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De Couverture Obligatoire VETAGRO SUP CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2017 - Thèse n°074 BIOLOGIE, ENTRETIEN ET MALADIES LIEES AUX CONDITIONS D’ELEVAGE CHEZ LES PRINCIPAUX REPTILES DE COMPAGNIE PRESENTS EN FRANCE THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 16 novembre 2017 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par BLANC-REYNAUD Sarah Née le 16 janvier 1993 à Grenoble (38) VETAGRO SUP CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2017 - Thèse n°074 BIOLOGIE, ENTRETIEN ET MALADIES LIEES AUX CONDITIONS D’ELEVAGE CHEZ LES PRINCIPAUX REPTILES DE COMPAGNIE PRESENTS EN FRANCE THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 16 novembre 2017 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par BLANC-REYNAUD Sarah Née le 16 janvier 1993 à Grenoble (38) Liste des Enseignants du Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon Mise à jour le 13/04/2017 3 Remerciements À Monsieur le Professeur Laurent FANTON Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de Lyon Pour nous avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter de présider notre jury de thèse, Qu’il trouve ici l’expression de nos hommages respectueux. À Madame le Docteur Marie-Pierre CALLAIT-CARDINAL Maître de conférences à VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon Pour nous avoir encadrée tout au long de la rédaction de ce travail, Pour sa bienveillance et ses conseils avisés, Qu’elle reçoive l’expression de notre profonde reconnaissance. À Monsieur le Docteur Antonin TORTEREAU Maître de conférences à VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon Pour avoir accepté de faire partie de notre jury de thèse, Pour avoir pris le temps de relire attentivement notre travail, Sincères remerciements. 5 6 Remerciements À mes parents Pour avoir été présents et avoir cru en moi depuis le début, Pour m’avoir toujours encouragée à emprunter le chemin qui me plairait dans la vie À Samuel, Melchior et Cheyenne Pour vos sourires et tous les jolis souvenirs d’enfance qui m’accompagnent, Pour le bonheur de vous avoir vus grandir À mes grands-parents Pour votre amour, votre présence et votre soutien, Pour toutes les fêtes et les vacances passées ensemble À mes oncles, tantes, cousins et cousines Pour les bons moments partagés en famille À Vincent Pour ces trois belles années à tes côtés, et toutes les autres à venir… Je t’aime À Michel, Sylvie et Fiona Pour m’avoir accueillie si gentiment parmi vous À ma lignée Poupou, Fred, Nico, Justine et Caro, Pour avoir été ma deuxième famille à l’école, Pour tous ces bons souvenirs avec vous et nos futures retrouvailles ! À mes amis Amis d’enfance, du collège, du lycée, amis de prépa, amis d’école… Pour avoir tous été si importants dans ma vie, Pour en faire encore partie aujourd’hui, Pour les bons moments passés, présents et futurs ! Aux Docteurs Delpon et Souchère Pour nous avoir offert la chance d’intégrer votre équipe À Justine, Stéphanie, Christelle et Sophie Pour votre patience, votre bonne humeur et tous vos bons conseils 7 8 Table des Matières TABLE DES ANNEXES ............................................................................................................ 15 TABLE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 17 TABLE DES TABLEAUX .......................................................................................................... 21 LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS .................................................................................................... 23 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 25 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : CLASSIFICATION PHYLOGÉNÉTIQUE, PARTICULARITÉS ANATOMIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES DES REPTILES, CADRE RÉGLEMENTAIRE POUR LEUR POSSESSION ........ 27 I. Histoire et évolution de la classification phylogénétique des reptiles .................. 29 A. Les « reptiles » au sein des Vertébrés ............................................................................. 29 1. Vue d’ensemble des connaissances actuelles ......................................................................... 29 a. Classification générale des reptiles : Vertébrés et Tétrapodes .............................................. 29 b. Histoire de la Classe Reptilia ................................................................................................ 30 c. Taxons inclus dans la Classe Reptilia .................................................................................... 31 2. Controverses à propos de la position taxonomique des tortues ......................................... 32 a. Présentation des hypothèses évoquées dans la littérature .................................................... 32 b. Renseignements apportés par des études récentes .............................................................. 33 B. Classification et biologie des Sauriens, Ophidiens et Chéloniens ............................ 34 1. Les Squamates : Sauriens et Ophidiens ................................................................................. 34 a. Classification générale des Squamates ................................................................................. 34 b. Classification phylogénétique et biologie des Sauriens ......................................................... 35 c. Classification phylogénétique et biologie des Ophidiens ....................................................... 43 2. Les Chéloniens ........................................................................................................................ 46 a. Eléments de classification ..................................................................................................... 46 ................................................ 48 b. Principales caractéristiques morphologiques et biologiques II. Particularités anatomiques et physiologiques des reptiles .................................... 51 A. Le tégument ............................................................................................................................. 51 1. La structure générale .............................................................................................................. 51 2. Les spécificités ........................................................................................................................ 51 a. La carapace des tortues ........................................................................................................ 51 b. Le phénomène de mue chez les Squamates .......................................................................... 52 c. Les glandes cutanées et structures kératinisées spécialisées ................................................. 53 9 B. L’appareil musculo-squelettique ....................................................................................... 54 1. Le crâne .................................................................................................................................... 55 2. La colonne vertébrale ............................................................................................................. 56 3. Les membres ........................................................................................................................... 57 C. Le système nerveux et les organes sensoriels ................................................................ 58 1. Le système nerveux central .................................................................................................... 58 2. Les récepteurs et organes sensoriels .................................................................................... 59 a. L’œil et ses annexes .............................................................................................................. 59 b. L’appareil auditif .................................................................................................................. 59 c. Les appareils olfactif et gustatif ............................................................................................ 60 d. Les récepteurs somesthésiques ............................................................................................ 61 D. Les appareils respiratoire et cardio-vasculaire ............................................................. 61 1. L’appareil respiratoire ............................................................................................................ 62 2. Le cœur .................................................................................................................................... 63 E. L’appareil urinaire ................................................................................................................. 64 1. Les reins et la vessie ................................................................................................................ 64 2. Le système porte rénal ........................................................................................................... 64 F. L’appareil digestif ................................................................................................................... 65 1. La cavité buccale ...................................................................................................................... 65 2. Le tube digestif ........................................................................................................................ 67 3. Les organes annexes ..............................................................................................................
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