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Eurygaster Integriceps و اﻟﮕﻮ ی ﻊﯾﺗﻮز ﻓﻀﺎ ﯾﯽ ﭘﻮره ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺰارع ﯽآﺑ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﭼﺎدﮔﺎن

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Eurygaster Integriceps و اﻟﮕﻮ ی ﻊﯾﺗﻮز ﻓﻀﺎ ﯾﯽ ﭘﻮره ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺰارع ﯽآﺑ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﭼﺎدﮔﺎن ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺷﻴﺮاز 1397 - 9 (2) : 109-120 ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺳﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ﮔﻨﺪم Eurygaster integriceps و اﻟﮕ ﻮی ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﻮر هﻫﺎ در ﻣﺰارع آﺑﯽ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﭼﺎدﮔﺎن زﻫﺮا دوﺳﺘﻲ1*، ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﻘﺪه2، ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ3، ﻟﻴﻼ ﻧﺪرﻟﻮ4 (1) (*) داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه رازي، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﻳﺮان، [email protected] (2) ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه رازي، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﻳﺮان. (3) ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه رازي، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه اﻳﺮان. (4) ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه رازي، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه، اﻳﺮان. ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 18/06/1397 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 1397/09/19 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺳﻦ ﮔﻨﺪم، .Eurygaster integriceps Put ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1394 و 1395 در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻜﺘﺎري ﮔﻨﺪم آﺑﻲ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﭼﺎدﮔﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷـﺪ . در اﻳ ـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑـﺎ اﻧﺠـﺎم ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﻮرﮔﻲ آﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺪل ﻫـﺎ ي ﻗـﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻴﻠﻮر و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﺷﺪ. د ر ر و شﺗ ﻴ ﻠ ﻮ ر د ر ﺳﺎ ل 4 9 (ﺑ ـ ﻪ ﺟ ـ ﺰ ﭘـﻮره ﺳ ـ ﻦ ﭘ ـ ﻨﺞ ) و 5 9 ﺗ ﻮ زﻳ ـ ﻊ ﻓ ﻀﺎ ﻳﻲ ا ز ﻧ ﻮ ع ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﺑ ﻪد ﺳ ﺖ آ ﻣﺪ . د ر ر و ش آ ﻳ ﻮ ا ﺋ ﻮ د ر ﺳﺎ ل 4 9 ﺗ ﻮ ز ﻳ ﻊ ﻓ ﻀﺎ ﻳﻲ ﺑ ﺮ اي ﺳ ﻨﻴ ﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘـﻮر ﮔﻲ ﺑ ـ ﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ و د ر ﺳﺎل 5 9 3 1 ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﭘﻮرهي ﺳﻦ ﺳ ﻮم و ﭼ ﻬﺎ ر م ﺗ ﻮ ز ﻳ ﻊ ﻓﻀ ـﺎ ﻳﻲ ا ز ﻧ ـ ﻮ ع ﺗﺠﻤﻌ ـﻲ د ﺑ ﻪ ﺳ ﺖ آ ﻣﺪ . ز ﻣﺎ ن ﻇ ﻬﻮ ر ﺳ ﻨﻴ ﻦ ا ول ﺗﺎ ﭘ ﻨ ﺠﻢ ﭘﻮ ر ﮔﻲ د ر ﺳﺎ ل 4 9 3 1 ﺑ ﻪ ﺗ ﺮ ﺗﻴ ـ ﺐ د ر 0 2 /2 /4 9 ، 26 /2 /4 9 ، 6 2 /2 /4 9 ، 9 2 /2 /4 9 و 5 /3 /4 9 ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ . ز ﻣﺎ ن ﻇ ﻬﻮ ر ﺳ ﻨﻴ ﻦ ا ول ﺗﺎ ﭘ ﻨ ﺠﻢ ﭘﻮ ر ﮔﻲ د ر ﺳﺎ ل 5 9 3 1 ﺑ ـ ﻪ ﺗ ﺮ ﺗﻴ ـ ﺐ د ر 9 2 /2 /5 9 ، 1 /3 /5 9 ، 3 /3 /5 9 ، 1 1 /3 /5 9 و 5 1 /3 /5 9 ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ . ا وج ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﻮ ر هي ﺳﻦ د وم ﻛ ﻪ ﺑ ﻬ ﺘ ﺮ ﻳ ﻦ ز ﻣ ـﺎ ن ﺑ ـ ﺮ ا ي ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﺳﻦ ﮔ ﻨﺪ م ﻣ ـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ د ر ﺳ ـﺎ ل 4 9 3 1 د ر ﻧﻬ ـﻢ ﺧـﺮداد ﻣ ـﺎ ه (5 6 /0 ±3 4 /2 ) ، و د ر ﺳ ـﺎ ل 5 9 3 1 د ر 5 1 ﺧـﺮداد ﻣ ـﺎ ه (9 7 /0 ±6 4 /3 ) ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻴﻠﻮر، ﻣﺪل رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ، ﺳﻦ ﮔﻨﺪم. 1. ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﮔ ﻨﺪ م ا ز ﻗﺪ ﻳ ﻤﻲ ﺗ ﺮ ﻳ ﻦ و ﻣ ﻬﻢ ﺗ ﺮ ﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻴ ﺎ ﻫﺎ ن ز ر ا ﻋ ﻲ ﻣ ﻮ ر د اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﻧﺴﺎن اﺳﺖ ﻛ ﻪ د ر ﺳ ﻄ ﺤﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدل 0 2 2 ﻣﻴ ﻠﻴ ـ ﻮ ن ﻫﻜﺘـﺎر د ر د ﻧﻴ ﺎ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷ ﻮد . د ر ا ﻳ ﺮ ا ن ﻫ ﻤ ﻪ ﺳﺎ ﻟ ﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻟ ﻎ ﺑ ﺮ 5 6 /6 ﻣﻴ ﻠﻴ ﻮ ن ﻫﻜﺘﺎر ﺑ ﻪ ﻛﺸـﺖ ا ﻳ ـ ﻦ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮل ﻣﻬ ـﻢ اﺧﺘﺼـﺎص 109 110 ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ (داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺷﻴﺮاز ) / ﺟﻠﺪ 9، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1397 ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪ . از ﻛﻞ اراﺿﻲ ز ﻳ ﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﮔ ﻨﺪ م ﻛﺸﻮر 6 3 درﺻﺪ ر ا ﮔ ﻨﺪ م آ ﺑﻲ و 4 6 درﺻﺪ ر ا ﮔ ﻨﺪ م د ﻳﻢ ﺗﺸـ ﻜﻴ ﻞ ﻣ ـﻲ د ﻫ ـﺪ ﻛ ـ ﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن اﺻﻔﻬﺎن 88180 ﻫﻜﺘﺎر ا ز ﻛ ﻞ ا ر ا ﺿ ﻲ ز ﻳ ﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﮔ ﻨﺪ م ر ا د ا ر ا ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ (Ahmadi, 2014) . ﺳﻦ ﮔﻨﺪم، Eurygaster integriceps Puton ا ز آﻓـﺎ ﻣﻬ ـ ت ﻢ و ﻛ ﻠﻴ ـﺪ ي ﮔﻨـﺪم اﺳـﺖ و ﺑ ـ ﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻣﻬ ـﻢ ﺗ ـ ﺮ ﻳ ﻦ ﻣﺴـﺌﻠﻪ ﮔ ﻴﺎ ه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ا ﻳ ﺮ ا ن ﻣﻄﺮح اﺳﺖ (Rajabi, 2000) . ﺣﺪ و د ﺳ ﻪ ﻣﻴ ﻠﻴ ﻮ ن ا ز 4 /5 ﻣﻴ ﻠﻴ ﻮ ن ﻫﻜﺘﺎر ا ر ا ﺿ ﻲ آ ﻟ ﻮد ه ﺑ ﻪ ا ﻳ ـ ﻦ آﻓـﺖ د ر ﻏ ﺮ ب آ ﺳﻴ ﺎ ، ( ﺑﻴ ﺶ ا ز 0 5 درﺻﺪ ) ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑ ﻪ ا ﻳ ﺮ ا ن اﺳﺖ (Omidi et al ., 2014; Dewettinck et al ., 2008) . ﺧ ﺴﺎ ر ت ﺳﻦ ﮔ ﻨﺪ م ﺑ ﻪ ا ﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻴ ﺎ ه ﻛ ﻤﻲ و ﻛﻴ ﻔﻲ اﺳﺖ . ﺳﻦ ﻣﺎ د ر ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺧ ﻮ د ر ا ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮاً ﻛ ﻤﻲ و ار د ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨ ـﺪ . اﻳـﻦ آﻓـﺖ داراي ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﻦ ﭘﻮرﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮر هﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﺷﻴﺮ هي داﻧ ﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎرس ﮔﻨﺪم ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ آرد ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از داﻧ ﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻦ زده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ (Rajabi, 2000) . ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻣﺮﺳﻮم ﺷﺪن ﻣﺒﺎرزهي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، از روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺤﻞ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﮔﺬراﻧﻲ ﺳﻦ، ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺳﻦ در ﻣﺰارع و ﻧﻴﺰ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﮔﺬارن، ﻣﺒﺎرزه ي زراﻋﻲ و ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴـﺪاﻳﺶ ﻛﺣﺸﺮه ﺶﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي اﺛﺮات ﻓﻮري و ﻃﻴﻒ وﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ روي ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ، ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺪرﻳﺞ ﺟـﺎي ﺗﻤـﺎم روشﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل را ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﻃﻲ دﻫﻪ ﻫـﺎ ي اﺧﻴـ ﺮ روش ﻣﺒـﺎرز هي ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮده ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ روش ﻣﺒـﺎرزه ﺑـﻮده اﺳـﺖ (Critchley, 1998) . ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از روشﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﺎر آﻓﺖ، ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم اﻃـﻼع از اﻧﺒـﻮ ﻫﻲ آﻓﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮي در ﻳﻚ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ي ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻈـﺮ اﺳـﺖ (Seyedoleslami et al ., 2003). از ﻃـﺮف دﻳﮕـﺮ، ﺗﻌـﺪاد ﺣﺸﺮات در ﺑﻮ م ﻧﻈﺎم ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ آﻧـﺎن اﻣﻜـﺎن ﺳﺮﺷـﻤﺎر ي ﻧﻤ ـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ . از اﻳﻦرو ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻣ ـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـ ﺪ ,Moeini Naghadeh)(1993 . ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺮدار ي و ﺗ ﺼ ﻴ ﻤﻢ ﮔﻴ ﺮي درﺑﺎره آﻓﺖ، اﺳﺎس ﺳ ﻴ ﺴ ﺘ ﻢ ﺗ ﻠ ﻔﻴ ﻘ ﻲ آﻓﺎت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ . ﻧ ﻤ ﻮ ﻧ ﻪ ﺑﺮداري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ در ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪم ﺣﻀﻮر آﻓﺖ، ﻃﻐﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻃﻐﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮدن آﻓﺖ، ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت، ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ، ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜـﻞ، ﻣـﺮگ و ﻣﻴـﺮ، ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳـﻨﻲ، ﺷـﻜﻞ رﺷـﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ، ﻧﺤﻮه اﻧﺘﺸﺎر آﻓﺖ و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ. د ر روش ﻫﺎ ي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﭼﻬﺎر ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ: زﻣﺎن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑ ﺮد ا ر ،ي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ، ﺑﺮداري ﺗﻌـﺪاد و ﺗﻜﻨﻴـﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـ ﻪﺑـﺮدار ي اﻫﻤﻴـﺖ دارد (Pedigo and Buntin, 1993) . ﻫﺪفا ز ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ، ا ر ز ﻳﺎ ﺑﻲ آ ﻣﺎ ر ه ﻫﺎ ﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛ ﻪ ﺑ ﻪ ﻛﻤﻚآ ن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻮان ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ر ا ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳ ـﻲ ﻗ ـ ﺮ ار د ا د ؛ ﻣﺎ ﻧ ﻨﺪ ﺗ ﻐ ﻴ ﻴ ﺮ ا ت ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺣﺸﺮات، ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗ ﻮ ز ﻳ ﻊ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آ ن ﻫﺎ ، ا ر ز ﻳﺎ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻴ ـ ﺰ ا ن ﺧﺴـﺎرت و ﺗ ﻌﻴ ـ ﻴ ﻦ زﻣـﺎن ﻣﺒـﺎرزه ﺑـﺎ آﻧﻬـﺎ . (Isaak and Srivastava, 1989) ﻧﺤﻮه ي ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻓﺮاد ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ اﻃﻼق ﻣ ـﻲ ﺷـﻮد، از ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﻴﺎت ﺑـﻮم - ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮران ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ- ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد (Taylor, 1984). از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﻪي اﺛﺮات ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻓﺮاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴـﺖ آن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻬﻤﻲ را در ﺧﺼﻮص زﻳﺴ ﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ رﻓﺘﺎري ﺣﺸﺮات ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد (Tasai et al ., 2000) . ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي در ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻳﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﻟﮕـﻮ ي ﺗﺨـﻢ ﮔـﺬار ي، ﻓﺮﻣـﻮن ﻫـﺎ ي ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ، ﻛﺎﻳ ﺮوﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن، ﻛﺎرا ﻳﻲ دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ زﻧﺪه و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴ ﺰﺑﺎن اﺷﺎره ﻧﻤﻮد Pedigo and) (Buntin, 1993 . ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﻻ در ﻛﻨﺎر ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ آن ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺮدد، ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪهي ﺗـﺄ ﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ آن ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ در ﺗـﺮاﻛﻢ ﻫـﺎ ي ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﮔﻨﺪم Eurygaster integriceps و اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻮر هﻫﺎ / ز. دوﺳﺘﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران 111 ﺑﺎﻻي ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ. از ﺳﻮي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ آن ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﻳ ـﺎ ﻣـﻨﻈﻢ، ﺷـﺪت ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ي رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻓﺮاد آن ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ (Afshari and Dastranj, 2010) . ا ﻟ ﮕ ﻮي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻧ ﺘﻴ ﺠ ـ ﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑ ـﻴ ﻦ ﻳ ﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﻣ ﺤﻴ ﻂ ﭘ ﻴ ﺮاﻣﻮن آ ن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ . آ ﮔﺎ ﻫﻲ ا ز ا ﻳ ﻦ ا ﻟ ﮕ ﻮ د ر ﻣ ﺤﻴ ﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣ ـﻲ ﺷ ـ ﻮد ﻛـﻪ در ﺗﻮﺻ ـﻴ ﻒ و ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣ ﻮ ر د ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ا ز اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻴ ﺸ ﺘ ﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴ ﻢ . ﺑ ﻨﺎ ﺑ ﺮﻳ ا ﻦ ﻳ ﻚ ﺗ ﺨ ﻤﻴ ﻦ و اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴ ﺮي ا ز ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺑ ﻪ ﻃ ﻮ ري ﻛ ـ ﻪ ا ز ﻧ ﻈ ﺮ ز ﻳ ﺴ ﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ا ز ﻟﺤﺎظ آ ﻣﺎ ر ي ﻣ ﻌ ﺘ ﺒ ﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ ﺑ ﺮ اي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗ ﺤ ﻘﻴ ﻘﺎ ت ﭘﺎ ﻳ ﻪ ﻳ ـﺎ ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮد ﻫ ـﺎ ي ﻣ ـﺪ ﻳ ﺮ ﻳ ﺖ آﻓـﺎت ﻻزم و ﺿ ﺮ و ري اﺳﺖ (Pedigo and Zeiss, 1996).
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