - to his posthumously published magnum tion, and artistic flair, the study of insects opus (Swammerdam 1737-38).
    [Show full text]
  • Viktor Hamburger (1900-2001) Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543
    A guide to the papers of Viktor Hamburger (1900-2001) Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 Processed by Diana Carey Archives of the Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street Woods Hole, MA 02543 June 23, 2003 Manuscript Collection MC-MBL-Hamburger/Sci, AC 2004-07 (Two 20” x 16 ½” x 3 ½” boxes, six 24" x 12” boxes) TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 1 PROVENANCE 2 ARRANGEMENT 2 SCOPE AND CONTENT 2 RELATED COLLECTIONS 2 FOLDER LIST 3-12 BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Viktor Hamburger was born in the small town of Landeshut, Silesia in Germany on July 9, 1900 to Else and Max Hamburger. Keenly interested in the natural world from a young age, he went on to study zoology and received his Ph.D. in 1925 from the University of Freiburg where he studied under future Nobel Laureate, Hans Spemann. In 1932, Hamburger came to the United States on a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship to work with F.R. Lillie at the University of Chicago, studying chicken embryos. Hamburger had intended to return to Germany at the end of his fellowship, but in early 1933 was informed that he had been “cleansed” from his teaching position at the University of Freiburg because of his Jewish ancestry. Hans Spemann wrote from Germany, advising him to look for a position in the United States. The Rockefeller Foundation extended Hamburger’s fellowship for another two years after which he found a position on the zoology faculty at Washington University in St. Louis, becoming chair of the department in 1941, and remaining at the university for the rest of his career.
    [Show full text]
  • Galen Reconsidered. Studying Drug Properties and the Foundations of Medicine in the Dutch Republic Ca
    Galen reconsidered. Studying drug properties and the foundations of medicine in the Dutch Republic ca. 1550-1700 Saskia Klerk Galen reconsidered. Studying drug properties and the foundations of medicine in the Dutch Republic ca. 1550-1700 Een nieuwe kijk op Galenus. De studie van de eigenschappen van medicijnen en de grondslagen van de geneeskunde in de Nederlandse Republiek ca. 1550-1700 (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Copyright © 2015 by S. Klerk All rights reserved With kind permission of the Franz Steiner Verlag for the reuse of material for chapter 1 and of Brill for the reuse of material for chapters 2 and 3 Cover illustrations: Title page of Lexicon galeno-chymico-pharmaceuticum universale, of Groot-algemeen apothekers woordenboek (Amsterdam, Elzevier; 1717-1761). Engraving by Proefschrift De Wed. S. Schouten en Zoon, en Gerrit de Groot, 1754. Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden, ter verkijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van VDSAND237 A 8-9 (courtesy of Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden) de rector magnificus, prof. dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van Cover design: Nathalie Kuijpers and Saskia Klerk het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 16 februari 2015 des middags te 4.15 uur Printed by: Ridderprint BV Pottenbakkerstraat 15 2984 AX Ridderkerk door T 0180 463 962 Saskia Klerk E [email protected] geboren op 6 juni 1985 ISBN 978-90-70786-30-4 te Rotterdam Galen reconsidered. Studying drug properties and the foundations of medicine in the Dutch Republic ca. 1550-1700 Een nieuwe kijk op Galenus. De studie van de eigenschappen van medicijnen en de grondslagen van de geneeskunde in de Nederlandse Republiek ca.
    [Show full text]
  • On New Spain and Mexican Medicinal Botany in Cardiology
    HISTORIA Y MEDICINA On New Spain and Mexican medicinal botany in cardiology Alfredo de Micheli-Serra,* Raúl Izaguirre-Ávila* * Departamento de Hematología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. ABSTRACT En torno a la botánica medicinal novohispana y mexicana en cardiología Towards the middle of the XVI century, the empirical physi- cian Martín de la Cruz, in New Spain, compiled a catalogue of RESUMEN the local medicinal herbs and plants, which was translated into Latin by Juan Badiano, professor at the Franciscan colle- A mediados del siglo XVI el médico empírico novohispano ge of Tlatelolco. On his side, Dr. Francisco Hernández, the ro- Martín de la Cruz recopiló un catálogo de hierbas medicina- yal physician (protomédico) from 1571 until 1577, performed les locales, cuyo texto original, en náhuatl, fue traducido al a systematic study of the flora and fauna in this period. His latín por Juan Badiano, profesor en el colegio Franciscano notes and designs were not published at that time, but two epi- de Tlatelolco. Años después, el doctor Francisco Hernández, tomes of Hernández’ works appeared, respectively, in 1615 in protomédico de la Nueva España en el periodo 1571-1577, Mexico and in 1651 in Rome. During the XVIII century, two efectuó un estudio sistematizado de la flora y la fauna mexi- Spanish scientific expeditions arrived to these lands. They canas. Los apuntes y dibujos por él reunidos a lo largo de were led, respectively, by the Spanish naturalist Martín Sessé aquellos años no llegaron a publicarse en su tiempo. Pero and the Italian seaman, Alessandro Malaspina di Mulazzo, de- sendos epítomes de la obra hernandina fueron publicados, pendent from the Spanish Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Structures and Functions, Science (Experimental): 5314.13. INSTITUTION Dade
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 079 024 SE 014 676 AUTHOF Silver, Barbara A. TITLE Animal Structures and Functions, Science (Experimental): 5314.13. INSTITUTION Dade. County Public Scnools, Liam', Fla. PUD DATE 71 NOTE 24p.; An Authorized Course of Instzuction tor the Quinmester Program EDRS PRIC2 .ELF -$O.65 EC-$3.29 DESC.RIPTORS *Behavioral Objectives; *13iology; Instruction; Instructional Materials; Objectives; Resource Materials; *Secondary School Science; 4T3achin4 Guides; Units of study (Subject Fields) IDENTIFIERS *Quinmester Program ABSTRACT This unit of instruction was designed to introduce the student to the relationship between structure and function in tne animal kingdom, witn emphasis given to:(1) the evolution of physiological systems in the major animal phyla, (2) the complementarity of structure and function, ana (3)the concept of homeostasis. The booklet lists the relevant state-adopted texts and states the performance objectives for the unit. It provides an outline of the course content and suggests experiments, demonstrations, and topics for student projects, reports, discussions, and additional activities. Also listed are relevant films, transparencies, and models available from tae Dade County Audiovisual Center. Reference books are recommended, and a master sheet is provided relating each suggested activity to the specific performance objectives. (JR) , F41.7 F ,f .F C%', 5 1 ti 4 AUTHORIZED COURSE OF INSTRUCTION FOR THE 4`I° ANIMAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS 5314.13 SCIENCE (Experimental) DIVISION OF INSTRUCTION1971 FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY ANIMAL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS 5314.13 SCIENCE (Experimental) Written by Barbara A. Silver for the DIVISION OF INSTRUCTION. Dade County Public Schools Miami, Fla,,. 1971 DADE COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • “Their Wonderful Mechanism” Looking at Bugs in the Age of Enlightenment
    “Their Wonderful Mechanism” Looking at Bugs in the Age of Enlightenment an exhibition by troy sherman But as mankind became more enlightened, the great wonders of nature in these small animals began to be observed . carolus linnaeus, Fundamenta Entomologiae, 1772 Cover art from robert hooke, Micrographia, 1665 “Their Wonderful Mechanism” Looking at Bugs in the Age of Enlightenment HEN ROBERT HOOKE peered Williams College and organized in three through his microscope into the sections corresponding to the body segments of Weyes of a dronefly, he didn’t simply catch an insect, demonstrates how scientific discourse the bug peering back: concerning bugs he saw his world converged with and reflected in its gaze. helped shape empirical Within each pane of methodologies and the insect’s compound technologies, colonial eyes, wrote Hooke in expansion, and 1666, “I have been able political thought to discover a Land- during western scape of those things Europe’s age of which lay before my Enlightenment. window.” In Hooke’s Hooke’s observa- study, the dronefly’s tion dramatizes the play eyes not only served as between knowledge and experimental material culture at an important to demonstrate the stage in the history of observational capacity entomology: in the 17th of his microscope, and 18th centuries, as but also provided a robert hooke, Micrographia, 1665 European natural philosophers visually captivating turned unprecedented amounts of their metaphor for the new technology. Hooke’s attention towards insect life, bugs in turn experiment indexes a shift of empirical contributed to shaping the new ways that interest towards the study of bugs rooted in these scientists were describing their world.
    [Show full text]
  • Seventeenth-Century Botanical Practices and Natural
    _full_journalsubtitle: A Journal for the Study of Science, Technology and Medicine in the Pre-modern Period _full_abbrevjournaltitle: ESM _full_ppubnumber: ISSN 1383-7427 (print version) _full_epubnumber: ISSN 1573-3823 (online version) _full_issue: 5-6 _full_issuetitle: Manipulating Flora: Seventeenth-Century Botanical Practices and Natural Philosophy _full_alt_author_running_head (neem stramien J2 voor dit article en vul alleen 0 in hierna): Baldassarri and Matei _full_alt_articletitle_running_head (rechter kopregel - mag alles zijn): Manipulating Flora _full_is_advance_article: 0 _full_article_language: en indien anders: engelse articletitle: 0 Manipulating FloraEarly Science and Medicine 23 (2018) 413-419 413 www.brill.com/esm Contents Manipulating Flora: Seventeenth-Century Manipulating Flora: Seventeenth-Century Botanical Practices and Natural Philosophy. Introduction 413 Fabrizio Baldassarri * Botanical Practices and Natural Philosophy. Oana Matei ** Touch Me Not: Sense and Sensibility in Early Modern Botany 420 Introduction Guido Giglioni* Same Spirit, Different Structure: Francis Bacon on Inanimate and Animate Matter 444 Fabrizio Baldassarri * Doina-Cristina Rusu* Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel/University of Bucharest Spirits Coming Alive: The Subtle Alchemy of Francis Bacon’s Sylva Sylvarum 459 [email protected] Dana Jalobeanu* Athanasius Kircher and Vegetal Magnetism: Analogy as a Method 487 Lucie Čermáková* Oana Matei ** Descartes’ Bio-Medical Study of Plants: Vegetative Activities, Soul, and Power 509 Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad/University of Bucharest * Fabrizio Baldassari [email protected] Appetitive Matter and Perception in Ralph Austen’s Projects of Natural History of Plants 530 Oana Matei * Plant and Soil Chemistry in Seventeenth-Century England: Worsley, Boyle and Coxe 550 Antonio Clericuzio* The study of plants and vegetal bodies has always played an essential role in Contents to Volume 23 (2018) 585 the knowledge of nature for both theoretical and practical purposes.
    [Show full text]