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Clitocybe Sclerotoidea a Most Wonderful Parasite of Helvella Vespertina
The Mycological Society of San Francisco • March 2013, vol. 64:07 March 19 MycoDigest: General Meeting Speaker Clitocybe Sclerotoidea A Most Wonderful Parasite of Helvella Vespertina Nhu Nguyen love parasites. They are just some of the neatest things; except when I’m forced to play host. Parasites come in all sorts of shapes and sizes and it is thought that Ievery species on earth has a parasite of some sort. Animals have parasites, plants have parasites, and fungi too have parasites. I can talk about parasites all day (yes, that parasitology class in college right before lunch three times a week left quite the impression), but I will focus on just one this time. Mycoparasites are fungi that parasitize other fungi and they commonly occur in the mushroom world. Typically the more colorful or pronounced ones get more noticed. Examples of col- orful parasites would be Hypomyces chrysosporium, a common parasite on boletes on the west coast with golden Nhu Nguyen spores. Another one known amongst “Yeasts in the Gut of Beetles –Minute mushroom hunters is Hypomyces lac- Fungi That Cheer and Fuel the World” tifluorum that covers a Russula, turn- hu Nguyen is a PhD candidate ing it beautifully orange and deli- at UC Berkeley. He is studying a cious. Then you have those that are Nfungal-bacterial symbiosis system for A closeup of a large cap of Clitocybe sclerotoi- tiny, but still beautiful like Dendro- his PhD dissertation in the Bruns Lab deum with smaller mushrooms coming out of collybia racemosa with its strange side where lots of fun things happen. -
Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae)
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU Biology Faculty Publications Biology 7-1981 Occurrence of psilocybin/psilocin in Pluteus salicinus (Pluteaceae) Stephen G. Saupe College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/biology_pubs Part of the Biology Commons, Botany Commons, and the Fungi Commons Recommended Citation Saupe SG. 1981. Occurrence of psilocybin/psilocin in Pluteus salicinus (Pluteaceae). Mycologia 73(4): 781-784. Copyright © 1981 Mycological Society of America. OCCURRENCE OF PSILOCYBIN/ PSILOCIN IN PLUTEUS SALICINUS (PLUTEACEAE) STEPHEN G. SAUPE Department of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 The development of blue color in a basidiocarp after bruising is a reliable, although not infallible, field character for detecting the pres ence of the N-methylated tryptamines, psilocybin and psilocin (1, 2, 8). This color results from the stepwise oxidation of psilocybin to psi locin to a blue pigment (3). Pluteus salicinus (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer (Pluteaceae) has a grey pileus with erect to depressed, blackish, spinu lose squamules in the center. It is distinguished from other species in section Pluteus by its bluish to olive-green stipe, the color intensify ing with age and bruising (10, 11 ). This study was initiated to deter mine if the bluing phenomenon exhibited by this fungus is due to the presence of psilocybin/psilocin. Pluteus salicinus (sgs-230, ILL) was collected on decaying wood in Brownfield Woods, Urbana, Illinois, a mixed mesophytic upland forest. Carpophores were solitary and uncommon. Although Singer (10) reponed that this fungus is common in some areas of North America and Europe, it is rare in Michigan (5). -
Covered in Phylloboletellus and Numerous Clamps in Boletellus Fibuliger
PERSOONIA Published by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden Volume 11, Part 3, pp. 269-302 (1981) Notes on bolete taxonomy—III Rolf Singer Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U.S.A. have Contributions involving bolete taxonomy during the last ten years not only widened the knowledge and increased the number of species in the boletes and related lamellate and gastroid forms, but have also introduced a large number of of new data on characters useful for the generic and subgeneric taxonomy these is therefore timely to fungi,resulting, in part, in new taxonomical arrangements. It consider these new data with a view to integratingthem into an amended classifi- cation which, ifit pretends to be natural must take into account all observations of possible diagnostic value. It must also take into account all sufficiently described species from all phytogeographic regions. 1. Clamp connections Like any other character (including the spore print color), the presence or absence ofclamp connections in is neither in of the carpophores here nor other groups Basidiomycetes necessarily a generic or family character. This situation became very clear when occasional clamps were discovered in Phylloboletellus and numerous clamps in Boletellus fibuliger. Kiihner (1978-1980) rightly postulates that cytology and sexuality should be considered wherever at all possible. This, as he is well aware, is not feasible in most boletes, and we must be content to judgeclamp-occurrence per se, giving it importance wherever associated with other characters and within a well circumscribed and obviously homogeneous group such as Phlebopus, Paragyrodon, and Gyrodon. (Heinemann (1954) and Pegler & Young this is (1981) treat group on the family level.) Gyroporus, also clamp-bearing, considered close, but somewhat more removed than the other genera. -
Phylogeny of the Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): Taxonomy and Character Evolution
AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino Phylogeny of the Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): taxonomy and character evolution This is the author's manuscript Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/74776 since 2016-10-06T16:59:44Z Published version: DOI:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.09.012 Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 23 September 2021 This Accepted Author Manuscript (AAM) is copyrighted and published by Elsevier. It is posted here by agreement between Elsevier and the University of Turin. Changes resulting from the publishing process - such as editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms - may not be reflected in this version of the text. The definitive version of the text was subsequently published in FUNGAL BIOLOGY, 115(1), 2011, 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.09.012. You may download, copy and otherwise use the AAM for non-commercial purposes provided that your license is limited by the following restrictions: (1) You may use this AAM for non-commercial purposes only under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND license. (2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy. -
Why Mushrooms Have Evolved to Be So Promiscuous: Insights from Evolutionary and Ecological Patterns
fungal biology reviews 29 (2015) 167e178 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fbr Review Why mushrooms have evolved to be so promiscuous: Insights from evolutionary and ecological patterns Timothy Y. JAMES* Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA article info abstract Article history: Agaricomycetes, the mushrooms, are considered to have a promiscuous mating system, Received 27 May 2015 because most populations have a large number of mating types. This diversity of mating Received in revised form types ensures a high outcrossing efficiency, the probability of encountering a compatible 17 October 2015 mate when mating at random, because nearly every homokaryotic genotype is compatible Accepted 23 October 2015 with every other. Here I summarize the data from mating type surveys and genetic analysis of mating type loci and ask what evolutionary and ecological factors have promoted pro- Keywords: miscuity. Outcrossing efficiency is equally high in both bipolar and tetrapolar species Genomic conflict with a median value of 0.967 in Agaricomycetes. The sessile nature of the homokaryotic Homeodomain mycelium coupled with frequent long distance dispersal could account for selection favor- Outbreeding potential ing a high outcrossing efficiency as opportunities for choosing mates may be minimal. Pheromone receptor Consistent with a role of mating type in mediating cytoplasmic-nuclear genomic conflict, Agaricomycetes have evolved away from a haploid yeast phase towards hyphal fusions that display reciprocal nuclear migration after mating rather than cytoplasmic fusion. Importantly, the evolution of this mating behavior is precisely timed with the onset of diversification of mating type alleles at the pheromone/receptor mating type loci that are known to control reciprocal nuclear migration during mating. -
Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation
Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation Establishment of the 95-foot wide construction corridor and TEWAs would likely remove individuals of H. caeruleus and modify microclimate conditions around individuals that are not removed. The removal of forests and host trees and disturbance to soil could negatively affect H. caeruleus in adjacent areas by removing its habitat, disturbing the roots of host trees, and affecting its mycorrhizal association with the trees, potentially affecting site persistence. Restored portions of the corridor and TEWAs would be dominated by early seral vegetation for approximately 30 years, which would result in long-term changes to habitat conditions. A 30-foot wide portion of the corridor would be maintained in low-growing vegetation for pipeline maintenance and would not provide habitat for the species during the life of the project. Hygrophorus caeruleus is not likely to persist at one of the sites in the project area because of the extent of impacts and the proximity of the recorded observation to the corridor. Hygrophorus caeruleus is likely to persist at the remaining three sites in the project area (MP 168.8 and MP 172.4 (north), and MP 172.5-172.7) because the majority of observations within the sites are more than 90 feet from the corridor, where direct effects are not anticipated and indirect effects are unlikely. The site at MP 168.8 is in a forested area on an east-facing slope, and a paved road occurs through the southeast part of the site. Four out of five observations are more than 90 feet southwest of the corridor and are not likely to be directly or indirectly affected by the PCGP Project based on the distance from the corridor, extent of forests surrounding the observations, and proximity to an existing open corridor (the road), indicating the species is likely resilient to edge- related effects at the site. -
Key to the Genera of Clavarioid Fungi in Northern Europe
Key to the genera of clavarioid fungi in Northern Europe Jens H. Petersen/Borgsjö 1999 University of Aarhus, Institute of Systematic Botany • www.mycokey.com Key to clavarioid genera – Jens H. Petersen/Borgsjö 1999 KEY TO THE GENERA OF CLAVARIOID FUNGI (BASIDIOMYCOTA) IN NORTHERN EUROPE 1. Fruitbodies repeatedly branched (coralloide) 2 Fruitbodies simple club-shaped or with one or two irregular branchings 12 2. Spore deposit ±brown 3 Spore deposit white to cream 4 3. Tops flattened, spathula like; hymenium not green with FeSO4; hyphae ±brown. Thelephora palmata Tops rounded to subcristate; hymenium green with FeSO4; Thelephora palmata – © Thomas Læssøe hyphae hyalin. Ramaria Ramaria eumorpha – © JHP 4. Apices flattened, spathula like; basidia with longitudinal internal walls. Tremellodendriopsis tuberosa Apices rounded to subcristate; basidia without internal walls 5 Tremellodendropsis tuberosa – © Jan Vesterholt 5. With a strong smell of naphthalene; flesh dimitic with sceletal hyphae. Pterula Without a smell of naphthalene; hyphal system monomitic 6 Pterula multifida – © JHP 2 Key to clavarioid genera – Jens H. Petersen/Borgsjö 1999 6. Flesh tough and elastic; fruitbody yellow; basidia tuning fork like. Calocera Flesh soft and fragile or colour different; basidia club-shaped 7 Calocera viscosa – © JHP 7. Tops truncate to trumpet-shaped; with gloeocystidia in the hymenium; spores amyloid. Clavicorona Tops acute to rounded; without gloeocystidia; spores non- amyloid 8 Clavicorona pyxidata – © Thomas Læssøe 8. Growing on wood, sawdust etc.; spores cylindrical to sigmoid. Lentaria Growing on soil; spores globose, subglobose to elliptical 9 Lentaria epichnoa – © Jacob Heilmann-Clausen 9. Basidia two-spored with horn-like sterigmata; spores globose; branches often wrinkled or with subcristate tops. -
Major Clades of Agaricales: a Multilocus Phylogenetic Overview
Mycologia, 98(6), 2006, pp. 982–995. # 2006 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview P. Brandon Matheny1 Duur K. Aanen Judd M. Curtis Laboratory of Genetics, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Wageningen, The Netherlands Worcester, Massachusetts, 01610 Matthew DeNitis Vale´rie Hofstetter 127 Harrington Way, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 Graciela M. Daniele Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı´a Vegetal, M. Catherine Aime CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, Casilla USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology de Correo 495, 5000 Co´rdoba, Argentina Laboratory, Room 304, Building 011A, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350 Dennis E. Desjardin Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Jean-Marc Moncalvo San Francisco, California 94132 Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum and Department of Botany, University Bradley R. Kropp of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6 Canada Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322 Zai-Wei Ge Zhu-Liang Yang Lorelei L. Norvell Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Pacific Northwest Mycology Service, 6720 NW Skyline Sciences, Kunming 650204, P.R. China Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97229-1309 Jason C. Slot Andrew Parker Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 127 Raven Way, Metaline Falls, Washington 99153- Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609 9720 Joseph F. Ammirati Else C. Vellinga University of Washington, Biology Department, Box Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102 Timothy J. -
Cytotoxic Triterpenoids from the Mushroom Clavulina Cinerea (Bull) J
Available online at http://www.ifgdg.org Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 11(2): 865-873, April 2017 ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print) Original Paper http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int Cytotoxic triterpenoids from the mushroom Clavulina cinerea (Bull) J. Schröt (cantharellaceae) Alice W. NJUE*, Josiah O. OMOLO, Peter K. CHEPLOGOI and Abigael W. WAWERU Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro 20115, Kenya. * Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported financially by Commonwealth Scholarship Commission (CSC) and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), Kenya. ABSTRACT C. cinerea (Bull) J. Schröt (Lyophyllaceae) is among the many edible mushrooms in Kenya and is also traditionally regarded as a complementary medicine for chronically-ill people. The use of these mushrooms in the East African prompted this investigation in which the phytochemistry and potential anti-cancer activity was studied. Chemical constituents of C. cinerea were isolated using chromatographic techniques and structures were determined using NMR spectroscopic methods. The NCI 60 human cancer cell line panel was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the compounds isolated at 10µM. Three triterpenes, ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol (1), 5α,6α-epoxyergosta-8(14),22-dien-3β,7α-diol (2) and ergosta-7,22-dien-3β,5α,6β,-triol (3) and pentacyclic triterpenoids β-amyrin (4) were isolated. The compounds were found to possess moderate toxicity against most of the cancer cell lines. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords. Antiproliferative, clavulina cinerea, cytotoxic, ergostane, triterpenoids. -
Title of Manuscript
Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology (Journal of Fungal Biology) 7(1): 8–18 (2017) ISSN 2229-2225 www.creamjournal.org Article Doi 10.5943/cream/7/1/2 Copyright © Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Eco-diversity, productivity and distribution frequency of mushrooms in Gurguripal Eco-forest, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India Krishanu Singha, Amrita Banerjee, Bikash Ranjan Pati, Pradeep Kumar Das Mohapatra* Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore – 721 102, West Bengal, India Singha K, Banerjee A, Pati BR, Das Mohapatra PK 2017 – Eco-diversity, productivity and distribution frequency of mushrooms in Gurguripal Eco-forest, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology (Journal of Fungal Biology) 7(1), 8–18, Doi 10.5943/cream/7/1/2 Abstract Gurguripal is a forest based rural area situated in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. It is located at 22°25" - 35°8"N latitude and 87°13" - 42°4"E longitude, having an altitude about 60 M. This area represents tropical evergreen and deciduous mixed type of forest dominated mainly by „Sal‟. The present study deals with the status of mushroom diversity and productivity in Gurguripal Eco-forest. Field survey has been conducted from May 2014 to October 2015 and a total of 71 mushroom species of 41 genera belonging to 24 families were recorded including 32 edible, 39 inedible and altogether 19 medicinally potential mushrooms. The genus Russula exhibited the maximum number of species and the family Tricholomataceae represented the maximum number of individuals. According to Simpson‟s index of diversity, the calculated value of species richness was 0.92 and as to Shannon‟s diversity index, the relative abundance of species was found to be 2.206. -
A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella Species
A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella species (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae) by Thomas J. Volk & Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Synopsis Fungorum 8 Fungiflora - Oslo - Norway A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella species (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae) by Thomas J. Volk & Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Printed in Eko-trykk A/S, Førde, Norway Printing date: 1. August 1995 ISBN 82-90724-14-4 ISSN 0802-4966 A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella species (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae) by Thomas J. Volk & Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Synopsis Fungorum 8 Fungiflora - Oslo - Norway 6 Authors address: Center for Forest Mycology Research Forest Products Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service One Gifford Pinchot Dr. Madison, WI 53705 USA ABSTRACT Once a taxonomic refugium for nearly any white-spored agaric with an annulus and attached gills, the concept of the genus Armillaria has been clarified with the neotypification of Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) Kummer and its acceptance as type species of Armillaria (Fr.:Fr.) Staude. Due to recognition of different type species over the years and an extremely variable generic concept, at least 274 species and varieties have been placed in Armillaria (or in Armillariella Karst., its obligate synonym). Only about forty species belong in the genus Armillaria sensu stricto, while the rest can be placed in forty-three other modem genera. This study is based on original descriptions in the literature, as well as studies of type specimens and generic and species concepts by other authors. This publication consists of an alphabetical listing of all epithets used in Armillaria or Armillariella, with their basionyms, currently accepted names, and other obligate and facultative synonyms. -
Species Recognition in Pluteus and Volvopluteus (Pluteaceae, Agaricales): Morphology, Geography and Phylogeny
Mycol Progress (2011) 10:453–479 DOI 10.1007/s11557-010-0716-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE Species recognition in Pluteus and Volvopluteus (Pluteaceae, Agaricales): morphology, geography and phylogeny Alfredo Justo & Andrew M. Minnis & Stefano Ghignone & Nelson Menolli Jr. & Marina Capelari & Olivia Rodríguez & Ekaterina Malysheva & Marco Contu & Alfredo Vizzini Received: 17 September 2010 /Revised: 22 September 2010 /Accepted: 29 September 2010 /Published online: 20 October 2010 # German Mycological Society and Springer 2010 Abstract The phylogeny of several species-complexes of the P. fenzlii, P. phlebophorus)orwithout(P. ro me lli i) molecular genera Pluteus and Volvopluteus (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) differentiation in collections from different continents. A was investigated using molecular data (ITS) and the lectotype and a supporting epitype are designated for Pluteus consequences for taxonomy, nomenclature and morpho- cervinus, the type species of the genus. The name Pluteus logical species recognition in these groups were evaluated. chrysophlebius is accepted as the correct name for the Conflicts between morphological and molecular delimitation species in sect. Celluloderma, also known under the names were detected in sect. Pluteus, especially for taxa in the P.admirabilis and P. chrysophaeus. A lectotype is designated cervinus-petasatus clade with clamp-connections or white for the latter. Pluteus saupei and Pluteus heteromarginatus, basidiocarps. Some species of sect. Celluloderma are from the USA, P. castri, from Russia and Japan, and apparently widely distributed in Europe, North America Volvopluteus asiaticus, from Japan, are described as new. A and Asia, either with (P. aurantiorugosus, P. chrysophlebius, complete description and a new name, Pluteus losulus,are A. Justo (*) N. Menolli Jr. Biology Department, Clark University, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, 950 Main St., Rua Pedro Vicente 625, Worcester, MA 01610, USA São Paulo, SP 01109-010, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] O.