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Report on the State of the Environment in China 2016
2016 The 2016 Report on the State of the Environment in China is hereby announced in accordance with the Environmental Protection Law of the People ’s Republic of China. Minister of Ministry of Environmental Protection, the People’s Republic of China May 31, 2017 2016 Summary.................................................................................................1 Atmospheric Environment....................................................................7 Freshwater Environment....................................................................17 Marine Environment...........................................................................31 Land Environment...............................................................................35 Natural and Ecological Environment.................................................36 Acoustic Environment.........................................................................41 Radiation Environment.......................................................................43 Transport and Energy.........................................................................46 Climate and Natural Disasters............................................................48 Data Sources and Explanations for Assessment ...............................52 2016 On January 18, 2016, the seminar for the studying of the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth CPC Central Committee was opened in Party School of the CPC Central Committee, and it was oriented for leaders and cadres at provincial and ministerial -
The Rise of Steppe Agriculture
The Rise of Steppe Agriculture The Social and Natural Environment Changes in Hetao (1840s-1940s) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Yifu Wang aus Taiyuan, V. R. China WS 2017/18 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Sabine Dabringhaus Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Franz-Josef Brüggemeier Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen und der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Joachim Grage Datum der Disputation: 01. 08. 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures 5 Acknowledgments 1 1. Prologue 3 1.1 Hetao and its modern environmental crisis 3 1.1.1 Geographical and historical context 4 1.1.2 Natural characteristics 6 1.1.3 Beacons of nature: Recent natural disasters in Hetao 11 1.2 Aims and current state of research 18 1.3 Sources and secondary materials 27 2. From Mongol to Manchu: the initial development of steppe agriculture (1300s-1700s) 32 2.1 The Mongolian steppe during the post-Mongol empire era (1300s-1500s) 33 2.1.1 Tuntian and steppe cities in the fourteenth century 33 2.1.2 The political impact on the steppe environment during the North-South confrontation 41 2.2 Manchu-Mongolia relations in the early seventeenth century 48 2.2.1 From a military alliance to an unequal relationship 48 2.2.2 A new management system for Mongolia 51 2.2.3 Divide in order to rule: religion and the Mongolian Policy 59 2.3 The natural environmental impact of the Qing Dynasty's Mongolian policy 65 2.3.1 Agricultural production 67 2.3.2 Wild animals 68 2.3.3 Wild plants of economic value 70 1 2.3.4 Mining 72 2.4 Summary 74 3. -
China (Mainland)
Important Bird Areas in Asia – Mainland China ■ CHINA MAINLAND CHINA LAND AREA 9,574,000 km2 HUMAN POPULATION 1,276,300,000 (133 per km2) NUMBER OF IBAs 445 TOTAL AREA OF IBAs 1,134,546 km2 STATUS OF IBAs 247 protected; 64 partially protected; 134 unprotected The subtropical forests in Fanjing Shan Nature Reserve (IBA 241), Guizhou, support several threatened and restricted-range species, including both Elliot’s Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti and Reeves’s Pheasant S. reevesii. (PHOTO: MIKE CROSBY/BIRDLIFE) KEY HABITATS AND BIRDS important breeding and passage areas for many waterbirds, including the threatened Relict Gull Larus relictus. • Much of north-east China was formerly forested (Biome AS02: • Most of the natural habitats on the plains of northern and Boreal forest – Taiga and Biome AS03: North-east Asian central China (between the steppes and the Yangtze basin) have temperate forest), but large areas were cleared by commercial long been modified because of thousands of years of human logging and for agriculture during the second half of the settlement. Many species were able to co-exist with man until twentieth century. However, logging is now banned there, and agricultural intensification linked to human population growth a few important forest areas remain with populations of in the late ninetieth and early twentieth centuries disrupted the threatened species including Scaly-sided Merganser Mergus old balance. Agrochemicals and firearms became widely used squamatus and Rufous-backed Bunting Emberiza jankowskii (a and greatly reduced the diversity and numbers of birds in bird of the transitional zone between forest and steppe which agricultural areas, for example the threatened Crested Ibis may now be confined to north-east China). -
Asian Ibas Cover
Important Bird Areas in Asia – Mainland China ■ CHINA MAINLAND CHINA LAND AREA 9,574,000 km2 HUMAN POPULATION 1,276,300,000 (133 per km2) NUMBER OF IBAs 445 TOTAL AREA OF IBAs 1,134,546 km2 STATUS OF IBAs 247 protected; 64 partially protected; 134 unprotected The subtropical forests in Fanjing Shan Nature Reserve (IBA 241), Guizhou, support several threatened and restricted-range species, including both Elliot’s Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti and Reeves’s Pheasant S. reevesii. (PHOTO: MIKE CROSBY/BIRDLIFE) KEY HABITATS AND BIRDS important breeding and passage areas for many waterbirds, including the threatened Relict Gull Larus relictus. • Much of north-east China was formerly forested (Biome AS02: • Most of the natural habitats on the plains of northern and Boreal forest – Taiga and Biome AS03: North-east Asian central China (between the steppes and the Yangtze basin) have temperate forest), but large areas were cleared by commercial long been modified because of thousands of years of human logging and for agriculture during the second half of the settlement. Many species were able to co-exist with man until twentieth century. However, logging is now banned there, and agricultural intensification linked to human population growth a few important forest areas remain with populations of in the late ninetieth and early twentieth centuries disrupted the threatened species including Scaly-sided Merganser Mergus old balance. Agrochemicals and firearms became widely used squamatus and Rufous-backed Bunting Emberiza jankowskii (a and greatly reduced the diversity and numbers of birds in bird of the transitional zone between forest and steppe which agricultural areas, for example the threatened Crested Ibis may now be confined to north-east China). -
A Case Study of Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia
Ecological Indicators 40 (2014) 43–50 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Indicators j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolind A framework of indicator system for zoning of agricultural water and land resources utilization: A case study of Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia a,b,c,d a,b,c,d,∗ a,b,c b,c Qingling Geng , Pute Wu , Xining Zhao , Yubao Wang a Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China b Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China c National Engineering Research Center for Water Saving Irrigation at Yangling, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China d Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China a r a t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c t Article history: A major problem in food security, especially in developing countries, is the issue of the effective and Received 21 May 2013 sustainable utilization of agricultural water and land resources (AWLR). The system, however, is compli- Received in revised form cated by the interaction between humans and nature. There is a critical need to understand geographical 25 December 2013 differentiation and regional characteristics for the purpose of formulating management measures and Accepted 2 January 2014 altering development planning to fit the local conditions. This action requires establishing a set of indi- cators to conduct agricultural water and land resources utilization (AWLRU) zoning. This paper presents Keywords: a general framework for the design and application of zoning indicators, integrating four dimensions Food security of the AWLRU system: natural, technological, socio-economic and ecological. -
Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China 2017
Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China 2017 The 2017 Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China is hereby announced in accordance with the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China. Minister of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the People’s Republic of China May 22, 2018 2017 Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China 目 录 Summary.................................................................................................1 Atmospheric Environment....................................................................8 Freshwater Environment....................................................................18 Marine Environment...........................................................................32 Land Environment...............................................................................36 Natural and Ecological Environment.................................................37 Acoustic Environment.........................................................................41 Radiation Environment.......................................................................43 Climate and Natural Disasters............................................................46 Infrastructure and Energy.................................................................52 Data Sources and Explanations for Assessment ...............................54 1 Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China 2017 Summary The year 2017 is a milestone in the development of the -
Sources and Environmental Controls of Microbial Membrane Lipids in Soils and Groundwater
Sources and environmental controls of microbial membrane lipids in soils and groundwater Dissertation (Kumulativ) zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - Vorgelegt dem Rat der Chemisch-Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Su Ding Geboren am 12.02.1988 in China I Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Gerd Gleixner Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany 2. Prof. Dr. Georg Pohnert Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany Tag der Verteidigung: 24.07.2019 II Table of contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... V List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................... VII 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tree of life ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Biogeochemical importance of microorganisms in the environment .............................. 3 1.3 Tools to study microorganisms ....................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Microbial membrane lipids – diversity in structures and functions.......................... 5 1.3.2 Lipidomics based biomarkers ................................................................................. 11 1.4 Scope and -
Climate Change Impacts on Drought-Flood Abrupt Alternation and Water Quality in the Hetao Area, China
water Article Climate Change Impacts on Drought-Flood Abrupt Alternation and Water Quality in the Hetao Area, China Yuheng Yang 1, Baisha Weng 1,*, Wuxia Bi 1,2 , Ting Xu 1 , Dengming Yan 1,3 and Jun Ma 1,4 1 State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; [email protected] (Y.Y.); [email protected] (W.B.); [email protected] (T.X.); [email protected] (D.Y.); [email protected] (J.M.) 2 College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China 3 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China 4 School of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-136-0598-2766 Received: 26 February 2019; Accepted: 21 March 2019; Published: 29 March 2019 Abstract: Drought-flood abrupt alternation (DFAA) is an extreme hydrological phenomenon caused by meteorological anomalies. To combat the climate change, the watershed integrated management model—Soil and Water Assessment Tool model (SWAT)—was used to simulate DFAA, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from 1961 to 2050, based on measured precipitation data in the Hetao area and the downscaled Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) climate scenarios. In the future, the increase in temperature and the increase in extreme precipitation will aggravate the pollution of water bodies. Results indicate that the risk of water quality exceeding the standard will increase when DFAA happens, and the risk of water quality exceeding the standard was the greatest in the case of drought-to-flood events. -
Supplementary Information
Ubiquitous anaerobic ammonium oxidation in inland waters Ubiquitous anaerobic ammonium oxidation in inland waters of China: an overlooked nitrous oxide mitigation process Guibing Zhu1,4*, Shanyun Wang1, Leiliu Zhou1, Yu Wang1, Siyan Zhao1, Chao Xia1, Weidong Wang1, Rong Zhou1, Chaoxu Wang1, Mike S. M. Jetten2, Mariet M. Hefting3, Chengqing Yin1, Jiuhui Qu1 1. Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 2. Department of Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 3. Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; 4. Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany * Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Supplementary Information Summary We provide here supplementary materials such as methodologies, complementary data, experimental analysis, supplementary figures and tables and detailed information of sampling sites. Detailed research method includes molecular (q)PCR, cloning and sequencing assay, measuring of anammox and denitrification rate with 15N-tracer technique by intact core method and slurry incubation method, N2O concentrations and fluxes measuring, and analytical procedures of environmental variables including physicochemical parameter and in-situ dissolved oxygen (DO). We also provided some supplementary figures and tables to illustrate the main text. The detailed information of sampling sites was listed in the last part. Ubiquitous anaerobic ammonium oxidation in inland waters Detailed research methods DNA Extraction, PCR, Cloning and Sequencing Analysis About 0.35 g freeze-dried sediment of each sample at each site was used for DNA extraction using a FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil (Bio 101, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol with some modifications. -
Detailed Species Accounts from The
Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book Editors N. J. COLLAR (Editor-in-chief), A. V. ANDREEV, S. CHAN, M. J. CROSBY, S. SUBRAMANYA and J. A. TOBIAS Maps by RUDYANTO and M. J. CROSBY Principal compilers and data contributors ■ BANGLADESH P. Thompson ■ BHUTAN R. Pradhan; C. Inskipp, T. Inskipp ■ CAMBODIA Sun Hean; C. M. Poole ■ CHINA ■ MAINLAND CHINA Zheng Guangmei; Ding Changqing, Gao Wei, Gao Yuren, Li Fulai, Liu Naifa, Ma Zhijun, the late Tan Yaokuang, Wang Qishan, Xu Weishu, Yang Lan, Yu Zhiwei, Zhang Zhengwang. ■ HONG KONG Hong Kong Bird Watching Society (BirdLife Affiliate); H. F. Cheung; F. N. Y. Lock, C. K. W. Ma, Y. T. Yu. ■ TAIWAN Wild Bird Federation of Taiwan (BirdLife Partner); L. Liu Severinghaus; Chang Chin-lung, Chiang Ming-liang, Fang Woei-horng, Ho Yi-hsian, Hwang Kwang-yin, Lin Wei-yuan, Lin Wen-horn, Lo Hung-ren, Sha Chian-chung, Yau Cheng-teh. ■ INDIA Bombay Natural History Society (BirdLife Partner Designate) and Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History; L. Vijayan and V. S. Vijayan; S. Balachandran, R. Bhargava, P. C. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhupathy, A. Chaudhury, P. Gole, S. A. Hussain, R. Kaul, U. Lachungpa, R. Naroji, S. Pandey, A. Pittie, V. Prakash, A. Rahmani, P. Saikia, R. Sankaran, P. Singh, R. Sugathan, Zafar-ul Islam ■ INDONESIA BirdLife International Indonesia Country Programme; Ria Saryanthi; D. Agista, S. van Balen, Y. Cahyadin, R. F. A. Grimmett, F. R. Lambert, M. Poulsen, Rudyanto, I. Setiawan, C. Trainor ■ JAPAN Wild Bird Society of Japan (BirdLife Partner); Y. Fujimaki; Y. Kanai, H. -
Environmental Management Plan For
E2498 v3 Environmental Management Plan Public Disclosure Authorized for Implementation of the Project of Comprehensive Treatment of Water Environment in Bayannaoer City by Loan from the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Project name: Environmental Management Plan for Implementation of the Project of Comprehensive Treatment of Water Environment in Bayannaoer City by Loan from the World Bank Entrusted by: Hetao Water Group, Inc. Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia Evaluated by: Chinese Research Academy Environmental Sciences (CRAES) President: Meng Wei Project leader: Xi Beidou, research fellow Public Disclosure Authorized Technical Leader: He Liansheng, associate research fellow Chinese Research Academy Environmental Sciences June 2010 Public Disclosure Authorized 1. General Information 1.1 Project profile Located in the west of Inner Mongolia autonomous region, a border area province in North China, Bayannaoer City is amongst 105°12 109°53 E and 40°13 42°28 N, connecting with Baotu City and Wulanchabu City at the east, abutting on Alxa League at the west, close to the Yellow River at the south opposite to Yike Zhao League, bordering the People's Republic of Mongolia at the north with a 2 boundary line of 368.89km, covering an area of 65788 km , with the length of 378 km form east to west and the width of 238 km from south to north, governing the administrative divisions of Linhe District, Urad Front Banner, Urad Middle Banner, Urad Back Banner, Hangjin Back Banner, Wuyuan County and Dengkou County, with Hetao Irrigation Area as the core. In 2003, approved by the State Council, this City was upgraded from League into a prefecture-level City in the west of Inner Mongolia autonomous region. -
60 01 03.Pdf
Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, vol.60 (1/2), p.9-18, 2009 Article Outline of the Yellow River basin, China Wen Dongguang1, Zhang Fawang2, Zhang Eryong1, Gao Cunrong3 and Han Zhantao2 Wen Dongguang, Zhang Fawang, Zhang Eryong, Gao Cunrong and Han Zhantao (2009) Outline of the Yellow River basin, China. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, vol. 60 (1/2), p. 9-18, 5 fi gs, 1 table. Abstract: The paper aims to summarize the features of the Yellow River basin from viewpoints of physiographic conditions, climate, hydrography, economic development and water resources demand. The Yellow River basin is higher in the west and lower in the east, descending in three huge topographic steps. Most of the area belongs to the arid and semiarid continental monsoon climate zones and relatively dry. The main stream of the basin is 5,464 km long, and divided into upper, middle and lower reaches. The catchment area for upper reach is 38.6×104 km2, and that for middle reach is the same, but lower reach very small (2.24×104 km2). Both the upper and middle reaches are sections of rich water resources, but the middle reaches are also the main source for silt load. Economic development is presently unbalanced between upper-middle and middle-lower reaches. Based on these datasets, water demand for 2010 and 2020 is predicted. Keywords: Yellow Rriver, physiography, climate, hydrography, economic development, water resource, water demand north foot of the Bayan Har Mountains is the source 1. Physiogeographic conditions of the Yellow River, and there are broad valleys and The Yellow River originates from the numerous lakes in the source areas up Madoi.