The Networks of Eastern Congo’s Two Most Powerful Armed Actors *As of August 2, 2013

Reported

Members/ Past & Main Official Main Areas of Origin Leader(s) Notable for Strength Present Enemies Objectives influence Group Armed Interactions 1 ADF/ Opposed to Yoweri Jamil 800-1200 men, FDLR/RUD, Ugandan Establish an One of the oldest Northern NALU Museveni’s rule in Mukulu mostly Nande. UPCP/FPC, governme Islamic state in but least known territory , Jamil Mukulu and URDC. nt Uganda. groups in eastern founded the group in Congo. Close to no 1995 in an attempt to surrenders. The establish an Islamic UN Group of state in Uganda. Experts is currently examining potential links with Al-Shabaab. Allied Democratic Forces/National Forces/National Democratic Allied Army for the Liberation of Uganda

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2 APCLS Created in 2008 FARDC Approximately FARDC Congolese APCLS claims to Heavy clashes with Western following the deserter 1,500 men, mostly elements, protect the FARDC units led by territory peace agreement to “Gen.” Hunde. FDC, refugee Hunde ex-CNDP officer confront a perceived Janvier Recruitment FDLR/FOCA communit community Mudahunga in threat against the Buingo increased in , FODP, y at large, against alleged February and

Hunde community at Karayiri. response to the MAC, MPA, ex-CNDP land grabs by March 2013 in the hands of CNDP Spring 2012 M23 Nyatura, now in ex-CNDP Kitchanga, Masisi, rebels. rebellion. and RUC. FARDC, officers. . FDC, M23, However, APCLS et Souverain and has also acted as Sheka/ND proxy for other Libre C. FARDC elements against M23 Congo Congo advance into Alliance des Patriotes un pour Masisi.

APCLS is reportedly involved in tantalum mining from Kivuye mines in Masisi. 3 COGAI Established in May “Brig. Gen.” About 800 men. FARDC FARDC Integration into COGAI has failed to Orientale 2012, COGAI is an Justin elements elements FARDC at gain the support of Province, Ituri umbrella organization Banaloki aka and M23. current self- the majority of the District

to unite Ituri militias. Cobra appointed Hema community. The group was Matata, Col. ranks, remain in recently renamed Eneko, Col. Ituri, liberation MRPC. Hitler, Col. + amnesty of Semire, and FRPI prisoners.

Armés de l’Ituri Armés Col. Kabu. Coalition des Groupes

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4 FDC From 2010-2012, the Luanda 150-300 men, FARDC APCLS, No official Partnered with the Southeastern Congolese army relied Butu, who mostly Nyanga, elements, FARDC objectives. Congolese army to on local guides and was a Hunde and a few M23, Raïa elements, confront FDLR porters during its captain with Tembo. Mutomboki FDLR/FOC rebels. military operations the CNDP elements, A, and against FDLR rebels. rebel group. and MAC. Then military officer Sheka/NDC. Bosco Ntaganda was their main contact person inside the army.

When Ntaganda mutinied from the army in April 2012, a Congolaise Défense de Forces faction of the guides and porters fell out with him and created the MAC. The FDC is the group that remained loyal to Ntaganda. 5 FDIPC Formed in April 2013, Spokesman About 250 FARDC M23 Expelling M23 Ambushes against Central FDIPC is a loosely Jackson members mainly elements out of Rutshuru M23 convoys since territory

structured self- Baharunye from Rutshuru and territory. May 2013. defense group of Kiwanja Hutu youth. youth in Rutshuru.

Défense des Intérêts Intérêts des Défense du Peuple Congolais Forces des

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6 The group split from “Col.” 40-50 men, Hutu. Reportedly FARDC No official Protected and Southeastern FDLR/FOCA in 2010. Mandevu integrated elements objectives. helped M23’s into M23. former leader Bosco Ntaganda /Mandevu cross the in FDLR May 2012. 7 FDLR/ Hutu militia; some of Maj. Gen. Disagreements APCLS, FARDC Return to Horrendous Western Rutshuru FOCA its leaders participated Sylvestre persist, with FARDC elements, and human rights territory

in the genocide in Mudacumur estimates ranging elements, FDC, M23, greater political violations and Rwanda in 1994. a, Col. from 1,500 – 5,000 FDN, Raïa presentation in involvement in Omega and men. The 2013 FODP, Mutombki Rwanda. illicit exploitation Col. Serge. leaked interim M26, MAC, , Rwandan Disagreements of natural report of the UN MPA, military, persist as to resources. The Group of Experts Nyatura, and whether 2013 UN Group of speaks of 1,500 and RUC. Sheka/ND FDLR/FOCA is Experts interim men. C. still trying to report says “FDLR Non- overthrow the suffers from Aggression Rwandan internal divisions Acts with government. and a weak FDLR/RUD, hierarchy that FDLR/SOKI lacks the capability , and MAC. to command and control the Rwanda/ Forces Combattantes Abacunguzi Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du la Libération du pour Forces Démocratiques organization’s entire operations.”

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8 FDLR/ The group split up Brigadier 400-600, mostly ADF/NALU No specific Political space Notable for South Lubero RUD from FDLR/FOCA in Gen. Jean Hutu with a few . enemy. in Rwanda. involvement in territory with 2005 over leadership Damascène Tutsi. minerals, timber extended positions disputes. Ntibabagije Non- and coal trade, in north-eastern aka Musare aggression illegal taxation, and Rutshuru territory pacts with poaching. More FDLR/FOC moderate than A + FDLR/FOCA. FDLR/SOKI , UPCP/FPC.

Tolerating M23. Forces Démocratiques pour Libération la du Rwanda/Rassemblement Uni pour la Démocratie Uni Rwanda/Rassemblement 9 The group split from Col. Soki 60-100 men, mostly Non- M23 No official Notable for Northern Rutshuru

FDLR/FOCA in 2006 to (Killed by Hutu. aggression objectives. banditry in northern territory reportedly gain M23 in July pact with Rutshuru territory. greater autonomy. 2013) FDLR/FOC

FDLR/SOKI A + FDLR/RUD. 10 FDN Former members of Col. Akilimali 160 men, mostly FDLR/FOC No specific No official Group is gradually Eastern Walikale the national army that Luendo alias Nyanga and a few A enemy. objectives. declining as some territory defected in 2010, Akilo, and Tembo. leaders have turned lamenting about Col. Jeremie. themselves over to perceived the army.

de Défense Défense de marginalization.

Nationale Forces

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11 FODP FODP is a faction of Col. Freddy 200 men, typically APCLS, M23, ex- The group A frequent proxy of Eastern Masisi the Nyatura rebel Muchoma. Hutu. FARDC CNDP claims to elements of the territory group created in 2012 Lushuri elements, protect Hutu Congolese army.

to counter M23. under Col. FDLR/FOC interests Safari A, M26, against ex- Kainamua. MAC, and CNDP officers Nyanamo MPA. and M23. under Maj. Tegamaso Défense du Peuple Kamanzi.

Forces Organisées pour la pour Forces Organisées Matovu under Col. Kabulembo. 12 FPD Created in 2008 in Col. Shetani 80-100 men, mostly FARDC M23 No official Notable for Nnortheastern

Rutshuru territory. Muhima Nande from elements objectives. kidnapping and Rutshuru territory Rutshuru territory. killing Hutu elites in

Forces north-eastern

aka Rutshuru territory.

Maï Shetani - Maï Populaires pour la Démocratie Populaires pour la 13 Leader Kahasha Ex-FARDC ±350 fighters, M23 FARDC Kahasha Notable for having Walungu territory

defected in early 2012 Col. Albert mainly recruits from elements reportedly facilitated defection in from the army, Kahasha aka Nande in Beni, Shi tried to extend of ex-CNDP officers Province grieving over Foka Mike. from his tribe in M23’s clout in to join M23. perceived favoritism of South Kivu and a South Kivu. Tutsi officers. few FARDC Kahasha reportedly elements. chairs the Raïa Mukombozi Kahasha Group Kahasha coalition.

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14 LDF Erasto Ntibaturama, Erasto Over 50 men, M23 FARDC No official According to the Northeastern an influential Hutu Ntibaturama mostly Hutu elements objective. 2012 UN Group of figure in northern Experts report, Masisi, established the Erasto Erasto group in 2005 to have reportedly Ntibaturama, sent a group of personal helps ex-CNDP his own son to bodyguards. combatants support M23. The grab land and Rwandan army expand M23’s allegedly provided influence to Ntibaturama a Masisi. residence in Rwanda in turn

Local Defense Forces Busumba Forces Defense Local for his support to M23. 15 LRA Launched in Northern Joseph Kony ± 300 men. Unknown. Uganda’s Stated goal is Notorious for In DRC: Northern Uganda in 1987 to army. to topple the widespread huma Oriental Province

advance the rights of Ugandan n rights violations. the marginalized government. Acholi tribe. The group Invisible entered DRC in 2005. Children’s Kony In 2006, the Ugandan 2012 campaign. army forced the group out of Uganda. It has since been operating Lord’s Resistance Army Lord’s Resistance in the Central African Republic, South Sudan and Northern DRC.

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16 M23 Pursuant to a 2009 “Brid. Gen.” Approximately COGAI, FDC, APCLS, Officially, M23 occupied Southern Rutshuru peace agreement with Sultani 1,500 men mostly FDLR/ FARDC M23 wants the provincial territory the Government, Makenga Tutsi, Hutu and a Mandevu, elements, better capital of Goma CNDP rebels few Shi, Rega, FDLR/RUD, FDIPC, governance, in November integrated into the Hunde and Nande. FPLC, FRPI, FDLR/FOC security, 2012. army. Three years Kahasha A, democratizati ars 2009 later, in April 2012, Group, LDF FDLR/SOK on and some of the rebels Nyatura/ I, FODP, development mutinied in the face of Noheri, Raïa FPD, of the du 23 m Mutomboki Kinshasa’s perceived MAC, country. elements, unwillingness to MPA, Lately, they Sheka/NDC, implement the 2009 Nyatura, publicly Maï-Maï agreement. and RUC. demanded

Mouvement Simba, UPCP/FPC, amnesty, and URDC. military as well as political reintegration.

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17 MAC From 2010-2012, the Lt. Col. 80-300 men, mostly APCLS, FARDC Countering In 2012, MAC Northwestern Congolese army relied Bwira, a Hunde and Nyanga. FARDC elements, the advance started to Masisi territory on local guides and former elements, FDC, and of M23 into collaborate with

porters during its FARDC FDLR/FOCA, M23. Masisi its former enemy military operations commander FODP, MPA, territory. FDLR/FOCA. against FDLR rebels. from the Nyatura, and Then military officer Hunde RUC. Bosco Ntaganda was community. their main contact person inside the army.

When Ntaganda mutinied from the army in April 2012, a faction of the guides and porters fell out with him and created Mouvement d’Action pourle Changement the MAC. The faction that remained loyal to Ntaganda is known as FDC. 18 In 2012, a faction led “Col.” Jean- 100-150 men, FARDC No No official In summer 2012, Bafwasende by Paul Sadala broke Luc Yabili mostly Nande, elements specific objective. Maï-Maï Luc territory in Orientale away from the Maï- including many enemies. Group is elements Province. Maï Lumumba rebel FARDC deserters. notable for arrested leader group in Orientale controlling Paul Sadala Province and created mining sites threatening to Maï Luc - Maï-Maï Luc. Reasons including turn him over to

Maï provided include the Angumu and the army if they faction’s disapproval Elonga. are not paid a of Lumumba’s human ransom rights record. of $10,000.

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19 A native of the Bombo Paul Sadala ± 250 men--Nande, FARDC FARDC No official The 2013 UN Mambasa + community, Sadala has aka Morgan Ndaka, Bakumu, elements & elements objectives. Group of Experts Bafwasende districts been poaching Bapiri, and FARDC deserters, interim report in Orientale elephants since at deserters. Maï-Maï argues that in Province. least 2005. Simba, and 2012 Sadala “has URDC. increasingly sustained his

Maï Morgan group by stealing - and selling gold,

Maï as well as by pillaging the property of local populations.” 20 Maï-Maï Simba also “Gen.” Approximately 150- FARDC No Remodeling Notable for its Orientale province known as Mando 200 men, mostly elements, specific Congo history and and “Armée Populaire de Mazero and Rega, Tetela, Maï-Maï enemies. according to mining activities. provinces: Libération Nationale “Gen.” Mbuba and Kumu Morgan, Patrice Maiko Park. Congolaise- Lucien communities and Raïa Lubumba’s Kasese, and Epulu. Lumumba,” or Simba. ex-Mulelists. Mutomboki , political

APLNC/Lumumba, is Political and views of North Kivu province, the oldest Congolese leader Sheka/NDC unification. Walikale territory: Maï Simba - armed group, with its Ubandako elements. Osokari-Ndjingala.

Maï origins dating back to Petro the Mulele William. secessionist movement from 1964.

21 MPA Defected from the Col. 500 men, typically APCLS, M23, ex- The group A frequent proxy Northern Rutshuru

Congolese army in Ndagijimana Hutu. FARDC CNDP claims to of elements of territory 2011 over perceived Basabose elements, protect Hutu the Congolese marginalization by ex- FDLR/FOCA, interests army. CNDP officers, the FODP, M26, against ex- Populaire

Mouvement group means to MAC CNDP officers d’Autodéfense protect the Hutu Nyatura, , and M23. community. and RUC.

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22 NDC, Long-time minerals Ntabo 150-180 men-- FDC, M23, APCLS, Protecting Alleged mass rape Eastern Walikale business man Sheka Ntaberi army deserters Maï-Maï FARDC their of an estimated 387 territory formed the group in Sheka and young people, Simba, Raïa elements communities women and girls in 2009. mostly Nyanga. Mutomboki and allies, against Walikale, North Kivu in 2010. elements. and FDLR/FOCA

aka FDLR/FOC rebels. The alleged killing of A. Army Col. Chuma Balumisa and Col. Kamatimba Pilipili in Maï Sheka - Spring 2012. Maï Nduma Defense of Congo Notorious for illicit mining.

23 Combatants of the Bigembe, 550-700 men, APCLS, Ex-CNDP, The group Commander of the North Kivu province, PARECO rebel group Col. Kapopi, mostly Hutu. FARDC M23, and claims to Congolese army, Masisi territory. integrated in 2009 into Col. Dusabe elements, Raïa protect Hutu Gen. Gabriel the national army. In aka Delta, Nyatura has many FDLR/FOCA, Mutombo interests Amisi, reportedly South Kivu province, 2010 and 2011, they Col. Magara, factions, including M26, MAC, ki factions. against ex- supported . deserted from the Col. Nyatura Kipema, and MPA. CNDP officers Nyatura in fighting army in the face of Kasongo, Lt. Nyatura Ngwiti, and M23. the Raïa perceived Col. Ndume M26, etc. Mutomboki rebel marginalization by Lt. Col. group in Masisi in

Nyatura another rebel group Yusto, and Fall 2012. Amisi is that integrated into Col. Jean currently the army, namely the Marie. suspended from CNDP. Upon desertion the army. from the army, they created Nyatura. 24 Splintered from “Col.” About 150, mostly M23 FARDC No official Clashes between Northern Masisi Nyatura in late Spring Noheri Hutu. elements objective. Nyatura Noheri & territory. 2013. rival groups in May 2013 resulted in looting, and human rights

Nyatura/ Noheri violations.

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25 Pastor Jean Musumbu Southern In North Kivu, Some Congoles Expel the FDLR Known for its North & South Kivu and Congolese army Shabunda: members are factions e Hutu, and protect own belief in magical and Maniema defector Devos Jean mainly from respectively FARDC communities. powers. provinces established the group Musumbu. Tembo, Rega, had and/or elements, Emphasis on in 2005 in Kano and Nyanga. have FDLR/FOC protection of the Shabunda/South Kivu Northern interactions A, and members’ in response to Shabunda, In South Kivu, with FDC, Nyatura. communities. massacres by the Bunyakiri members are M23, Maï- The UN accused FDLR/FOCA and the and mainly from Rega. Maï Simba, one faction of failure of the national Southern and NDC. having

Mutomboki Raïa authorities to protect Walikale: committed their communities. Juriste “viciously The group largely Kikuni. incomprehensibl disappeared between e” massacres 2007 and 2011 but re- Northeaster against emerged in the face n Shabunda: Rwandaphones in of the M23 crisis in “Gen.” Fall 2009. Enjoys 2012. Sisawa large public Kindo, Daniel support in certain Meshe, et al. areas. Loose organizational Southeaster structures and n Walikale hierarchy. and Southern Jean Musumbu Masisi: reportedly “Col.” agreed in late Deplhin July 2013 to Mbaenda. integrate into the army. (as of April 2013)

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26 RUC Defected from the Col. 500 men, mostly APCLS, M23, ex- The group A frequent proxy Western Rutshuru Congolese army in Bapfakururi Hutu and a few FARDC CNDP claims to of elements of territory 2011 over perceived mi Nande. elements, protect Hutu the Congolese

marginalization by ex- FDLR/FOCA, interests against army. CNDP officers. M26, MAC, ex-CNDP and MPA. officers and M23.

Rassemblement pour l’Unité du Congo 27 UPCP/ Established in 2012, “Gen.” 500-600 men, ADF/NALU, FARDC Form a broad The group has Southern Lubero FPC UPCP is a coalition of Kakule mostly Nande, and , FDLR/RUD, elements coalition of helped ex-CNDP territory

Maï-Maï groups and Vasaka a few Bashi, Rega FEOLC, M23, armed groups to officers to defect FARDC defectors. Sikulikyolo and Tembo. and URDC. topple the from the national Lafontaine. Congolese army. government. Notorious for mining gold in Southern Lubero along with Union des Patriotes Paix Congolais pour la FDLR/RUD. 28 URDC In 2012, Maj. Hilaire Ex-FARDC 280 men, mostly ADF/NALU, FARDC Topple the Attack on the Northern Beni defected from the Maj. Hilaire from Nande youth M23, Paul elements. Congolese town of Beni in territory army, complaining Kakule and FARDC “Morgan” government. May 2013. The about bad working Kombi, deserters. Sadala, and 2013 UN Group conditions. “Col.” UPCP/FPC. of Experts

Werrason, interim report

“Col.” Eric documents that aka Kenzo, and “URDC and other “Col.” militias primarily Jacques finance Nyolo. themselves by Maï Hilaire - exploiting natural

Maï de la Réhabilitation Union pour la Congo du Démocratie resources, especially gold and ivory […].”

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