The State of the Coral Triangle in Indonesia
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Vertical Variability and Its Relation to ENSO in the North Natuna Sea
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences June 2021 Vol 26(2):63-70 e-ISSN 2406-7598 Natuna Off-Shelf Current (NOC) Vertical Variability and Its Relation to ENSO in the North Natuna Sea Hariyadi1,2*, Johanes Hutabarat3, Denny Nugroho Sugianto1,4, Muhammad Faiq Marwa Noercholis1, Niken Dwi Prasetyani,1 Widodo S. Pranowo5, Kunarso1, Parichat Wetchayount6, Anindya Wirasatriya1,4 1Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University 2Doctoral Program of Marine Science, Diponegoro University 3Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University 4Center for Coastal Rehabilitation and Disaster Mitigation Studies (CoREM), Diponegoro University Jl. Prof. H. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang Semarang. 50275 Indonesia 5Marine Research Center, Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research & Human Resources, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Gedung Mina Bahari I 5th Floor, Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 16 Jakarta Pusat 10110 Indonesia 6Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Science, Srinakharinwirot University 8 114 Sukhumvit 23, Bangkok, Thailand Email: [email protected] Abstract During the northwest monsoon (NWM), southerly flow off the Natuna Islands appeared as the extension of the turning Vietnam coastal jet, known as Natuna off-shelf current (NOC). NOC is generated by the interaction of wind stress and the North Natuna Sea’s bottom topography. The purposes of the present study is to investigate the vertical variability of NOC and its relation to El Niňo Southern Oscillation (ENSO) using Marine Copernicus reanalysis data. The vertical variability refers to the spatial distribution of NOC pattern at the surface layer, thermocline layer, and deep/bottom layer. in 2014 as representative of normal ENSO condition. -
State of the Coral Triangle: Solomon Islands
State of the Coral Triangle: Solomon Islands One of a series of six reports on the status of marine resources in the western Pacific Ocean, the State of the Coral Triangle: Solomon Islands describes the biophysical characteristics of Solomon Islands’ coastal and marine ecosystems, the manner in which they are being exploited, the framework in place that governs their use, the socioeconomic characteristics of the communities that use them, and the environmental threats posed by the manner in which STATE OF THE CORAL TRIANGLE: they are being used. It explains the country’s national plan of action to address these threats and improve marine resource management. Solomon Islands About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to approximately two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.6 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 733 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org Printed on recycled paper Printed in the Philippines STATE OF THE CORAL TRIANGLE: Solomon Islands © 2014 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. -
The AREA's RICHNESS
The AREA’S RICHNESS hile there is little doubt that the Coral Triangle is the richest marine environment on the planet, the reasons for the richness are hotly debated. Is it because Wthe richest taxonomic groups originated in the Coral Triangle and dispersed to the rest of the world? Or is it because of the overlap of flora and fauna from the West Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean? As it turns out, the only thing that is clear is that the reasons for the area’s richness are complex and no single model explains it all. Some of the many factors that influence the diversity of the Coral Triangle are the geological history of the region, including plate tectonics and sea-level fluctuations; how species disperse and the factors that facilitate or inhibit dispersal; general biogeographic patterns and evolutionary forces. The tropics are generally more species rich than temperate and polar areas particularly because of the constant sunlight regime and weather stability. Without a winter period, organisms can flourish year round and put more energy into specialization than into preparing for long periods with reduced sunlight. This is as true in the marine realm as it is in the forests, where light and relatively constant warm water temperatures persist throughout the year. However, coastal tropical waters are relatively nutrient poor. The annual changes in water temperatures of the temperate and polar seas produce mixing when the surface waters cool and sink to the bottom. The displaced bottom waters, rich with dead plankton that has sank to the depths, are forced to the surface and result in Due to ocean circulation patterns and the rotation of the Earth, As the glaciers melted and sea levels rose, the newly evolved species huge explosions of zooplankton and fish populations. -
Ocean Wave Characteristics in Indonesian Waters for Sea Transportation Safety and Planning
IPTEK, The Journal for Technology and Science, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2015 19 Ocean Wave Characteristics in Indonesian Waters for Sea Transportation Safety and Planning Roni Kurniawan1 and Mia Khusnul Khotimah2 AbstractThis study was aimed to learn about ocean wave characteristics and to identify times and areas with vulnerability to high waves in Indonesian waters. Significant wave height of Windwaves-05 model output was used to obtain such information, with surface level wind data for 11 years period (2000 to 2010) from NCEP-NOAA as the input. The model output data was then validated using multimission satellite altimeter data obtained from Aviso. Further, the data were used to identify areas of high waves based on the high wave’s classification by WMO. From all of the processing results, the wave characteristics in Indonesian waters were identified, especially on ALKI (Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes). Along with it, which lanes that have high potential for dangerous waves and when it occurred were identified as well. The study concluded that throughout the years, Windwaves-05 model had a magnificent performance in providing ocean wave characteristics information in Indonesian waters. The information of height wave vulnerability needed to make a decision on the safest lanes and the best time before crossing on ALKI when the wave and its vulnerability is likely low. Throughout the years, ALKI II is the safest lanes among others since it has been identified of having lower vulnerability than others. The knowledge of the wave characteristics for a specific location is very important to design, plan and vessels operability including types of ships and shipping lanes before their activities in the sea. -
SEDIMENTARY FRAMEWORK of Lmainland FRINGING REEF DEVELOPMENT, CAPE TRIBULATION AREA
GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK AUTHORITY TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM GBRMPA-TM-14 SEDIMENTARY FRAMEWORK OF lMAINLAND FRINGING REEF DEVELOPMENT, CAPE TRIBULATION AREA D.P. JOHNSON and RM.CARTER Department of Geology James Cook University of North Queensland Townsville, Q 4811, Australia DATE November, 1987 SUMMARY Mainland fringing reefs with a diverse coral fauna have developed in the Cape Tribulation area primarily upon coastal sedi- ment bodies such as beach shoals and creek mouth bars. Growth on steep rocky headlands is minor. The reefs have exten- sive sandy beaches to landward, and an irregular outer margin. Typically there is a raised platform of dead nef along the outer edge of the reef, and dead coral columns lie buried under the reef flat. Live coral growth is restricted to the outer reef slope. Seaward of the reefs is a narrow wedge of muddy, terrigenous sediment, which thins offshore. Beach, reef and inner shelf sediments all contain 50% terrigenous material, indicating the reefs have always grown under conditions of heavy terrigenous influx. The relatively shallow lower limit of coral growth (ca 6m below ADD) is typical of reef growth in turbid waters, where decreased light levels inhibit coral growth. Radiocarbon dating of material from surveyed sites confirms the age of the fossil coral columns as 33304110 ybp, indicating that they grew during the late postglacial sea-level high (ca 5500-6500 ybp). The former thriving reef-flat was killed by a post-5500 ybp sea-level fall of ca 1 m. Although this study has not assessed the community structure of the fringing reefs, nor whether changes are presently occur- ring, it is clear the corals present today on the fore-reef slope have always lived under heavy terrigenous influence, and that the fossil reef-flat can be explained as due to the mid-Holocene fall in sea-level. -
Updating the Seabird Fauna of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia
Tirtaningtyas & Yordan: Seabirds of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, update 11 UPDATING THE SEABIRD FAUNA OF JAKARTA BAY, INDONESIA FRANSISCA N. TIRTANINGTYAS¹ & KHALEB YORDAN² ¹ Burung Laut Indonesia, Depok, East Java 16421, Indonesia ([email protected]) ² Jakarta Birder, Jl. Betung 1/161, Pondok Bambu, East Jakarta 13430, Indonesia Received 17 August 2016, accepted 20 October 2016 ABSTRACT TIRTANINGTYAS, F.N. & YORDAN, K. 2017. Updating the seabird fauna of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Marine Ornithology 45: 11–16. Jakarta Bay, with an area of about 490 km2, is located at the edge of the Sunda Straits between Java and Sumatra, positioned on the Java coast between the capes of Tanjung Pasir in the west and Tanjung Karawang in the east. Its marine avifauna has been little studied. The ecology of the area is under threat owing to 1) Jakarta’s Governor Regulation No. 121/2012 zoning the northern coastal area of Jakarta for development through the creation of new islands or reclamation; 2) the condition of Jakarta’s rivers, which are becoming more heavily polluted from increasing domestic and industrial waste flowing into the bay; and 3) other factors such as incidental take. Because of these factors, it is useful to update knowledge of the seabird fauna of Jakarta Bay, part of the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. In 2011–2014 we conducted surveys to quantify seabird occurrence in the area. We identified 18 seabird species, 13 of which were new records for Jakarta Bay; more detailed information is presented for Christmas Island Frigatebird Fregata andrewsi. To better protect Jakarta Bay and its wildlife, regular monitoring is strongly recommended, and such monitoring is best conducted in cooperation with the staff of local government, local people, local non-governmental organization personnel and birdwatchers. -
Reef Structures Subject Matter: Recall the Different Types of Reef Structure (E.G
THE REEF AND BEYOND - CORAL REEF DISTRIBUTION Reef Structures Subject matter: Recall the different types of reef structure (e.g. fringing, platform, ribbon, barrier, atolls, coral cays). Recommended reading: Coral Reefs and Climate Change - Patterns of distribution (p.84-85) Zones across the reef (p.92-94) FRINGING REEF Fringing reefs are reefs that grow directly from a shore, with no “true” lagoon (i.e., deep water channel) between the reef and the nearby land. Without an intervening lagoon to effectively buffer freshwater runoff, pollution, and sedimentation, fringing reefs tend to particularly sensitive to these forms of human impact. Fringing reef Tane Sinclair Taylor Tane Tane Sinclair Taylor Tane Planet Dove - Allen Coral Atlas Allen Coral Planet Dove - Coral coast, Fiji Fringing reef in Indonesia. PLATFORM REEFS AND CORAL CAYS Platform reefs begin to form on underwater mountains or other rock-hard outcrops between the shore and a barrier reef. Coral cays begin to form when broken coral and sand wash onto these flats; cays can also form on shallow reefs around atolls. Coral cays are small islands, with Platform reef and Coral cay typical length scales between 100 - 1000 m, that form on platform reefs, Dave Logan Heron Island Lady Elliot Island Marine Science Senior Syllabus 8 THE REEF AND BEYOND - CORAL REEF DISTRIBUTION Reef Structures BARRIER REEFS BARRIER REEFS are coral reefs roughly parallel to a RIBBON REEFS are a type of barrier reef and are unique shore and separated from it by a lagoon or other body of to Australia. The name relates to the elongated Reef water.The coral reef structure buffers shorelines against bodies starting to the north of Cairns, and finishing to the waves, storms, and floods, helping to prevent loss of life, east of Lizard Island. -
Length-Based Stock Assessment Area WPP
Report Code: AR_711_120820 Length-Based Stock Assessment Of A Species Complex In Deepwater Demersal Fisheries Targeting Snappers In Indonesia Fishery Management Area WPP 711 DRAFT - NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION. TNC-IFCP Technical Paper Peter J. Mous, Wawan B. IGede, Jos S. Pet AUGUST 12, 2020 THE NATURE CONSERVANCY INDONESIA FISHERIES CONSERVATION PROGRAM AR_711_120820 The Nature Conservancy Indonesia Fisheries Conservation Program Ikat Plaza Building - Blok L Jalan By Pass Ngurah Rai No.505, Pemogan, Denpasar Selatan Denpasar 80221 Bali, Indonesia Ph. +62-361-244524 People and Nature Consulting International Grahalia Tiying Gading 18 - Suite 2 Jalan Tukad Pancoran, Panjer, Denpasar Selatan Denpasar 80225 Bali, Indonesia 1 THE NATURE CONSERVANCY INDONESIA FISHERIES CONSERVATION PROGRAM AR_711_120820 Table of contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Materials and methods for data collection, analysis and reporting 6 2.1 Frame Survey . 6 2.2 Vessel Tracking and CODRS . 6 2.3 Data Quality Control . 7 2.4 Length-Frequency Distributions, CpUE, and Total Catch . 7 2.5 I-Fish Community . 28 3 Fishing grounds and traceability 32 4 Length-based assessments of Top 20 most abundant species in CODRS samples includ- ing all years in WPP 711 36 5 Discussion and conclusions 79 6 References 86 2 THE NATURE CONSERVANCY INDONESIA FISHERIES CONSERVATION PROGRAM AR_711_120820 1 Introduction This report presents a length-based assessment of multi-species and multi gear demersal fisheries targeting snappers, groupers, emperors and grunts in fisheries management area (WPP) 711, covering the Natuna Sea and the Karimata Strait, surrounded by Indonesian, Malaysian, Vietnamese and Singaporean waters and territories. The Natuna Sea in the northern part of WPP 711 lies in between Malaysian territories to the east and west, while the Karimata Strait in the southern part of WPP 711 has the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the west and Kalimantan to the east (Figure 1.1). -
Waves of Destruction in the East Indies: the Wichmann Catalogue of Earthquakes and Tsunami in the Indonesian Region from 1538 to 1877
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on May 24, 2016 Waves of destruction in the East Indies: the Wichmann catalogue of earthquakes and tsunami in the Indonesian region from 1538 to 1877 RON HARRIS1* & JONATHAN MAJOR1,2 1Department of Geological Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602–4606, USA 2Present address: Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: The two volumes of Arthur Wichmann’s Die Erdbeben Des Indischen Archipels [The Earthquakes of the Indian Archipelago] (1918 and 1922) document 61 regional earthquakes and 36 tsunamis between 1538 and 1877 in the Indonesian region. The largest and best documented are the events of 1770 and 1859 in the Molucca Sea region, of 1629, 1774 and 1852 in the Banda Sea region, the 1820 event in Makassar, the 1857 event in Dili, Timor, the 1815 event in Bali and Lom- bok, the events of 1699, 1771, 1780, 1815, 1848 and 1852 in Java, and the events of 1797, 1818, 1833 and 1861 in Sumatra. Most of these events caused damage over a broad region, and are asso- ciated with years of temporal and spatial clustering of earthquakes. The earthquakes left many cit- ies in ‘rubble heaps’. Some events spawned tsunamis with run-up heights .15 m that swept many coastal villages away. 2004 marked the recurrence of some of these events in western Indonesia. However, there has not been a major shallow earthquake (M ≥ 8) in Java and eastern Indonesia for the past 160 years. -
Indonesian Seas by Global Ocean Associates Prepared for Office of Naval Research – Code 322 PO
An Atlas of Oceanic Internal Solitary Waves (February 2004) Indonesian Seas by Global Ocean Associates Prepared for Office of Naval Research – Code 322 PO Indonesian Seas • Bali Sea • Flores Sea • Molucca Sea • Banda Sea • Java Sea • Savu Sea • Cream Sea • Makassar Strait Overview The Indonesian Seas are the regional bodies of water in and around the Indonesian Archipelago. The seas extend between approximately 12o S to 3o N and 110o to 132oE (Figure 1). The region separates the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Figure 1. Bathymetry of the Indonesian Archipelago. [Smith and Sandwell, 1997] Observations Indonesian Archipelago is most extensive archipelago in the world with more than 15,000 islands. The shallow bathymetry and the strong tidal currents between the islands give rise to the generation of internal waves throughout the archipelago. As a result there are a very 453 An Atlas of Oceanic Internal Solitary Waves (February 2004) Indonesian Seas by Global Ocean Associates Prepared for Office of Naval Research – Code 322 PO large number of internal wave sources throughout the region. Since the Indonesian Seas boarder the equator, the stratification of the waters in this sea area does not change very much with season, and internal wave activity is expected to take place all year round. Table 2 shows the months of the year during which internal waves have been observed in the Bali, Molucca, Banda and Savu Seas Table 1 - Months when internal waves have been observed in the Bali Sea. (Numbers indicate unique dates in that month when waves have been noted) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 12111 11323 Months when Internal Waves have been observed in the Molucca Sea. -
Delineating the Coral Triangle
Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies 11: 91-100（2009） Original paper Delineating the Coral Triangle J.E.N. VERON1, 2, *, Lyndon M. DEVANTIER1, 2, Emre TURAK1, 2, Alison L. GREEN3, Stuart KININMONTH2, Mary STAFFORD-SMITH1, and Nate PETERSON3 1 Coral Reef Research, 10 Benalla Road, Oak Valley, Townsville 4811, Australia 2 Australian Institute of Marine Science, MSO Townsville 4811, Australia 3 The Nature Conservancy, 51 Edmondstone Street, South Brisbane 4101, Australia * Corresponding author: J.E.N. Veron Email: [email protected] Communicated by Makoto Tsuchiya Abstract Spatial analyses of coral distributions at spe- Introduction cies level delineate the Coral Triangle and provide new insights into patterns of diversity and endemism around “If we look at a globe or a map of the Eastern Hemi the globe. This study shows that the Coral Triangle, an sphere, we shall perceive between Asia and Australia a area extending from the Philippines to the Solomon number of large and small islands, forming a connected Islands, has 605 zooxanthellate corals including 15 re- group distinct from those great masses of land and having gional endemics. This amounts to 76% of the world’s total little connexion with either of them. Situated upon the species complement, giving this province the world’s equator, and bathed in the tepid water of the great tropical highest conservation priority. Within the Coral Triangle, oceans, this region enjoys a climate more uniformly hot highest richness resides in the Bird’s Head Peninsula of and moist than almost any other part of the globe, and Indonesian Papua which hosts 574 species, with indi- teems with natural productions which are elsewhere vidual reefs supporting up to 280 species ha−1. -
1 Investigation of the Energy Potential from Tidal Stream
INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY POTENTIAL FROM TIDAL STREAM CURRENTS IN INDONESIA Kadir Orhan1, Roberto Mayerle1, Rangaswami Narayanan1 and Wahyu Widodo Pandoe2 In this paper, an advanced methodology developed for the assessment of tidal stream resources is applied to several straits between Indian Ocean and inner Indonesian seas. Due to the high current velocities up to 3-4 m/s, the straits are particularly promising for the efficient generation of electric power. Tidal stream power potentials are evaluated on the basis of calibrated and validated high-resolution, three-dimensional numerical models. It was found that the straits under investigation have tremendous potential for the development of renewable energy production. Suitable locations for the installation of the turbines are identified in all the straits, and sites have been ranked based on the level of power density. Maximum power densities are observed in the Bali Strait, exceeding around 10kw/m2. Horizontal axis tidal turbines with a cut-in velocity of 1m/s are considered in the estimations. The highest total extractable power resulted equal to about 1,260MW in the Strait of Alas. Preliminary assessments showed that the power production at the straits under investigation is likely to exceed previous predictions reaching around 5,000MW. Keywords: renewable energy; tidal stream currents; numerical model; Indonesia INTRODUCTION The global energy supply is facing severe challenges in terms of long-term sustainability, fossil fuel reserve exhaustion, global warming and other energy related environmental concerns, geopolitical and military conflicts surrounding oil rich countries, and secure supply of energy. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, wave and tidal energy are capable of meeting the present and future energy demands with ease without inflicting any considerable damage to global ecosystem (Asif et al.