The Networks of Eastern Congo’s Two Most Powerful Armed Actors *As of August 2, 2013 Reported Members/ Past & Main Official Main Areas of Origin Leader(s) Notable for Strength Present Enemies Objectives influence Group Armed Interactions 1 ADF/ Opposed to Yoweri Jamil 800-1200 men, FDLR/RUD, Ugandan Establish an One of the oldest Northern Beni NALU Museveni’s rule in Mukulu mostly Nande. UPCP/FPC, governme Islamic state in but least known territory Uganda, Jamil Mukulu and URDC. nt Uganda. groups in eastern founded the group in Congo. Close to no 1995 in an attempt to surrenders. The establish an Islamic UN Group of state in Uganda. Experts is currently examining potential links with Al-Shabaab. Allied Democratic Forces/National Forces/National Democratic Allied Army for the Liberation of Uganda 1 2 APCLS Created in 2008 FARDC Approximately FARDC Congolese APCLS claims to Heavy clashes with Western Masisi following the Goma deserter 1,500 men, mostly elements, Tutsi protect the FARDC units led by territory peace agreement to “Gen.” Hunde. FDC, refugee Hunde ex-CNDP officer confront a perceived Janvier Recruitment FDLR/FOCA communit community Mudahunga in threat against the Buingo increased in , FODP, y at large, against alleged February and Hunde community at Karayiri. response to the MAC, MPA, ex-CNDP land grabs by March 2013 in the hands of CNDP Spring 2012 M23 Nyatura, now in ex-CNDP Kitchanga, Masisi, rebels. rebellion. and RUC. FARDC, officers. North Kivu. FDC, M23, However, APCLS et Souverain and has also acted as Sheka/ND proxy for other Libre C. FARDC elements against M23 Congo Congo advance into Alliance des Patriotes un pour Masisi. APCLS is reportedly involved in tantalum mining from Kivuye mines in Masisi. 3 COGAI Established in May “Brig. Gen.” About 800 men. FARDC FARDC Integration into COGAI has failed to Orientale 2012, COGAI is an Justin elements elements FARDC at gain the support of Province, Ituri Banaloki aka and M23. current self- District umbrella organization the majority of the to unite Ituri militias. Cobra appointed Hema community. The group was Matata, Col. ranks, remain in recently renamed Eneko, Col. Ituri, liberation MRPC. Hitler, Col. + amnesty of Semire, and FRPI prisoners. Armés de l’Ituri Armés Col. Kabu. Coalition des Groupes 2 4 FDC From 2010-2012, the Luanda 150-300 men, FARDC APCLS, No official Partnered with the Southeastern Congolese army relied Butu, who mostly Nyanga, elements, FARDC objectives. Congolese army to Walikale territory on local guides and was a Hunde and a few M23, Raïa elements, confront FDLR porters during its captain with Tembo. Mutomboki FDLR/FOC rebels. military operations the CNDP elements, A, and against FDLR rebels. rebel group. and MAC. Then military officer Sheka/NDC. Bosco Ntaganda was their main contact person inside the army. When Ntaganda mutinied from the army in April 2012, a Forces de Défense Congolaise Défense de Forces faction of the guides and porters fell out with him and created the MAC. The FDC is the group that remained loyal to Ntaganda. 5 FDIPC Formed in April 2013, Spokesman About 250 FARDC M23 Expelling M23 Ambushes against Central Rutshuru FDIPC is a loosely Jackson members mainly elements out of Rutshuru M23 convoys since territory structured self- Baharunye from Rutshuru and territory. May 2013. defense group of Hutu Kiwanja Hutu youth. youth in Rutshuru. Défense des Intérêts Intérêts des Défense du Peuple Congolais Forces des 3 6 The group split from “Col.” 40-50 men, Hutu. Reportedly FARDC No official Protected and Southeastern FDLR/FOCA in 2010. Mandevu integrated elements objectives. helped M23’s Rutshuru territory into M23. former leader Bosco Ntaganda /Mandevu cross the Virunga National Park in FDLR May 2012. 7 FDLR/ Hutu militia; some of Maj. Gen. Disagreements APCLS, FARDC Return to Horrendous Western Rutshuru FOCA its leaders participated Sylvestre persist, with FARDC elements, Rwanda and human rights territory in the genocide in Mudacumur estimates ranging elements, FDC, M23, greater political violations and Rwanda in 1994. a, Col. from 1,500 – 5,000 FDN, Raïa presentation in involvement in Omega and men. The 2013 FODP, Mutombki Rwanda. illicit exploitation Col. Serge. leaked interim M26, MAC, , Rwandan Disagreements of natural report of the UN MPA, military, persist as to resources. The Group of Experts Nyatura, and whether 2013 UN Group of speaks of 1,500 and RUC. Sheka/ND FDLR/FOCA is Experts interim men. C. still trying to report says “FDLR Non- overthrow the suffers from Aggression Rwandan internal divisions Acts with government. and a weak FDLR/RUD, hierarchy that FDLR/SOKI lacks the capability , and MAC. to command and control the Rwanda/ Forces Combattantes Abacunguzi Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du la Libération du pour Forces Démocratiques organization’s entire operations.” 4 8 FDLR/ The group split up Brigadier 400-600, mostly ADF/NALU No specific Political space Notable for South Lubero RUD from FDLR/FOCA in Gen. Jean Hutu with a few . enemy. in Rwanda. involvement in territory with 2005 over leadership Damascène Tutsi. minerals, timber extended positions disputes. Ntibabagije Non- and coal trade, in north-eastern aka Musare aggression illegal taxation, and Rutshuru territory pacts with poaching. More FDLR/FOC moderate than Libération du A + FDLR/FOCA. FDLR/SOKI , UPCP/FPC. Tolerating M23. Forces Démocratiques pour la Rwanda/Rassemblement Uni pour la Démocratie Uni Rwanda/Rassemblement 9 The group split from Col. Soki 60-100 men, mostly Non- M23 No official Notable for Northern Rutshuru FDLR/FOCA in 2006 to (Killed by Hutu. aggression objectives. banditry in northern territory reportedly gain M23 in July pact with Rutshuru territory. greater autonomy. 2013) FDLR/FOC FDLR/SOKI A + FDLR/RUD. 10 FDN Former members of Col. Akilimali 160 men, mostly FDLR/FOC No specific No official Group is gradually Eastern Walikale the national army that Luendo alias Nyanga and a few A enemy. objectives. declining as some territory defected in 2010, Akilo, and Tembo. leaders have turned lamenting about Col. Jeremie. themselves over to perceived the army. de Défense Défense de marginalization. Nationale Forces 5 11 FODP FODP is a faction of Col. Freddy 200 men, typically APCLS, M23, ex- The group A frequent proxy of Eastern Masisi the Nyatura rebel Muchoma. Hutu. FARDC CNDP claims to elements of the territory group created in 2012 Lushuri elements, protect Hutu Congolese army. to counter M23. under Col. FDLR/FOC interests Safari A, M26, against ex- Kainamua. MAC, and CNDP officers Nyanamo MPA. and M23. under Maj. Tegamaso Défense du Peuple Kamanzi. Forces Organisées pour la pour Forces Organisées Matovu under Col. Kabulembo. 12 FPD Created in 2008 in Col. Shetani 80-100 men, mostly FARDC M23 No official Notable for Nnortheastern Rutshuru territory. Muhima Nande from elements objectives. kidnapping and Rutshuru territory Rutshuru territory. killing Hutu elites in Forces north-eastern aka Rutshuru territory. Maï Shetani - Maï Populaires pour la Démocratie Populaires pour la 13 Leader Kahasha Ex-FARDC ±350 fighters, M23 FARDC Kahasha Notable for having Walungu territory defected in early 2012 Col. Albert mainly recruits from elements reportedly facilitated defection in South Kivu from the army, Kahasha aka Nande in Beni, Shi tried to extend of ex-CNDP officers Province grieving over Foka Mike. from his tribe in M23’s clout in to join M23. perceived favoritism of South Kivu and a South Kivu. Tutsi officers. few FARDC Kahasha reportedly elements. chairs the Raïa Mukombozi Kahasha Group Kahasha coalition. 6 14 LDF Erasto Ntibaturama, Erasto Over 50 men, M23 FARDC No official According to the Northeastern an influential Hutu Ntibaturama mostly Hutu elements objective. 2012 UN Group of Masisi territory figure in northern Experts report, Masisi, established the Erasto Erasto group in 2005 to have reportedly Ntibaturama, sent a group of personal helps ex-CNDP his own son to bodyguards. combatants support M23. The grab land and Rwandan army expand M23’s allegedly provided influence to Ntibaturama a Masisi. residence in Rwanda in turn Local Defense Forces Busumba Forces Defense Local for his support to M23. 15 LRA Launched in Northern Joseph Kony ± 300 men. Unknown. Uganda’s Stated goal is Notorious for In DRC: Northern Uganda in 1987 to army. to topple the widespread huma Oriental Province advance the rights of Ugandan n rights violations. the marginalized government. Acholi tribe. The group Invisible entered DRC in 2005. Children’s Kony In 2006, the Ugandan 2012 campaign. army forced the group out of Uganda. It has since been operating Lord’s Resistance Army Lord’s Resistance in the Central African Republic, South Sudan and Northern DRC. 7 16 M23 Pursuant to a 2009 “Brid. Gen.” Approximately COGAI, FDC, APCLS, Officially, M23 occupied Southern Rutshuru peace agreement with Sultani 1,500 men mostly FDLR/ FARDC M23 wants the provincial territory the Government, Makenga Tutsi, Hutu and a Mandevu, elements, better capital of Goma CNDP rebels few Shi, Rega, FDLR/RUD, FDIPC, governance, in November integrated into the Hunde and Nande. FPLC, FRPI, FDLR/FOC security, 2012. army. Three years Kahasha A, democratizati ars 2009 later, in April 2012, Group, LDF FDLR/SOK on and some of the rebels Nyatura/ I, FODP, development mutinied in the face of Noheri, Raïa FPD, of the du 23 m Mutomboki Kinshasa’s perceived MAC, country. elements, unwillingness to MPA, Lately, they Sheka/NDC, implement the 2009 Nyatura, publicly Maï-Maï agreement. and RUC. demanded Mouvement Simba, UPCP/FPC, amnesty, and URDC. military as well as political reintegration. 8 17 MAC From 2010-2012, the Lt. Col. 80-300 men, mostly APCLS, FARDC Countering In 2012, MAC Northwestern Congolese army relied Bwira, a Hunde and Nyanga. FARDC elements, the advance started to Masisi territory on local guides and former elements, FDC, and of M23 into collaborate with porters during its FARDC FDLR/FOCA, M23.