Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
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DEVELOPMENT OF PHEROMONE-BASED MONITORING OF ORANGE WHEAT BLOSSOM MIDGE, Sitodiplosis mosellana (GEHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) by Lucian Mircioiu B. Sc. (Silviculture), M. Sc. (Forestry) Universitatea "Transilvania" Brasov, ]997 THESIS SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PEST MANAGEMENT in the Department of Biological Sciences © Lucian Mircioiu 2004 SlMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2004 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part , by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. IJ APPROVAL Name: Lucian Mircioiu Degree: Master of Pest Management Title of Thesis: Development of pheromone-based monitoring of orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. G. Gries, Professor, Senior Supervisor Department of Biological Sciences, SFU Dr. B. Roitberg, Professor Department of Biological Sciences, SFU Dr. Owen Olfert, Research site manager Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research Center, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Dr. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Research Scientist Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Pacific Agri-Food Research Center, Agassiz, B.C. Public examiner Date Approved: / I SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulatin g collection. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author's written permission.\ Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. W. A. C. Bennett Library Simon Fraser University Burnab y, BC, Canada 1lI ABSTRACT The orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is the key insect pest of spring wheat in North America. My research objectives were: 1) to assess parameters suitable for attracting and trapping male S. mosellana; and 2) to test predictive capabilities of pheromone-baited traps for crop damage. Green Delta traps affixed to stakes about 50 em above ground and baited with polyurethane type pheromone dispensers loaded with 50 ug of stereoisomeric 2,7 nonanediyl dibutyrate produced in a 2-step synthesis were suitable parameters for capturing male S. mosellana. In wheat-on-wheat fields, we found positive significant relationships between percent of damaged kernels at harvest and captures of male S. mosellana cumulated (a) between the onset of flight and 1-4 days after the heading stage of wheat plants, or (b) between 5 days before and 1-3 days after the heading stage. Numbers of overwintering larvae in soil were positively correlated with numbers of larvae per wheat head two weeks after anthesis of wheat plants, but not with percent of damaged kernels at harvest. A significant positive relationship was found between numbers of larvae per wheat head two weeks after anthesis and percent of damaged kernels at harvest. In wheat-on-nonwheat fields, no positive correlations were found between any criteria (see above). IV DEDICATIE Dedic aceasta lucrare familiei mele care mi-a fost alaturi pe tot parcursul vietii si cercetatorilor de la Institutul de Cercetari si Amenajari Silvice - Statiunea Brasov, Romania, care mi-au dat incredere si mi-au indrumat pasii la inceputul carierei mele, Ii sunt profund recunoscator sotiei rnele Bogdana, care a lucrat alaturi de mine pe teren si in laborator. In timpul acestui proiect s-a nascut fiica no astra, Mara, careia ii multumesc pentru bucuria sufleteasca pe care mi-o aduce in fiecare zi. § I dedicate this thesis to my family members who have supported me every day of my life and to the my former colleagues, researchers from Forest Re search and Management Institute, Brasov Station, Romania, for their trust and guidance at the beginning of my career. I am deeply indebted to my wife , Bogdana Mircioiu, who assisted me in the field and in the laboratory. During this project we were blessed with our daughter Mara who is giving us joy every moment of our lives. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Gerhard Gries, for his endless support, guidance, patience, and editing of an earlier draft of my thesis. I thank my committee member, Dr . Owen Olfert from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Center, for his advice and field support. I enjoyed joining his laboratory during two field seasons, learning from, and working with, his knowledgeable staff members Murray Braun and Lori-Ann Kaminski who also collected data for experiments 1-7. I also thank my committee member Dr. Bernard Roitberg for his careful review of my thesis. I am grateful to Regine Gries and Dr. Grigori Khaskin who were always there to listen to my stories, prepared the pheromones, and helped me produce the sticky inserts for the traps. I am indebted to my research assistants Bogdana Mircioiu, Adela Danci, Dorin Danci, and Ion Molnar, for enduring the mo squitoes, the cold or hot weather of the prairies and the long hours of work. Special thanks go to my fellow students from the "Gries-lab" and MPM program who made graduate studies at SFU an inspirational academic experience. I am thankful to farmers from Saskatchewan near Dundurn, Kamsack, Maidstone, Brandon, Marshal, Mikado, Veregin, Runnymede and S askatoon, and from Alberta in or near Paradise Valley, Manville and Vermilion for allowing me to conduct the experiments on their land. I thank the agrologists Jim Broatch, Stewart Brandt, Tim Nerbas, Wally Vanin and the private consultant Josie Van Lent who helped me find coll aborating farmers for my project. This research was financially supported by a Graduate Research in Engineering and Technology (GREAT) Scholarship from the Science Council of British Columbia VI with contingent industrial support from Phero Tech Inc., by a Matching Investment Initiative Grant from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada with Phero Tech Inc. as the industrial sponsor, and by research grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL ii ABSTRACT iii DEDICATIE iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Biology of Sitodiplosis mosellana 1 1.2 Damage and Economic Impact 2 1.3 Current Tactics to Monitor and Control S. mosellana Populations 5 1.4 Objectives 9 2. FIELD TESTING PARAMETERS FOR PHEROMONE-BASED ATTRACTION AND TRAPPING OF MALE Sitodiplosis mosellana 10 2. 1 Introduction 10 2.2 Materials and Methods 12 2.3 Results 18 2.4 Discussions 23 3. DEVELOPMENT OF PHEROMONE-BASED MONITORING OF Sitodipl osis mosellana POPULATIONS 3 1 3.1. Introduction 31 3.2 MateriaJs and Methods 33 3.3 Results 35 3.3. 1 Wheat-on-wheat fields 35 3.3.2 Wheat-on-nonwheat fields 38 3.4 Discussion 48 REFERENCES 51 viu LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Total number of male Sitodiplosis mosellana captured in six pheromone baited green Delta traps in each of 27 wheat-on-wheat fields in Saskatchewan in 2002, and mean percent captures in two traps placed along each of row (Figure 4) 28 2 Table 2. For wheat-on-nonwheat fields, coefficients of determination (r ) and associated probabilities (P) between numbers of male Sitodiplosis mosellana captured in pheromone-baited traps and percent damaged kernels at harvest, in relation to the period during which trap captures were recorded. All data transformed by log, (x+1), except for percentage of damaged kernels transformed by arcsine J; prior to analysis 47 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The life cycle of Sitodiplosis mosellana © Glogoza 2003, by permission 3 Figure 2. Forecast of wheat midge in Alberta and Saskatchewan for 2002 (Hartley et al. 200 1) © AAFC - Saskatoon Research Center, by permission 6 Figure 3. Green Delta trap (Phero Tech Inc., Delta, BC) affixed to the top of a pole - 40 cm above ground 13 Figure 4. Trap (Ll) deployment; three rows oftwo traps each were set up perpendicular to the edge of fields, with the central row along the field's middle transect, and side rows 100 m apart from it. Traps within the same row were 15-20 m apart...... 16 Figure 5. Mean (+SE) number of male Sitodiplosis mosellana captured in experiment 2 in Wing traps baited with three types of pheromone dispensers each impregnated with 50 ug of stereoisomeric 2,7-nonanediyl dibutyrate produced in a 5-step synthesis. Wheat-cultivated field near Dundurn, Saskatchewan. In each experiment, bars with different letter superscripts are significantly different, a = 0.05 19 Figure 6. Mean (+SE) number of male Sitodiplosis mosellana, or nontarget insects, captured in experiment 3 in Delta or Wing traps, unbaited or baited with a filter paper dispenser impregnated with 50 pg of stereoisomeric 2,7-nonanediyl dibutyrate produced in a 5-step synthesis.