DOCSLIB.ORG

Replace This with the Actual Title Using All Caps

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Replace This with the Actual Title Using All Caps POLYMORPHIC GAIT IN THE HORSE: AN INTERACTION OF GENETICS, MORPHOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Elizabeth Ann Staiger January 2015 © 2015 Elizabeth Ann Staiger POLYMORPHIC GAIT IN THE HORSE: AN INTERACTION OF GENETICS, MORPHOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR Elizabeth Ann Staiger, Ph. D. Cornell University 2015 Selection after domestication has primarily focused on performance, conformation and desirable behaviors in the horse, resulting in breeds that are divergent across these traits. An example are the “gaited” breeds, horses with the ability to perform either a lateral or diagonal four- beat gait without a moment of suspension at intermediate speeds, yet varying in overall size and temperament. To investigate the contribution of genetics to these divergent traits, we collected DNA samples, 35 body measurements, gait information, horse discipline, and a behavior survey from 801 gaited horses. Utilizing previously genotyped horses, an across-breed genome-wide association study (GWA) identified three novel candidate regions associated with gait type on ECA1, ECA11, and EC4. A GWA in a single gaited breed, the Tennessee Walking Horse (TWH) identified two additional candidate regions on ECA19 and ECA11. Polymorphisms from whole-genome sequences have identified several SNPs within these candidate regions. We conducted principle component analysis (PCA) on 33 of the body measures for a subset of TWH. A GWA of the first PC, which describes overall size, identified the LCORL locus, which has previously been implicated with size in horses, cattle, and humans. No causal variant has been discovered yet due to extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the region, but LD in the TWH is much lower, improving the resolution capabilities for fine-mapping and variant discovery. To investigate the contribution of genetics to temperament, we utilized factor analysis (FA) on the questionnaire to identify four temperament factors in TWH: neophobia, trainability, hostility, and independence. These four factors account for 64% of the total trait variance. We ran three separate GWAs using the F1-‘neophobia’, F2-‘trainability’, and F3-‘hostility’ scores as the phenotype and identified candidate markers in genes involved with neurodegeneration, steroidogenesis, brain development, and neuronal cell signaling pathways. The results from this work will hopefully lead to future studies to identify the causal variants of locomotion, size, and behavior traits. This will allow for the development of genetic tests to aid horse owners in their breeding and management decisions and help improve horse welfare as horses are selected for appropriate disciplines. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Elizabeth Ann Staiger was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, but spent her formative year in Japan, California, and Maryland. She attended Oklahoma State University and graduated in 2007 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Animal Science and with an Honor’s degree. She continued at Oklahoma State University for a Master of Science degree in Animal Breeding and Genetics under Dr. Raluca Mateescu studying genetic markers for increased milk and meat production in sheep. After completing her Masters in 2009, Ann remained in Dr. Mateescu’s lab as the lab manager. Ann began her doctoral studies in Animal Science at Cornell University in 2010. She pursued her research on the genetics of polymorphic gait in the horse under the direction of Dr. Samantha Brooks. While pursuing her degree, Ann has been the recipient of the Everingham Award, Neal A. Jorgenson Travel Award, and winner of the Equine Science Society Genetics Graduate Student competition. v “Intellectual growth should commence at birth and cease only at death” – Albert Einstein Dedicated to all of the teachers throughout my life. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The inspiration for this research stemmed from my love and involvement with gaited horses, particularly Tennessee Walking Horses, and a curiosity to understand the genetic underpinnings that makes these horses so unique from other breeds. This research would not have been possible without the involvement of several people. I owe a great deal of gratitude to Dr. Samantha Brooks for serving as my committee chair and mentor for the past four and a half years, and for allowing me the freedom to work on a project about which I am truly passionate. I know it has been an adventure, and I can’t thank you enough. Thanks to Dr. Joe Fetcho for help on neurobiology and all of his helpful advice on designing our behavior trials in the horse. Thanks to Dr. Jon Cheetham for providing important insights on the physiology of the horse, especially in regard to changes over time. And a special thank you to Dr. Heather Huson for her advice on performance genetics and for “adopting” me over this past year. This work was definitely a collaborative effort from several members of the equine science community. Thank you to Dr. Rebecca Bellone for the Puerto Rican Paso Fino samples, hosting me on some of my data collection trips, and for all of the career and teaching advice/support she provided. Dr. Nate Sutter provided advice on the measurement data and PCA. Dr. Julia Albright was instrumental in the design of the behavior survey and trial, and oversaw all of the behavior trials. I would also like to thank Dr. Ernest Bailey for all of his advice and support, and graciously hosting me on data collection trips. I could not have survived without the support, friendship, and pet-sitting of my fellow graduate students and friends Kristen Davis, Claire Stephens, Jeremy Allen, and Fernando Migone. A special thanks to my lab mate Dr. Heather Holl for all of the troubleshooting help, discussions, and helping me on data collection trips. I owe a big thank you to the many undergraduates who have worked in the lab and helped with the project over the years. Thanks to Nicole SanGiacomo for entering records into the vii database, Mariya Gugel for genotyping some of the behavior SNPs, Ram Singh for the Marwari samples and genotyping help, and Alexander Thomson, Taylor Baird, Rachel Evanowski, and Janelle Slutsky for help on local farm trips. Special thanks to Chris Posbergh and Lauren Jacobs who were essentially my minions in the lab, but also agreed to go on several out-of-state and overnight trips. I owe a special thanks to all of the horse breeders, owners, and trainers who have submitted samples over the years, and hosted me on my data collection trips. A big thank you to all of the breed organizations that have promoted my research: TWHBEA, RMHA, KMHSA, USIHC, PFHA, NWHA, FOSH, USMMA, ABCCC, and ABCCMM. Without the help of the associations and the owners, I would never have been able to collect so many horses or have the means to carry out the work. I especially want to thank Joe London, Joyce Moyer, Lynn Kelley, Lori Miller, and Laura Patterson. They have been amazing supporters of the study, and have done whatever they could to get me the material I have needed. My deepest gratitude for the financial support my research has received from the Cornell Center for Vertebrate Genomics, FAST, the Dorothy Russell Havemeyer Foundation, the ABCCC, and ABCCMM. And finally, I would like to thank my family for all of their support and love, not to mention their acquiescence when I coerced them into helping on data trips, and for hosting my colleagues and me as we passed through the area on yet another data trip. You’ve truly played an active role in my research. To my parents, my first teachers, I wouldn’t be who and what I am today without your example, encouragement, and sacrifices. I cannot fully express how grateful I am to be your daughter. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE DISSERTATION ............................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 The Horse as a Model for Complex Traits .................................................................................................... 3 Locomotion ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 The Equine Gait Spectrum .......................................................................................................................... 6 The Innervation of the Central Pattern Generator (CPG) .......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Activity Book B
    PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Activity Book B Name: Club Name: County: Thank you for helping with the PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Program! Here are some notes to help you lead this project: The PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Policy & Safety Guidelines must be followed at all times when using this activity book. Please see your Extension Office or http://extension.psu.edu/4-h/projects/ horses/cloverbud-program/cloverbud-policy-and-guidelines for a copy of the policy and guidelines. Many sections include a variety of activities. At least one activity per section must be completed. There will be three PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Activity Books. All Cloverbud members in one club or group should complete the same book in the course of one year, regardless of their ages or the length of time they have been members. Ex: This year, all Cloverbud Horse Club members complete Book B. Next year, all members will complete Book C, etc. Currently, this curriculum is available as an electronic publication. Please contact your local Extension Office for printed copies. For additional Cloverbud activities, please refer to our Leader & Educator Resource page located at http://extension.psu.edu/4-h/projects/horses/cloverbud-program/leader-resources. PA 4-H Horse Cloverbud Mission This educational program provides safe, fun, hands-on, developmentally appropriate learning opportunities for 4-H youth ages 5 to 7 years (as of January 1st). Using horses, this program will focus on participation as well as cooperative learning in informal settings. Summary of Differences Between
    [Show full text]
  • The Aratoga Saratoga’S Dailyracingnewspapersince 2001 ENTRIES &HANDICAPPING UNI TRIESTOBEAT BOYS in GR.1FOURSTARDAVE Saturday, August10,2019
    Year 19 • No. 21 Saturday, August 10, 2019 The aratoga Saratoga’s Daily Racing Newspaper since 2001 Shake It Up Noose ready to go in Saratoga Special ENTRIES & HANDICAPPING UNI TRIES TO BEAT BOYS IN GR. 1 FOURSTARDAVE Tod Marks Tod SIRE OF 2018 BALLERINA STAKES (G1) WINNER MARLEY’S FREEDOM POINTING TOWARDS THE 2019 BALLERINA S. AT SARATOGA IN 2019, 2YOs SOLD UP TO $700,000 Look for his yearlings at the upcoming sales! BBLLAAMMEE ARCH - LIABLE | ECLIPSE CHAMPION 2 THE SARATOGA SPECIAL SATURDAY, AUGUST 10, 2019 here&there... BY THE NUMBERS 3: Pairs of binoculars hanging from the shoulder of a man leading a Steve Klesaris horse to the main track Friday. 1: Gift card to The Bread Basket given to The Special (thank you, Brook Ledge). 1: Gift certificate to Spring Street Deli, given to The Special (thank you, Rob and Phyllis). 16: Mammals (12 humans, four dogs) in Graham and Anita Motion’s house Friday night. NAMES OF THE DAY Big Thicket, first race. The New York-bred is by Union Rags, out of Tanglewood Tale. Apex Predator, second race. Richard Greeley’s colt is by Tale Of The Cat. The Joke’s On You, second race. Happy Face Racing’s gelding is by Distorted Humor. Yukon Eric, third race. Check if the colt has both ears. No Bad Days, third race. The 2-year-old colt is by Carpe Diem out of Bless. Tod Marks Famished, fifth race.Tobey Morton’s colt is out of Ravenist. Triple Play. Three horses finish together – and we mean together – in Thursday’s ninth race.
    [Show full text]
  • Horse and Burro Management at Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Horse and Burro Management at Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge Environmental Assessment Before Horse Gather, August 2004 September 2002 After Horse Gather, August 2005 Front Cover: The left two photographs were taken one year apart at the same site, Big Spring Creek on Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge. The first photograph was taken in August 2004 at the time of a large horse gather on Big Spring Butte which resulted in the removal of 293 horses. These horses were placed in homes through adoption. The photograph shows the extensive damage to vegetation along the ripar- ian area caused by horses. The second photo was taken one-year later (August 2005) at the same posi- tion and angle, and shows the response of vegetation from reduced grazing pressure of horses. Woody vegetation and other responses of the ecosystem will take many years for restoration from the damage. An additional photograph on the right of the page was taken in September 2002 at Big Spring Creek. The tall vegetation was protected from grazing by the cage on the left side of the photograph. Stubble height of vegetation outside the cage was 4 cm, and 35 cm inside the cage (nearly 10 times the height). The intensity of horse grazing pressure was high until the gather in late 2004. Additional photo com- parisons are available from other riparian sites. Photo credit: FWS, David N. Johnson Department of Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service revised, final Environmental Assessment for Horse and Burro Management at Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge April 2008 Prepared by: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • UNDERSTANDING HORSE BEHAVIOR Prepared By: Warren Gill, Professor Doyle G
    4-H MEMBER GUIDE Agricultural Extension Service Institute of Agriculture HORSE PROJECT PB1654 UNIT 8 GRADE 12 UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING HHORSEORSE BBEHAVIOREHAVIOR 1 CONTENTS Introduction 3 Planning Your Project 3 The Basics of Horse Behavior 3 Types of Behavior 4 Horse Senses 4 Horse Communication 10 Domestication & Behavior 11 Mating Behavior 11 Behavior at Foaling Time 13 Feeding Behavior 15 Abnormal Behavior / Vices 18 Questions and Answers about Horses 19 References 19 Exercises 20 Glossary 23 SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE TO BE ACQUIRED • Improved understanding of why horses behave like horses • Applying basic behavioral knowledge to improve training skills • Learning to prevent and correct behavioral problems • Better ways to manage horses through better understanding of horse motivation OBJECTIVES To help you: • Be more competent in horse-related skills and knowledge • Feel more confident around horses • Understand the applications of basic knowledge to practical problems REQUIREMENTS 1. Make a project plan 2. Complete this manual 3. Work on this project with others, including other 4-H members, 4-H leaders, your 4-H agent and other youth and adults who can assist you in your project. 4. Evaluate your accomplishments cover photo by2 Lindsay German UNDERSTANDING HORSE BEHAVIOR Prepared by: Warren Gill, Professor Doyle G. Meadows, Professor James B. Neel, Professor Animal Science Department The University of Tennessee INTRODUCTION he 4-H Horse Project offers 4-H’ers opportunities for growing and developing interest in horses. This manual should help expand your knowledge about horse behavior, which will help you better under T stand why a horse does what it does. The manual contains information about the basics of horse behavior, horse senses, domestication, mating behavior, ingestive (eating) behavior, foaling-time behavior and how horses learn.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Genetic Analysis of the Estonian Native Horse Suggests Diverse and Distinct Genetics, Ancient Origin and Contribution from Unique Patrilines
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Population Genetic Analysis of the Estonian Native Horse Suggests Diverse and Distinct Genetics, Ancient Origin and Contribution from Unique Patrilines Caitlin Castaneda 1 , Rytis Juras 1, Anas Khanshour 2, Ingrid Randlaht 3, Barbara Wallner 4, Doris Rigler 4, Gabriella Lindgren 5,6 , Terje Raudsepp 1,* and E. Gus Cothran 1,* 1 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA 2 Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA 3 Estonian Native Horse Conservation Society, 93814 Kuressaare, Saaremaa, Estonia 4 Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria 5 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden 6 Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.R.); [email protected] (E.G.C.) Received: 9 August 2019; Accepted: 13 August 2019; Published: 20 August 2019 Abstract: The Estonian Native Horse (ENH) is a medium-size pony found mainly in the western islands of Estonia and is well-adapted to the harsh northern climate and poor pastures. The ancestry of the ENH is debated, including alleged claims about direct descendance from the extinct Tarpan. Here we conducted a detailed analysis of the genetic makeup and relationships of the ENH based on the genotypes of 15 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs), 18 Y chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), mitochondrial D-loop sequence and lateral gait allele in DMRT3.
    [Show full text]
  • Pima Medical Institute
    ® Trusted. Respected. Preferred. CATALOG 2015 - 2016 Campus Locations Albuquerque Houston (505) 881-1234 (713) 778-0778 4400 Cutler Avenue N.E. 10201 Katy Freeway Albuquerque, NM 87110 Houston, TX 77024 Albuquerque West Las Vegas (505) 890-4316 (702) 458-9650 8601 Golf Course Road N.W. 3333 E. Flamingo Road Albuquerque, NM 87114 Las Vegas, NV 89121 Aurora Mesa (303) 368-7462 (480) 644-0267 13750 E. Mississippi Avenue 957 S. Dobson Road Aurora, CO 80012 Mesa, AZ 85202 Chula Vista Phoenix (619) 425-3200 (602) 265-7462 780 Bay Boulevard, Ste. 101 1445 E. Indian School Road Chula Vista, CA 91910 Phoenix, AZ 85014 Colorado Springs Renton (719) 482-7462 (425) 228-9600 3770 Citadel Drive North 555 S. Renton Village Place Colorado Springs, CO 80909 Renton, WA 98057 Denver Seattle (303) 426-1800 (206) 322-6100 7475 Dakin Street 9709 Third Avenue N.E., Ste. 400 Denver, CO 80221 Seattle, WA 98115 East Valley (Mesa, AZ) Tucson (480) 898-9898 (520) 326-1600 2160 S. Power Road 3350 E. Grant Road Mesa, AZ 85209 Tucson, AZ 85716 El Paso (915) 633-1133 8375 Burnham Road El Paso, TX 79907 Visit us at pmi.edu CV-201504 “…the only real measuring stick of a school’s success is the achievement of its students.” Richard L. Luebke, Jr. History, Philosophy, and Mission of Pima Medical Institute Welcome to Pima Medical Institute (PMI). The history of our school is a success story that has its roots in the vision of its owners and founders, a dynamic husband and wife team. In January 1972, Richard Luebke, Sr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Propos D'étalon
    Association Nationale du Cheval Castillonnais d’Ariège Pyrénées Éviter la consanguinité et choisir le modèle de l’étalon Les goûts personnels et surtout ceux de la clientèle vont prévaloir : Il est cependant obligatoire de tenir compte du standard de la race. Au moment de choisir un étalon pour une jument déterminée, l’éleveur peut chercher soit à développer chez le produit à naître le maximum de qualités en additionnant celles du père et celles de la mère, soit à compenser les défauts de l’un(e) par les qualités de l’autre. Il convient également d’écarter tout accouplement qui ferait apparaître un ancêtre commun dans les 3 premières générations. Premier exemple : Cet accouplement est valable puisqu’il n’apparaît aucun ancêtre commun dans les 3 premières générations JOUR DE BREILH EMBRUN MARA Père NOBI CUMULUS DE GENTIANE BIGORRE MILHORAT VIOLETTE OLI DE HARDI CARBOUNEROS CIBADA Mère VOLUBILIS SILEX KALINKA TOSCA Deuxième exemple : Cet accouplement trop fortement consanguin doit être écarté. HAIDOUK DE QUEL POMPOM TOURNEMIRE ONEYL TEIGNE Père DU LOCH AR BIG JOUR DE BREILH BACALINE ? CUMULUS DE HARET DE BIGORRE BETHMALE CHIPIE Mère UNIQUE D’ALZEN HAIDOUK DE MARQUISE DES TOURNEMIRE VIELLES PRINCESSE 26/05/2011 1 / 5 Association Nationale du Cheval Castillonnais d’Ariège Pyrénées Au XXI ème siècle, l’informatique peut nous aider à éviter des accouplements consanguins. Voir : http://www.chevalcastillonnais.fr/public/simul.php A propos d’étalons Castillonnais Grâce aux pointages, nous avons la chance de disposer aujourd’hui d’une indexation des reproducteurs mâles. Pour chacun des étalons et chacun des postes morphologiques on sait aujourd’hui qui améliore ou détériore quoi.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Origin of the Feral Horses in Theodore Roosevelt National Park
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Genetic diversity and origin of the feral horses in Theodore Roosevelt National Park Igor V. Ovchinnikov1,2*, Taryn Dahms1, Billie Herauf1, Blake McCann3, Rytis Juras4, Caitlin Castaneda4, E. Gus Cothran4 1 Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America, 2 Forensic Science Program, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America, 3 Resource Management, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Medora, North Dakota, United States of America, 4 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bioscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract Feral horses in Theodore Roosevelt National Park (TRNP) represent an iconic era of the North Dakota Badlands. Their uncertain history raises management questions regarding ori- OPEN ACCESS gins, genetic diversity, and long-term genetic viability. Hair samples with follicles were col- lected from 196 horses in the Park and used to sequence the control region of mitochondrial Citation: Ovchinnikov IV, Dahms T, Herauf B, McCann B, Juras R, Castaneda C, et al. (2018) DNA (mtDNA) and to profile 12 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Three Genetic diversity and origin of the feral horses in mtDNA haplotypes found in the TRNP horses belonged to haplogroups L and B. The control Theodore Roosevelt National Park. PLoS ONE 13 region variation was low with haplotype diversity of 0.5271, nucleotide diversity of 0.0077 (8): e0200795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. and mean pairwise difference of 2.93. We sequenced one mitochondrial genome from each pone.0200795 haplotype determined by the control region.
    [Show full text]
  • Riikka-Liisa Räbinä BENCHMARKING FINNISH and IRISH EQUESTRIAN TOURISM Thesis Kajaani University of Applied Sciences School of Tourism Tourism Spring 2010
    Riikka-Liisa Räbinä BENCHMARKING FINNISH AND IRISH EQUESTRIAN TOURISM Thesis Kajaani University of Applied Sciences School of Tourism Tourism Spring 2010 THESIS ABSTRACT School Degree Programme School of Tourism Tourism Author(s) Riikka-Liisa Räbinä Title Benchmarking Finnish and Irish Equestrian Tourism Optionalvaihtoehtiset Professional Studies Supervisor(s) Anneli Karppinen Commissioned by Date Total Number of Pages and Appendices Spring 2010 47 The purpose of this thesis was to benchmark Finnish and Irish equestrian tourism. One of the goals was also to examine the current status of equestrian tourism in Finland, as well as the use of the Finn- horse in equestrian tourism services. Improvement suggestions were created based on research about Irish equestrian tourism as well as the Irish Draught Horse and the Irish Sport Horse. There was no commissioner for the thesis. The topic arose from personal interest in equestrian tourism and the growing importance of the Finnhorse as part of the industry. The first part of the thesis comprises the theoretical background. It includes different aspects of eques- trian tourism in Finland and in Ireland. The current status of equestrian tourism in Finland and the safety guidelines created by the Finnish Consumer Agency are discussed in detail. The history, current status, and different usages of the Finnhorse are discussed. Also the Irish Draught Horse and the Irish Sport Horse as Irish horse breeds are elaborated. The second part is the empirical part. It gives suggestions for improving equestrian tourism in Finland and increasing the use of the Finnhorse in tourism related services. The suggestions are based on strat- egies and actions implemented by different organizations in Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Horse Breeds 1 List of Horse Breeds
    List of horse breeds 1 List of horse breeds This page is a list of horse and pony breeds, and also includes terms used to describe types of horse that are not breeds but are commonly mistaken for breeds. While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed,"[1] a breed is defined generally as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations; its members may be called "purebred". In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry. However, in horses, the concept is somewhat flexible, as open stud books are created for developing horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries also are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as Light or saddle horse breeds a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of "color breed", sport horse, and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there is little or no evidence of the trait being a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, thus, for the purposes of this article, such animals are classified as a "type" rather than a "breed". The breeds and types listed here are those that already have a Wikipedia article. For a more extensive list, see the List of all horse breeds in DAD-IS. Heavy or draft horse breeds For additional information, see horse breed, horse breeding and the individual articles listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Characterization of the Normal Gait Phases of Walking
    Pesq. Vet. Bras. 38(3):536-543, março 2018 DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-4496 Vet 2506 pvb-4496 LD Analysis and characterization of the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses as a tool for the diagnosis of lameness1 2 2 2 3 Lázaro Morales-Acosta *, Armando Ortiz-Prado , Víctor H. Jacobo-Armendáriz ABSTRACT.- and Raide A. González-Carbonell Analysis and characterization of the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses as a tool Morales-Acosta for the diagnosis L., Ortiz-Prado of lameness. A., Jacobo-Armendáriz Pesquisa Veterinária V.H. Brasileira & González-Carbonell 38(3):536-543. R.A. 2018. Unidad de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, 04510, México. E-mail: [email protected] Horses with lameness modify gait behavior, but when it is subtle, it may not be possible to identify it clinically. The objective of this research is to characterize the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses by combining photogrammetry and accelerometry to monitor lameness to indicate a structural or functional disorder in the extremities. The study was conducted in 23 adult male Warmblood horses. Photogrammetry was used to identify the kinematic variables of the limbs and the markers path over time; triaxial accelerometers were used to capture the orthogonal acceleration components. It was determined that only 10 horses showed a normal gait pattern, there was a 43% correspondence between the expert´s judgment and the diagnostic techniques. According to the Stashak classification of the gait phases, cycle phases to forelimb were 34/4/8/13/41, while for hind limb were 54/11/8/8/19 (% of the stride).
    [Show full text]
  • The SOMMET DE L'élevage More Than Ever! the 7, 8 and 9 October
    PRESS RELEASE | June 2020 Clermont-Ferrand, France The SOMMET DE L’ÉLEVAGE more than ever! The 7, 8 and 9 October 2020 Today, the SOMMET DE L’ELEVAGE, Europe’s foremost livestock show, can confirm that this year’s edition will be open for business, the 7, 8 & 9 October in Clermont-Ferrand, France. The show’s organisers, while continuing to monitor the situation, note the recent progress in the fight to overcome the COVID-19 epidemic in France. As a result of which, the SOMMET DE L’ELEVAGE will be open for business on the scheduled dates of 7, 8 & 9 October 2020. “We are currently working hard and hand in hand with the local and national authorities as to the measures that we need to put in place to guarantee the health and safety of all the participants”, as Fabrice Berthon, the show’s Director, highlighted. “Though these conditions are not final at this point A PACKED PROGRAMME in time, we will, as soon as possible, be informing all exhibitors and all our visitors.” Beef cattle - the Aubrac breed will hold its national championships at the SOMMET in 2020 with over 400 of the Today, as almost 90% of trade exhibitors have confirmed their presence breed’s best animals in judging, plus an auction sale on Friday 9 October of some of the Aubrac’s best breeding stock. 15 beef at the show, the organisers, despite the difficult context, are already cattle breeds, of which 5 are foreign breeds, will be in judging or confident that this 2020 edition will be good.
    [Show full text]