DOCSLIB.ORG

Wet Vacuum Pump Technical Manual

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wet Vacuum Pump Technical Manual Vacuum Pumps Technical Manual DentalEZ® MAKES YOUR PRACTICE PERFECT ® Vacuum Pumps Specifications ..........................................................iv-2 System Repair Procedure CV-101 FS / CV-102 FS.......................................35-39 Certifications ..........................................................iv-3 MC-201 FS / MC-202 FS ....................................40-44 Site Requirements Parts Lists CV-101 FS / CV-102 FS...........................................iv-4 CV-101 FS / CV-102 FS MC-201 FS / MC-202 FS ........................................iv-5 Installation Kit .................................................... iv-45 Water Consumpsion Water Supply Line ............................................ iv-46 Chart ..........................................................................iv-6 Vacuum Line ....................................................... iv-47 Waste Line ......................................................... iv-48 Recirculator Instructions 1 HP Single Pump Assembly ........................... iv-49 CV-101 FS / CV-102 FS.......................................iv-7-9 2 HP Sngle Pump Assembly ............................ iv-50 MC-201 FS / MC-202 FS ............................... iv-10-12 Electrical Box ..................................................... iv-51 Water Control Assembly ............................... iv-52 Maintenance Anti-Siphon Valve Assembly ........................... iv-53 CV-101 FS / CV-102 FS........................................ iv-13 Water Solenoid Valve Assembly ................... iv-53 MC-201 FS / MC-202 FS ..................................... iv-14 Intake Manifold Assembly ............................... iv-54 Air / Water or Nitrous Oxide Separator Primary/Secondary Filter................................. iv-54 AM-200 ................................................................... iv-15 MC-201 FS / MC-202 FS Frequently Asked Questions Water Supply Line ............................................ iv-55 Vacuum Line ....................................................... iv-55 Wire single pump to remote lighted switch .. iv-16 Waste Line ......................................................... iv-56 Wire dual pumps to remote lighted switch ... iv-17 Electrical Connection Assembly .................... iv-56 One pump weak ................................................... iv-18 Frame Assembly ................................................ iv-57 Buck-Boost Transformer data ...................... iv-19-20 1 HP Dual Pump Assembly ............................. iv-58 Wire new transformer in old relay box .......... iv-21 2 HP Dual Pump Assembly ............................. iv-59 Vacuum relay will not engage & Intake Manifold Assembly ................................ iv-60 pump will not turn on ................................... iv-22 Exhaust Manifold Assembly ............................. iv-61 Pump shuts down, cools then restarts ............ iv-23 Water Recirculator, Exhaust Manifold Pump makes squealing / whistling sound ......... iv-24 Assembly (Optional) .................................. iv-61 Water leaks from anti-siphon valve .................. iv-25 Electrical Box ..................................................... iv-62 Dual pump vacuum weak .................................... iv-26 Water Control Assembly ................................ iv-63 Vacuum Control Assembly ............................. iv-64 Troubleshooting Vacuum Gauge & Adapter ............................... iv-64 Vacuum Pump .................................................. iv-27-28 In-Line Filter Assembly .................................... iv-64 Anti-Siphon Valve Assembly ............................ iv-65 Electrical System ........................................................29 V Water Solenoid Valve Assembly ..................... iv-65 Wiring Schematics A C CV-101 FS / CV-102 FS........................................ iv-30 U MC-201 FS / MC-202 FS ..................................... iv-31 U Remote Low-Voltage Switch Control .............. iv-32 M Two-Switch Dual Vacuum System ..................... iv-33 P One-Switch Dual Vacuum System ..................... iv-34 U M P S Technical Manual Section IV Vacuum Pumps iv-Page 1 Section I Introduction Section I SingleIntroduction Wet Vacuum Pump Dual Wet Vacuum Pump This manual contains installation, operation, care and Classification repair instructions and user service information for This manual contains installation, operation, care and Approvals: the CustomAir® Single Wet Vacuum Pump (CV-101 FS/ repair instructions and user service information for the CustomAirMedical® Dual Equipment Wet with Vacuum Pump (MC-201 FS/ UL/CUL Classified: File E212679 CV-102 FS). Respect to Electric Shock, MC-202 FS).Fire and Mechanical Hazards The Single Wet Vacuum Pump is designed to provide Only in Accordance with UL60601-1 and Classification trouble-free service when installed, operated and The53HN Dual WetCAN/CSA Vacuum C22.2 No.Pump 601.1 is designed to provide and IEC60601-1-2 cared for according to the procedures set forth in this trouble-free service when installed, operated and cared for according to the procedures set forth in this manual. Medical Equipment with manual. Type of protection against electric shock: Class 1 Respect to Electric Shock, – Fire and Mechanical Vacuum PumpsEquipment Hazards Only in Accordance with Specifications Specifications UL60601-1 and – Degree of protection against the ingress of water: 53HN CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 601.1 Ordinary and IEC60601-1-2 CV-101 FS CV-102 FS MC-201 FS MC-202 FS Motor – EquipmentMotor not suitable for use in the presence of – Type of protection against electric shock: Class 1 Power Rating: 1 HP 2 HP aPower flammable Rating: anesthetic mixture1 with HP air or with 2 HP Equipment 115/208/230 208/230 oxygenVoltage: or nitrous oxide. 208/230 208/230 Voltage: – Degree of protection against the ingress of water: (each motor) 15/7.5/7.5 15/15 Amps (each motor): 7.5/7.5 15/15 Amps : – Mode of operation: Continuous Ordinary Cycle: 60 Hz. Cycle: 60 Hz. Single Phase: Single – EnvironmentalPhase: conditions for transport and storage – Equipment not suitable for use in the presence of 3450 RPM Running Speed: 3450 RPM RecommendedRunning Speed: ranges: a flammable anesthetic mixture with air or with Ambient Temperature Range: 10-40°C/50-104°F oxygen or nitrous oxide. Ambient Temperature Range: 10-40°C/50-104°F - Temperature range within - 40º C to + 70º C Max. Oper. Noise Level: 70-75 dB Wire Size: 12 GA. - Relative humidity range within 10% to 100% – Mode of operation: Continuous Vacuum -VacuumAtmospheric pressure range within 500 to 1050 hPa – Environmental conditions for transport and storage Approx. 20-25" Hg. Adjust. Mercury Pull (Sealed Sys.): Approx. 20-25" Hg. Adjust. Mercury Pull (Sealed Sys.): Recommended ranges: Usable CFM: 15 30 ExplanationOne Pump ofOperation Symbols used on Usable CFM: 15 30 - Temperature range within - 40º C to + 70º C Use factor (Number of Equipment: Relative humidity range within 10% to 100% high-volume hoses Use factor (Number of - high-volume hoses open simultaneously): 1.5 3 - Atmospheric pressure range within 500 to 1050 hPa open= simultaneously): Attention, Consult Accompanying1.5 Documents 3 Water Requirements Two= Pump Protective Operation Earth Terminal Gallons Per Minute: 1/2 1 Usable CFM: 30 60 Explanation of Symbols used on Use= factor Caution. (Number Electrical Shock of Hazard. Refer Servicing Equipment: Dimensions high-volumeto Qualified hoses Personnel Height: 16" 20" open simultaneously): 3 6 = Attention, Consult Accompanying Documents Width: 12" 14" = Hot Surface Dimensions = Protective Earth Terminal Depth: 9" 11" = European Certification Height: 23" Shipping Weight: 68 lbs. 78 lbs. Width: 24" = Caution. Electrical Shock Hazard. Refer Servicing to Qualified Personnel Approvals: Depth: 17-1/2" = Hot Surface UL/CUL Classified: File: E212679 Shipping Weight: 175 lbs. 215 lbs. = European Certification Water Requirements Gallons Per Min. (per pump): 1/2 1 2 Installation, Operation and Care Manual S P 2 Installation, Operation and Care Manual E C I F I C A T I O N S Technical Manual Page iv-2 Section IV Vacuum Pumps Vacuum Pumps Section I Introduction Dual Wet Vacuum Pump This manual contains installation, operation, care and Approvals: repair instructions and user service information for the CustomAir® Dual Wet Vacuum Pump (MC-201 FS/ UL/CUL Classified: File E212679 MC-202 FS). File # 1371 The Dual Wet Vacuum Pump is designed to provide Classification trouble-free service when installed, operated and cared Medical Equipment with for according to the procedures set forth in this manual. Respect to Electric Shock, Fire and Mechanical Hazards Only in Accordance with Specifications UL60601-1 and 53HN CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 601.1 and IEC60601-1-2 MC-201 FS MC-202 FS Motor – Type of protection against electric shock: Class 1 Power Rating: 1 HP 2 HP Equipment Voltage: 208/230 208/230 Degree of protection against the ingress of water: Amps (each motor): 7.5/7.5 15/15 – Ordinary Cycle: 60 Hz. Phase: Single – Equipment not suitable for use in the presence of Running Speed: 3450 RPM a flammable anesthetic mixture with air or with Ambient Temperature Range: 10-40°C/50-104°F oxygen or nitrous oxide. Max. Oper. Noise Level: 70-75 dB – Mode of operation: Continuous Vacuum – Environmental conditions for transport and storage Approx. 20-25" Hg. Adjust. Mercury Pull (Sealed Sys.): Recommended ranges: One Pump Operation Usable CFM: 15 30 - Temperature range within
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 the History of Vacuum Science and Vacuum Technology
    1 1 The History of Vacuum Science and Vacuum Technology The Greek philosopher Democritus (circa 460 to 375 B.C.), Fig. 1.1, assumed that the world would be made up of many small and undividable particles that he called atoms (atomos, Greek: undividable). In between the atoms, Democritus presumed empty space (a kind of micro-vacuum) through which the atoms moved according to the general laws of mechanics. Variations in shape, orientation, and arrangement of the atoms would cause variations of macroscopic objects. Acknowledging this philosophy, Democritus,together with his teacher Leucippus, may be considered as the inventors of the concept of vacuum. For them, the empty space was the precondition for the variety of our world, since it allowed the atoms to move about and arrange themselves freely. Our modern view of physics corresponds very closely to this idea of Democritus. However, his philosophy did not dominate the way of thinking until the 16th century. It was Aristotle’s (384 to 322 B.C.) philosophy, which prevailed throughout theMiddleAgesanduntilthebeginning of modern times. In his book Physica [1], around 330 B.C., Aristotle denied the existence of an empty space. Where there is nothing, space could not be defined. For this reason no vacuum (Latin: empty space, emptiness) could exist in nature. According to his philosophy, nature consisted of water, earth, air, and fire. The lightest of these four elements, fire, is directed upwards, the heaviest, earth, downwards. Additionally, nature would forbid vacuum since neither up nor down could be defined within it. Around 1300, the medieval scholastics began to speak of a horror vacui, meaning nature’s fear of vacuum.
    [Show full text]
  • High Performance Vacuum Pump Bombas De Vacío De Alto
    High Performance Vacuum Pump Model 15401/15601/15605 Operating Manual ......................................... 2 Bombas de Vacío de Alto Rendimiento Modelo 15401/15601 Manuel del Operador .................................... 8 Pompe à Vide à Haut Rendement Modèle 15401/15601 Manuel d’utilisation ..................................... 16 Hochleistungs-Vakuumpumpe Modelle 15401/15601 Bedienungsanleitung .................................. 24 Table of contents Robinair® high performance Robinair® high performance vacuum pumps vacuum pumps .....................................................2 Congratulations on purchasing one of Robinair’s Pump components................................................3 top quality vacuum pumps. Your pump has been Warnings .............................................................3 engineered specifically for air conditioning and Before using your vacuum pump ..........................4 refrigeration service, and is built with Robinair’s proven offset rotary vane for fast, thorough To use the gas ballast feature...............................5 evacuation. To shut down your pump after use .......................5 You’ll appreciate these key features . To maintain your high vacuum pump ....................5 Iso-ValveTM Vacuum pump oil .............................................5 Allows the pump to be shut off while still connected to Oil change procedure ......................................5 the A/C-R system, which is handy for checking rate Cleaning your pump.........................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Principles of Vacuum Physics
    1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF VACUUM PHYSICS Niels Marquardt Institute for Accelerator Physics and Synchrotron Radiation, University of Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany Abstract Vacuum physics is the necessary condition for scientific research and modern high technology. In this introduction to the physics and technology of vacuum the basic concepts of a gas composed of atoms and molecules are presented. These gas particles are contained in a partially empty volume forming the vacuum. The fundamentals of vacuum, molecular density, pressure, velocity distribution, mean free path, particle velocity, conductivity, temperature and gas flow are discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION — DEFINITION, HISTORY AND APPLICATIONS OF VACUUM The word "vacuum" comes from the Latin "vacua", which means "empty". However, there does not exist a totally empty space in nature, there is no "ideal vacuum". Vacuum is only a partially empty space, where some of the air and other gases have been removed from a gas containing volume ("gas" comes from the Greek word "chaos" = infinite, empty space). In other words, vacuum means any volume containing less gas particles, atoms and molecules (a lower particle density and gas pressure), than there are in the surrounding outside atmosphere. Accordingly, vacuum is the gaseous environment at pressures below atmosphere. Since the times of the famous Greek philosophers, Demokritos (460-370 B.C.) and his teacher Leukippos (5th century B.C.), one is discussing the concept of vacuum and is speculating whether there might exist an absolutely empty space, in contrast to the matter of countless numbers of indivisible atoms forming the universe. It was Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who claimed that nature is afraid of total emptiness and that there is an insurmountable "horror vacui".
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Vacuum Systems for Analytical Electron Microscopy
    Scanning Microscopy Volume 1 Number 3 Article 7 6-27-1987 Advanced Vacuum Systems for Analytical Electron Microscopy G. S. Venuti Venuti Associates Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Venuti, G. S. (1987) "Advanced Vacuum Systems for Analytical Electron Microscopy," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 1 : No. 3 , Article 7. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol1/iss3/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1987 (Pages 939-942) 0891-7035/87$3.00+.00 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA ADVANCED VACUUM SYSTEMS FOR ANALYTICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY G.S. Venuti Venuti Associates P.O.Box 29265 San Diego, CA 92129 Phone No.: 619 484 7182 (Received for publication March 27, 1987, and in revised form June 27, 1987) Abstract Introduction Recent technological advancements such as A high-energy beam of electrons used for significantly improved power supply stability and electron microscopy and microanalysis can have polepiece design, as well as increased accelerating significant impact on the specimen. Beam damage is voltage all contribute to the primary objective of the usually more severe in organic and biological speci­ scanning electron microscope (SEM): higher resolu ­ mens ( 8); it has been reported by numerous investi­ tion. Similarly, the advent of analytical electron gators that this damage ranges from loss of organic microscopy (AE M) has also expanded the scope of material (6), and removal of volatile elements to applications to include energy-dispersive spectro ­ significant hydrocarbon contamination (2,10) and metry, wavelength-dispersive spectrometry, and etching.
    [Show full text]
  • WOB-L Pumps White Paper
    SSttrraiaighghtt TTalalkk onon WWOOBB--LL® P Pisisttonon P Puummppss Whether for Pressure or Vacuum, These Versatile Pumps May Be Just What You Need By David C. Droege OEM Product Specialist Thomas Products Division Gardner Denver, Inc. If you work with pressurized air or vacuum systems, chances are you’ve either specified or considered a pump that uses WOB-L piston technology. It’s no wonder. You’ll find WOB-L pumps so small that they fit in the palm of your hand, with lots of room to spare. You’ll also find double- cylinder versions that require both arms and a strong back to lift. And all sizes in between. WOB-L piston pumps represent what is arguably the most versatile pressure and vacuum technology available today. Despite this versatility, however, selecting the appropriate WOB-L piston pump is not a job for the uninformed; even more basic, WOB-L technology is not necessarily the best choice for every application. STEP 1: ASSESS THE UNIVERSE OF TECHNOLOGIES No single air pressure or vacuum technology is best across the board, as Figures 1 and 2 on the next page demonstrate. Flow, pressure and vacuum charts, commonly available in pump manufacturers’ literature, will help get you in the ballpark. In addition, here are chief characteristics of the most common pump technologies used by equipment designers: WOB-L piston: High pressure and vacuum capabilities relative to the compact size and light weight of the unit. Moderate to high air flows, depending on the design. Very efficient, especially compared with similarly sized diaphragm pumps.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps for Process Industries
    edwardsvacuum.com LIQUID RING PUMPS FOR THE POWER INDUSTRY EDWARDS THE PARTNER OF CHOICE Edwards is a world leader in the design, technology and manufacture of vacuum systems for the power industry with over 95 years’ history. We believe in delivering results that bring value to our customers by using our breadth of industry experience to identify and apply solutions to your problems. Using the most innovative and up-to-date modeling techniques, we can optimise the pumping configuration for customers to provide a system design giving the maximum performance in the most reliable and cost-effective way. VACUUM PUMPING SOLUTIONS FOR YOUR POWER PLANT As a leader in vacuum technology, today Edwards has grown within the power industry from pioneering work in developing equipment for the early power stations, to the supply of sophisticated vacuum systems for thermal, nuclear and even solar-powered power plants. By working with power sector engineers and operators, Edwards is able to challenge the limits of vacuum system design, creating solutions to meet the demands of increasingly challenging applications. The efficiency of steam turbines is an important part of electricity generation. Edwards’ liquid ring vacuum pumps play a vital role in maximising efficiency by removing excess air from the system. On exiting the turbine, steam is condensed either by a water or an air-cooled condenser, creating a vacuum inside the turbine and therefore increasing efficiency. To maintain this vacuum, air and other non-condensable gases (that leak into and build up within the condenser) must be extracted. Liquid ring vacuum pumps are used worldwide in this critical application.
    [Show full text]
  • SIHI® Pre-Engineered Liquid Ring Vacuum Systems Base Mount | XBAR | TRS
    SIHI® Pre-Engineered Liquid Ring Vacuum Systems Base Mount | XBAR | TRS Experience In Motion Pre-engineered to add value Whether you’re running continuous or batch processes, Flowserve SIHI pre-engineered packages offer efficient, turnkey commissioning of complete liquid ring vacuum systems. Ranging from simple base-mounted pump and motor packages for use with your existing system to fully functional integrated systems for new or expanding installations, these optimized solutions enable you to get your process running quickly and economically. The right fit for your application Flowserve offers three pre-engineered vacuum system packages to provide the right fit for your application and technical requirements. • Base Mount — The simplest of the pre-engineered packages, the Base Mount system is designed to be integrated with existing equipment or a centralized recirculation seal fluid system. • XBAR — Turnkey functionality and process flexibility are hallmarks of the XBAR system, which is available with once-through or partial recirculation service liquid arrangements. Recirculation rates range from 0 to 50%, depending on your processing conditions, and are easily modified with simple valve adjustments. • TRS — The TRS system is designed specifically for applications requiring total recirculation of the service liquid. The TRS package is preferred for processes that need to conserve resources or utilize hazardous fluids that pose environmental concerns. 2 Flowserve.com Benefits of SIHI pre-engineered vacuum systems Proven system integration Compact, resource-conserving designs Design expertise is critical in vacuum systems, where the SIHI vacuum systems are designed to minimize space slightest miscalculation can significantly reduce the capability requirements, conserving your valuable floor space.
    [Show full text]
  • Vacuum Pump SOP
    Vacuum Pump SOP Summary: This fact sheet talks about four main types of vacuum pumps (rotary vane vacuum pumps, diaphragm vacuum pumps, combination/hybrid vacuum pumps, and scroll vacuum pumps) that are used in low to medium vacuum applications, tips for minimizing the hazards when operating in the lab, when and how to use cold traps, and recommendations for using vacuum pumps with highly hazardous chemicals. • Use vacuum pumps with vacuum capacity appropriate to the application. Rotary vane and diaphragm pumps are used for most wet applications. Do not use aspirators. • Ensure apparatus is rated for vacuum level. • Always use a trap when using solvents or other volatile materials. • Follow all manufacturer’s guidance for maintenance, including oil changes, and operation. Main Types of Vacuum Pumps: Vacuum pumps are used in a wide variety of lab settings to remove air and other vapors from a vessel or system. Applications that use vacuum pumps include rotary evaporators, vacuum ovens, schlenk lines, drying manifolds, freeze-dryers, aspirations, desiccators, and filtration equipment. You may be exposed to hazardous chemicals and vapors if not using them properly. This fact sheet covers common types of vacuum pumps used in low to medium vacuum applications in the lab. Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps: Rotary vane pumps are most commonly used. Rotary vane vacuum pumps reach deep ultimate vacuum levels (typically 10-2-10-4 Torr or 1-10-2 Pa) and have high displacement capacity, which make them an excellent choice for freeze drying applications. They work particularly well for aqueous solvent and samples with high boiling points.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6: Mechanical Vacuum Pumps
    Las Positas College Vacuum Technology 60A & 60B Chapter 6: Mechanical Vacuum Pumps In this chapter we will review the principles of operation of several commonly used mechanical vacuum pumps, provide information on the performance and typical applications, and describe appropriate preventative maintenance techniques. This chapter also includes several laboratory procedures that are designed to aid in your understanding of mechanical vacuum pumps. Positive gas displacement pumps of one type or another have been used since 1640! Almost all of the very early pumps used liquid mercury within glass tubes and vessels to create a vacuum. For an excellent review of this early technology, read the History of Vacuum Science and Technology, edited by T.E. Madley and W.C Brown, published for the American Vacuum Society by the American Institute of Physics. Modern mechanical pumps may well be considered the workhorses of vacuum technology; they are simple in design, require little maintenance, are relatively inexpensive, and can operate for long periods of time without failure. Several mechanical vacuum pumps that we are aware of have operated continuously for fifteen years with only occasional oil changes! The range of pumping speeds for commercially available pumps runs from about 0.5 liters per second to over 300 liters per second. Mechanical vacuum pumps fall into two basic categories: reciprocating pumps, and rotary pumps. Further distinctions for mechanical pumps include: the number of stages (single stage or compound), the use of oil in a pump (pumps may be oil sealed or "dry"), and the means of driving the mechanics of a pump (direct drive or belt drive).
    [Show full text]
  • Vacuum Technology - Dmitry Yu.Tsipenyuk
    PHYSICAL METHODS, INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS – Vol. III - Vacuum Technology - Dmitry Yu.Tsipenyuk VACUUM TECHNOLOGY Dmitry Yu.Tsipenyuk General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova 38, 117333 Moscow, Russia Keywords: vacuum, pump, diffusion pump, cryogenic pump, ion pump, cryogenic trap, vacuum gauge, leak, leak detector, vaporization, outgassing, laminar flow, gas composition, gas flow, mean free path, pipeline. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Units and Ranges of Vacuum 3. Pumping Process 3.1.Flow in Pipelines 4. Pumps 4.1.Rotary Vane Pumps 4.2.Kinetic Pumps 4.2.1.The Water Jet Pump 4.2.2.The Diffusion Pump 4.2.3.The Turbomolecular Pump 4.3.Entrapment Pumps 4.3.1.The Ion Pump 4.3.2.Cryogenic Pumps 5. Measurement of Pressure 5.1.Pirani Vacuum Gauge 5.2.High Vacuum Measuring Instrument 5.3.Measurement of Ultra-high Vacuum 6. Analysis of Gas Composition 7. Leaks and Leak Detection 7.1.Bubble Detection 7.2.Halogen Diode Detector Glossary Bibliography BiographicalUNESCO Sketch – EOLSS Summary Vacuum is requiredSAMPLE in nearly all scientific andCHAPTERS engineering laboratories. The subjects which have been compiled in this chapter include: gas-kinetic processes, physical principles and operation modes of vacuum pumps and vacuum gauges, calculation of pipelines, basics of gas composition measurment, leaks and leak detection techniques. 1. Introduction A vacuum is a space from which air or other gas has been removed. The amount we need to remove depends on the application, and we do this for many reasons. At atmospheric pressure surfaces are constantly bombarded by molecules. These molecules ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PHYSICAL METHODS, INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS – Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Vacuum Technology.Pdf
    Vacuum Technology Nagamitsu Yoshimura Vacuum Technology Practice for Scientific Instruments Dr. Nagamitsu Yoshimura 3-22-75 Fujimoto Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-0031 Japan ISBN 978-3-540-74432-0 e-ISBN 978-3-540-74433-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007933832 c 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMX Design, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com Preface Many scientific instruments for analyzing specimen surface such as the electron microscope and the Auger electron spectrometer require clean, ultrahigh vacuum. The electron microscope and Auger electron spectrometer need fine electron probe, requiring a field emission emitter which can well work under ultrahigh vacuum. In the electron microscope and the ion microscope, microdischarges due to applying high voltage to electrodes sometime occur, resulting in deterioration of image qual- ity.
    [Show full text]
  • Vacuum in the 17Th Century and Onward the Beginning of Experimental Sciences Donald M
    HISTORY CORNER A SHORT HISTORY: VACUUM IN THE 17TH CENTURY AND ONWARD THE BEGINNING OF Experimental SCIENCES Donald M. Mattox, Management Plus Inc., Albuquerque, N.M. acuum as defined as a space with nothing in it (“perfect Early Vacuum Equipment vacuum”) was debated by the early Greek philosophers. The early period of vacuum technology may be taken as the V The saying “Nature abhors a vacuum” (horror vacui) is gener- 1640s to the 1850s. In the 1850s, invention of the platinum- ally attributed to Aristotle (Athens ~350 BC). Aristotle argued to-metal seal and improved vacuum pumping technology al- that vacuum was logically impossible. Plato (Aristotle’s teach- lowed the beginning of widespread studies of glow discharges er) argued against there being such a thing as a vacuum since using “Geissler tubes”[6]. Invention of the incandescent lamp “nothing” cannot be said to exist. Hero (Heron) of Alexandria in the 1850s provided the incentive for development of indus- (Roman Egypt) attempted using experimental techniques to trial scale vacuum technology[7]. create a vacuum (~50 AD) but his attempts failed although he did invent the first steam engine (“Heron’s steam engine”) and Single-stroke Mercury-piston Vacuum Pump “Heron’s fountain,” often used in teaching hydraulics. Hero It was the latter part of 1641 that Gasparo Berti demonstrated wrote extensively about siphons in his book Pneumatica and his water manometer, which consisted of a lead pipe about 10 noted that there was a maximum height to which a siphon can meters tall with a glass flask cemented to the top of the pipe “lift” water.
    [Show full text]