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Introduction Many Organisms Have an Endogenous Timekeeper Which nitidula emahrt sich vor allem von Samen und Grdsern, Aiolopus fhalassi''nus ist ARTICULATA 2001 16(1t21:75 -78 BIOLOGIE pofyphag und tendenziell krduterfressend. FOr Ruspolia nitidula legen die Beob- achtungen nahe, daB die Art jahreszeitlich wechselnd die ndhrstoffreichsten Nah- rungsressourcen ausbeutet. Schilf wird nur in jungem Zustand gefressen, wdh- f pellucens (Scoeou, 1763) rend spdter Grassamen die Hauptnahrung darstellen. nduction of song activity in Oecanthus (Gryllidae, Oecanthinae) Danksagung Ffeifer Ein Teil der Beobachtungen erfolgte im Rahmen von Untersuchungen fUr die Be- Manfred Alban zirksstelle f0r Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Karlsruhe und fUr das Bayeri- sche Landesamt fiir Umweltschutz, denen fUr die M6glichkeit zur Ver6ffentli- chung gedankt sei. Zusammenfassung Gesangsausfdsung beim Weinhiihnchen (Oecanthus pellucens) Verfasser Der Autor gibt Hinweise darauf, dass bei Oecanthus pellucens Gesang aus- Reinhold Treiber schlieBlich durch Dunkelheit ausgeldst wird. Die Art scheint nicht eine bestimmte lm Westengarten 12 Zeit wdhrend der Nacht zu bevorzugen, eine Steuerung der Gesangsaktivitdit 79241 lhringen durch eine biologische Uhr ist daher nicht anzunehmen. Gesang beginnt unter- e-mail : [email protected] halb einer bestimmten Lichtintensitdt, welche normalervveise mit dem Dimme- rungseinbruch erreicht wird, und endet am ndchsten Morgen, sofern Nachts nicht Literatur eine Minimaltemperatur unterschritten wird. Die Art singt auch tagsUber, wenn GorrscHALK, E. (1993): Sukzession auf neu angelegten Rebb6schungen im Kaiserstuhl am durch starke Bewcilkung die Lichtintensitdt reduziert ist. Beispiel der Heuschrecken. Diplomarbeit Fak. f. Biologie, Univ. Freiburg; 65 S. Summary (unver6ff.). The author gives evidence that song activity in Oecanthus pellucens is induced lNGRrScH, & KOHLER (1998): Die Heuschrecken Mitteleuropas. Neue Brehm-Bucherei Bd. 629. 460 S. Magdeburg. only by a scotophase. Because it has no preference for a certain time during the natural scotophase the species has no need for a biological clock for the lNGRrScH, S. (1 976): Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Nahrungsspektrum just below a certain mifteleuropdischer Laubheuschrecken (Saltatoria: Tettigoniidae). Entomol. Z" 20:217- regulation of its song activity at all. Song activity is starting 224; Stuttgart. light intensity - which is normally reached at dusk - and is ending at dawn or when temperature falls at night below a certain threshold. The species may sing TRETBER, R. & ALBRECHT, M. (1996): Die GroBe Schiefkopfschrecke (Raspo/la nifdula Scopolt, 1786) neu f0r Bayern und Wiederfund f0r Deutschland (Orthoptera, Saltatoria). during the day when clouds reduce light intensity. Nachrbl. bayer. Entomol . 45(314). 60-72. M0nchen. TREIBER, R. (1998): Chorthippusvagans. In: DETzEL, P. (1998): Die Heuschrecken Baden- Introduction W0rttembergs. Many organisms have an endogenous timekeeper which regulates their WANCURA, R. & DErzEL, P. (1998): Aiolopus thalassinus. In: DErzEL, P. (1 998): Die Heuschre- activities. In insects this endogenous timekeeper is a so called insect clock. This cken Baden-W0rttembergs. insect clock mostly follows a circadian rhythm which is calibrated by the alternation of day and night. ln Saltatoria the activities in many species follow a circadian rhythm but there are exceptions. For example in Sclsfocerca gregana no circadian rhythm in locomotion activity was found (Oonnueo 1966). As singing in Saltatoria is an essential activity most species have a preferential time for song activity (FtscHER et al. 1996). For example Metrbpten roeseliiand M. bicolor have higher song activities in the first half of a day (FtscHen et al. 1996). But most known is from light trapping in night flying moth the preference of some species for coming at different hours to the light Saltatoria, like all insects, are poikilothermal animals and they need a minimum air temperature for song activitity or - in diurnal species - sunshine to raise their body temperature by solar radiation. ln Teftigonia viidissima was found that the ARTfCULATA 2001 16 (n) ARTTCULATA 2001 rql/2) species prefer singing in warm evenings but is the temperature low the species FP7 already sing in the afternoon (NrELsoN & DRErsrG 1970). E:6 Oecanthus pellucens adult emerge from the end of July to the beginning of E:EjtOc) ar(JO August. On warm days males start singing around sunset and song is performed E€O until late night. When temperature remains above a certain threshold (Snruoen PP 9 1995:12 "C) the species may continue singing till dawn (Fig. 1). €-db<nE Methods and results Etc)=Oc oEg Field observations E E=F* Surprisingly males may even sing during the day. Sander (1995) reports, that in Eox(! summer, O. pellucens starts singing at dusk, but that in autumn the species often : starts singing in the afternoon. DETZEL (1998) also observed singing males on E€ T cloudy days. Even on a sunny day I located a singing male in thick bushes while .1' : E(0; individuals in adjacent grassland were not singing. I also found singing males in | =^ ocstDz the early afternoon when sunlight intensity was strongly reduced by thunder P5rt(U BE clouds. 9<.rP tLlsxt En-s Observation during the total solar eclipse on the 11'n of August 1999 in South- s;.E West Germany { *n€ I used the rare opportunity of a total solar eclipse for investigating the song I e sE activity of O. pellucens in the nature reserve'Monbijou' near Zweibriicken in the Fg E { asdrlca ro 6uruurbeq South-West of Rhineland-Palatinate. O. pellucens began singing soon after 8pm I 8;: at the day prior the eclipse (Fig. 1), and continued singing until dawn. The to { 00 0l fli, S l l b i ";'E eclipse lasted from 11:10 until 13:54 Central European Summertime, and the { g period of the total eclipse from 12:30 until 12:32. During this 2 minute period of ( F€H 0080 ii68 rr o o>o intense males were heard singing. (U Ul= O darkening only d I rr.PI ( b>-ad Capture experiments 00:90 61,9 I i { ( e Egt t In my in Bobenheim-Roxheim I kept some individuals of the species - which I flat 00t,066811 sE I aF caught in and around the town - in 1% I pickled cucumber jars. At night they ( started singing in the same timescale as individuals in nature. As soon as I { A;HEF switched an artificial light on they stopped. When the artificial light was switched { 00l00ij8ir €5 PP€ off they started singing again within a few minutes. { jar ln an other experiment I covered the with dark woollen sheets so that the s 00005ri8t1 EE:€E crickets were subjected to darkness during the day. Within less than five minutes {', b:9 ? sE they started singing. ( 00ta 6630r .qafrts6e I E A $E:J I 00 0a 1:j6 8 0l EEsJg'= oo6ts@n oN?O NFF-FF oo atnleJadual Itr^Boe 6uos J fl ARTfCULATA 2001 16 (n) Discussion ARTICULATA 2001 t6 (1 t2l:79 KURZMITTEILUNG The observations in the field and during the solar eclipse show that o. pellucens only sings below a certain level of light intensity. Especially in the capture experiment I could give evidence that song activity is rapidly triggered by lmagines von Chorthippus mollis (CHAReENTIEn, 1825) und diminishing light intensity and is switched off immediately in bright light. The Gomphocerippus rufus (Llt.tueus, 1758) am 15. Dezember 2000 immediate reaction to the exogenous factor light implies that song activity itself is not induced by an endogenous biological clock as it is generally assumed for Gabriel Hermann saltatorian insects (lNGRtscH & Koeulen 1998, p234). species which prefer a certain time of day for song activity - such as Metioptera bicolor - may need a biological clock for orientation to the time of day. Also this I In den Mittagsstunden des 15.12.2000 herrschte im baden-wurttembergischen call in question because this diurnal active species stopped singing for the span Aichtal (15 km sUdl. Stuttgart) teils sonnige, aber kuhle und windige Witterung of reduced fight intensity during the solar eclipse (PFEIFER in prep.). o. pellucens vor. Da im Verlauf des Herbstes bis dato weder stdrkere Fr6ste noch ldnger an- starts singing below a certain light intensity and continues throughout the nlght dauernde Schneelagen aufgetreten waren und der November 2000 im Vergleich until the temperature declines to below a certain threshold or until the beginning zum langjiihrigen Mittel auBergew6hnlich warm blieb, wurde der Versuch unter- of the next photoperiod at dawn. Explanation of this behaviour requires no nommen, auf einem sUdexponierten Magerrasen noch Feldheuschrecken aufzu- recourse to a biological clock, but can be explained purely by response to finden. Zwischen voll besonnter Nadelstreu einer dlteren Waldkiefer (Pinus syl- prevailing light intensity. vestns) fanden sich schlieRlich sechs Weibchen und ein singendes Mdnnchen der Roten Keulenschrecke (Gomphocerippus rufus) sowie ein Weibchen des Author: Verkannten GrashUpfers (Chorthippus mollis). An der Fundstelle wurden boden- Manfred Alban Pfeifer nah Temperaturen knapp unter 15"C gemessen. Beide Arten Zihlen im betref- AnebosstraBe 4 fenden Gebiet zu den hiiufigsten Feldheuschrecken und erreichen hier im Spiit- D 67240 Bobenheim-Roxheim sommer - mit unterschiedlichen Vorkommensschwerpunkten - hohe bis sehr hohe Abundanzen. FUr Phdnologie-Daten (1998, References G. rufus waren iihnliche bereits bekannt. Derzrl It. schriftl. Mitt. SMErrAu) gibt fUr Baden-WUrttemberg als spdtestes Nachweis- DETZEL, P. (1998): Die Heuschrecken Baden-Wtirtembergs. 580 S. (Ulmer), Stuttgart datum von fmagines den 14.12. an. Adulte Ch. mollis-lndividuen sind in diesem FrscHER, P.F.; ScHueeRr, H.; FENN, S. & ScHULz, U. (1996): Diurnal song activity in grassland Bundesland dagegen offenbar noch nicht im Monat Dezember gefunden worden Orthoptera. - Acta Oecologia 17(5): 345-364. (vgl. Phainogramm in BRnNot& GorrscHALK 1998). lNGRrscH, s. & KoHLER, G. (1998): Die Heuschrecken Mitteleuropas.460 s. (westarp-wiss.), Magdeburg; Verfasser: NTELSoN, E. T. & DRErsrc, H. (1970): The behavior of stridulation in orthoptera Ensifera. Gabriel Hermann Behaviour 37: 205-251 . Arbeitsgruppe fUr Tierdkologie und Planung Johann-StrauB-Str. 22 ODHIAMBo, T.R. (1966): The metabolic effects of the corpus allatum hormone in the male desert locust. ll. Spontaneous locomotoractivity.
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