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Wind Engineering Studies on Tall Buildings: Transitions in Research Baskaran, B NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Wind engineering studies on tall buildings: transitions in research Baskaran, B. A. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/40001329 Paper (National Research Council of Canada. Institute for Research in Construction); no. IRC-P-3130, 1993 NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=e0f4d6c8-cf18-48da-8921-e1605c8766cf https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=e0f4d6c8-cf18-48da-8921-e1605c8766cf Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected]. Ref Ser TH1 National Research Conseil national N21 d 1*1 council ~anacia de recherches Canada no,3130 Institute for lnstitut de BLDG I Research in recherche en --- - Construction construction Wind Engineering Studies on Tall Buildings - Transitions in Research by Appupillai Baskaran ANALYZED 8 4 1993 Appeared in MAR Building and Environment Volume 28, Number 1 p. 1-19, 1993 (IRC Paper No. 3130) Reprinted with permission from Pergamon Press NRCC 35497 Building andEnvironmenf, Val. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-19, 1993 0j6&1323/93 55.00+0.00 Printed in Great Britain. Pergamon Press Ltd. Wind Engineering Studies on Tall ~uildin~s-~ranGtionsin Research APPUPILLAI BASKARAN* Development of new building materials and advances in architectural concepts have led to light weight and more unconventional buildings. Consequently, unexpected windforces may act on these structures. Experimental results from wind-tunnel studies are considered as one reliable source for the wind loading information. An extensive literature survey has been conducted; this paper reviews some of the selected studies to show the research transitions in wind engineering studies of tall buildings. Ten dzferent stages and an establishedpattern have been identzfied in wind engineering studies of tall buildings. 1. INTRODUCTION entire building. Today most partitions are removable, and are therefore lighter and more.flexible. TALL buildings are the unique North American con- a Exterior wall detail was generally made of solid tribution to world architecture [I]. The ten tallest build- masonry or stone, with the opening a small percentage ings in the world are listed in Fig. 1 ; most of these are in of the total wall surface. In contrast, the modern glass two major American cities, New York and Chicago. Tall curtain wall systems significantly reduces structural buildings were constructed in response to social and econ- stiffness of the outer skin. omic needs of a particular place and time. Their unique- a Use of mechanical systems, HVAC facilities and pro- ness attracts tourists and increases a city's image. More vision for modern equipment such as computers are usefully, they satisfy the increasing office space demands noticeably increased in comparison to the past. of major cities. The external shape of the building is more irregular More and more developers are erecting tall buildings today than in the past, to maximize the working space in comparison to the past., Architects and engineers plan as well as to express the architectural dignity of one buildings of irregular shape with extremely light exterior building from others. skins or large H/B ratios. Any increase in building height increases the importance of wind loading. ~uildii~codes Along with the changes in construction, evaluation and wind standards are formulated to provide design methodologies have also changed. In this paper a sys- information for wind engineering practice. However, tematic attempt has been made to show the changes in they provide very little design guidance for wind loads wind engineering research on tall buildings by reviewing on buildings of unusual geometrical shapes or structural a few carefully selected studies. Wind effects on buildings properties. This inadequacy in building codes and stan- are mostly quantified by using wind tunnel measure- dards redirects designers and engineers to rely on wind- ments, and research transitions in wind tunnel studies are tunnel model tests for evaluating wind effects on very tall presented in the following section. Efforts are also made buildings. in identifying the various research stages in full scale Advances in construction technology and development monitoring of wind effects on buildings and this is pre- of modern building materials also enhance the growth of sented in Section 3. Section 4 summarizes ten different tall buildings and affect the conventional design pro- stages in wind engineering research, along with an estab- cedures. Thus there are significant differences in the con- lished pattern for tall building studies in the wind tunnel. struction of tall buildings today, in comparison to build- ings constructed during the early thirties ; a few of these changes are grouped below : 2. REVIEW OF SELECTED WIND TUNNEL STUDIES A 20 feet column spacing was found to be adequate for office spacing half a century ago. Today, a mini- General reviews of wind effects on tall buildings in mum of about 40-50 feet is considered adequate. relation to structural design factors can be found else- Partitions were generally made of solid masonry from where [2, 31. Similarly, the research developments on tall floor to floor, adding considerably to the rigidity of the buildings are periodically compiled and presented by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. So far, the Council has released a five volume monograph on the *Institute for Research in Construction, National Research planning and design of tall buildings, published from Council of Canada, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIA 1978 to 1981 [4], followed by developments in tall build- 0R6. ings [5] and advances in high-rise buildings [6]. In this 2 A. Baskaran Building (New York), the World Trade Center Towers (New York), the Sears Tower (Chicago) and the newest example, the Bank of China (Hong Kong). These studies may represent the design methodologies of 1930s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. 2.1 Empire State Building Dryden and Hill [q undertook the first significant wind tunnel study on the Empire State Building. A 1:250 model made of rolled aluminum plates 114 in. thick was constructed to represent the 1250 ft (381 m) high building. Both wind-induced pressures and overturning moments on the building were examined in a 10 ft. wind tunnel at the National Bureau of Standards. Pressure on the model was measured at three different elevations (36th, 55th and 75th floors) by connecting a pressure gauge to exter- nal holes with rubber tubing. In total there were 34 pres- sure taps on each floor level and the model was rotated through 180 degrees to study the effect of wind azimuth angle. The test was repeated at three wind speed levels : 40, 60 and 80 ft/sec (approximately 12, 18 and 24 m/s). Pressure coefficient distributions at three different levels are shown in Fig. 2, for two typical wind directions. Positive pressure was measured for the windward walls, whereas a more or less constant suction was found for other walls. The situation becomes more complicated when the wind arrives at an oblique angle to the build- ings. In addition to the measurement of external pressure distributions, the base overturning moments were also 1 1. Sears Tower 443 Chicago 1974 1 measured and are presented in Fig. 3. Coefficients for two principal sway directions are shown. The measured moments are normalized by the velocity pressure, rep- - - 3. World Trade 415 New York 1973 resentative area and arm length which is taken as 4.4 ft. Center Souh and 2.0 ft. (model scale) for x and y directions, respec- tively. This study, which was the first of this kind, shows 4. Empire State 381 NewYork 1931 an appreciation of the effect of wind loads on the building 5. Central Plaza 372 Hong Kong 1992 design. 16. Bank olchlna 367 Chicago 1988 1 2.2 World Trade Center Towers The twin World Trade Center Towers of New York attracted significant attention from wind engineers 18. John Hancxldr 343 Chicaao 1968 1 before, and even after, their construction. The wind effect on the towers were examined at Colorado State Uni- versity (CSU) and confirmation tests were carried out at 10 Firs! tnteratale 310 Los Angeles 1~90 the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Wind effects I on the plaza level environment were measured at the University of Western Ontario (UWO). This was the first major tall building project in which the simulation of natural wind turbulence was introduced. 1 1. Miglin Beitler 594 Chicago 19m 1 ( 2. Tour Sans Fin 400 Paris MA 1 2.2.1. Windloadon towers. A model of the twin towers, including the low-rise plaza level buildings and the sur- 1 3. Taiwan Tower 331 Koahsiuno t993 1 roundings, was tested at CSU with the shear flow tur- -- bulence as a simulation of natural wind [8].
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