ௐ 4 ഇ! ࢱ 75-95! 2020 ѐ/΋؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 16 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 75-95 Winter 2020

蒙古建國後外交政策的困境與動力

ࡰ஽ܲ ૩̋ࡊԫ̂ጯ̳ВᙯܼၱᇃӘրઘି଱

ၡ ࢋ

ᄋΟВ׶઼д 156 ༱π̳֧͞۞˿г˯่ѣࡗ 320 ༱ˠĂߏБ஧ ೀЩˠ˾౵ං͌۞઼छĄ఺̰࣎ౙ઼छ׎гநҜཉ˯Ϊѣܻᘲ೻ͽ݈ ᇆᜩ˭Ăٕ۞اѐ۞።Ϋдѩ׌࣎ዐ 300 ܕĂ҃ᄋΟا׌࣎ዐ઼̈́̚ ͹઼Ăٕүࠎᛂᓑ۞኎ߐ઼Ąд఺ᇹ۞ˠ˾ං͌Ăགྷᑻ̂؟؇୻઼ࠎ ڦඕၹ˭ĂҬͼڼᏥ઼̚ăܻᘲ೻Ăͽ̈́ӵдܻ̝̚ม۞гቡ߆಼ֶ γ۞ޢ઼ޙજ˧Ąώኢ͛ଣ੅ᄋΟٺؠ˞ᄋΟγϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩϖᅈк ҌᛂᓑϞྋ݈Ăͽᛂᓑ኎ߐ઼۞ޢ઼ޙᄋΟд۞઼ޙϹ߆ඉĄ1921 ѐ ๕ລ˯ϔ͹঎ഈĂ൴ण΍ҋึޢᛂมವՐπᏊĂдᛂᓑϞྋ̚ٺ֎Ғ ᄋΟ઼ٺĺ઼छщБၹຐĻᄃĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻĄඊ۰֭Ϗ඾ግ۞̎ ˵ड़ৈࠎңĉ۞זٙ଀ޢҖĺ઼छщБၹຐĻᄃĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻે ՟ѣు˘̬௜ᄋΟᄃЧ઼۞ᙯܼтңႊซĉᄋΟણΐ˞к͌кᙝ௡ ಏ͞ࢬ͞ءᖐĉ̬ˢ˞к઼͌ᅫ߿જĉᄏЯ఺ֱೡّࢗ۞̰ट่ߏ ĂΪਕͅߍᄋΟ઼д઼ᅫᄅέ˯ు႙߿᜙Ăҭ̙ਕڍౘࢗ۞࿅඀ᄃј ׎઼छՀщБăγϹՀ፾ϲĄĺ઼छщБၹຐĻᄃĺγϹ߆ඉၹځᙋ ຐĻ۞ჟល̈́ႊซ̖ߏώኢ͛ჸ൏ٙдĄ

ᙯᔣෟĈ઼छщБၹຐăγϹ߆ඉၹຐăௐˬዐ઼߆ඉ

ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 76

壹、前言

઼࡚੃۰೻ᏚĞEdgar Snow, 1905-72ğణયॡܑצдତڌѐͨ፨ 1936 ొ˘ĂγᄋΟВ׶઼૟Ξֶ׎ຍᙸјࠎ̚රᓑ֣۞ޢϯĈĶ༊ˠϔࢭ׻јΑ В׶ڼवͽ̈́ဦ౾ˠĞҘᖟˠğ૟Ξͽјࠎ̚රᓑ֣۞ҋܫĄϿ೻ᜋି̶ ͹ཌྷ۰͘̚ќೇٙѣεгĉķ઼ޓķĄ೻ᏚયĈĶ઼̚ˠϔߏӎࢋଂ͟ώ઼ ݱͽݑ۞͹ᝋĂ˵ࢋќೇԧ઼Бొ۞εгĄ఺ಶߏܜаඍĈĶ่̙ࢋܲ኎ͨ ᄲ႕߷υืќೇĄҭԧࣇ̙֭ԯ઼̚ͽ݈۞തϔгഈᔿΒ߁д̰Ą༊ԧࣇ ͹ཌྷ۰઼ޓഈᔿˠϔԓ୕ଲ௲͟ώڍĂтޢќа઼̚۞εгĂ྿ј፾ϲͽ έ៉Ąķٺ፾ϲ۞ጼ੽Ą఺˘ᕇТᇹዋϡפۋᴼᗆĂԧࣇ૟ሤধ͚೯΁ࣇ۞ ڌĞՂ✕पĂ2015ć߉ϒዡĂ2016Ĉ50ğॡҌ̫͟аᐝ࠻఺˘߱ྖĂͨ፨ Вயᛨ઼઼̈́̚ϔᛨ၆఺߱።Ϋෛ઼̚۞ڌᄮؠᑕྍ፾ϲ۞έ៉ݒజͨ፨ ڌ֍Ă၆׌઼ˠϔૻᏮĶέ៉ߏ઼̚׽ѣᅳ˿ķ۞ຍᙊԛၗćдͨ፨̙҃ В׶ڼवͽ̈́ဦ౾ˠĞҘᖟˠğ૟Ξͽјࠎ̚රᓑ֣۞ҋܫϿ೻ᜋି྆ீ В׶઼ķΪ̙ڼĂĶҋڱͼ჌୉ໝ඗۞үܕĂ၆໰̚ВᇴȈѐ၆ྍડְ˘઼ γᄋΟВ׶઼ֶ׎ຍᙸјޞഇڌ፨ͨٺ९ּ̝˘ćҌ۞઼ޓ࿅ߏ̚Вᓿ֏ Δضࠎ̚රᓑ֣۞˘ొ̶Ă֍ኜ઼̚၆ݑĞ̰ğᄋΟ۞̼͛ໝ඗ĂΪਕᇉ ം۞௲̚ԭፄĄځ˞ĞγğᄋΟˠϔઇ ఺ቔኢ͛ଣ੅ѝд 1921 ѐӈ̏፾ϲ۞ᄋΟĞγᄋΟƝΔᄋΟğ׎γϹ ٚᄮ׎፾ϲĂ1949ع߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ĄᄋΟд 1946 ѐӈజ̚රϔ઼߆ οࢦາٚᄮᄋΟࠎ˘፾ϲ઼छĄކѐ 2002 ٺ˫ঐٚᄮĂפعѐ̚රϔ઼߆ ˧රˠВ׶઼݋д 1949 ѐٚᄮ׎፾ϲгҜĄᄋΟγϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ҃̚ ˘ࠧᕇᄃѩ˟઼ٚᄮƝ̙ٚᄮᄋΟ፾ϲ൑ᙯĂඊ۰ߏͽᛂᓑϞྋ۞̶֤۞ ѐઇ˘̶࣎ࠧᕇĄдѩ̝݈ᄋΟγϹѣ׎Ķ׌̝̂มᙱࠎ̈ķ۞ӧဩĂд ᄋΟు႙൴णкࢬШγϹĂणன׎ϔ͹઼छ۞γϹજ˧Ąॡมᕇ۞ޢѩ̝ ĂޢᄲᛂᓑϞྋͽ݈ĂᄋΟ۞γϹԆБߏӧဩćٕߏᄲᛂᓑϞྋ̝ܧ̶֭ࠧ Ąϡॡมᕇኢࢗӧဩᄃજ˧Ϊਕᄲᛂᓑ۞Ϟྋߏ˘࣎ؕܐ˧ߏᄋΟγϹજ ҾߏӧဩƝજ˧Ą̶ޢ౷Ϟྋ݈Ɲ̷ܧᖼԶᕇĂ֭

γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 77ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

貳、歷史背景分析與蒙古外交政策的困境

఺઼࣎छ۞̂̈ăˠ˾۞кٺՙפ˯ޘ඀۞̂ޝ઼࣎छ۞γϹ߆ඉ˘ ဿăགྷᑻ˧ณͽ̈́ٙд۞ҜཉĄ҃ᄋΟВ׶઼ࣣрд఺ೀ͞ࢬপҾ۞ࡎ΍Ą д 156 ༱π̳֧͞۞˿г˯่ѣࡗ 320 ༱ˠĂߏБ஧݈ೀЩˠ˾౵ං͌۞ Ǖܻᘲ೻ͽ઼̈́̚Ą҃఺اछĄ఺̰࣎ౙ઼छ׎гநҜཉ˯Ϊѣ׌࣎ዐ઼ ѐ۞።ΫĞSchmücking, 2015: 21ğĄͽ 2018 300 ܕЧҋ͹ጱ˞ᄋΟا׌࣎ዐ ѐᄋΟ۞ซ΍˾ֽ໚઼छ௚ࢍֽ࠻׎གྷᑻ˧ณĂд΍˾͞ࢬĂ઼̚ೀͼᝃ 2%ćдซ˾͞ࢬĂ઼̚ᄃܻᘲ೻ࡗЧ ז߁ᄋΟ 9 јͽ˯΍˾ณĂࡻăܻ̙ ΍˾யݡĂࡗ۞؟јĄᚩயߏᄋΟ౵̂ 1.5 זҫ 3 јĂ׎ዶ࡚ă͟ăᔹඈ̙ ˾Κ˞ 8 јҌ 9 јĞWorld Integrated Trade Solution, c. 2018ğĄд఺ᇹ۞ˠ ඕၹ˭Ăڼං͌Ăགྷᑻ಼ֶ̂Ꮵ઼̚ăܻᘲ೻Ăͽ̈́ӵдܻ̝̚ม۞гቡ߆ જ˧Ąٺؠ˞ᄋΟγϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩϖᅈкڦҬͼ Ă֭˘ۡдᄋΟჯ޺඾གྷᑻăֽـଂ 16 ͵ࡔ੓ՒܻಶฟؕᄃᄋΟгડ ҝд͖ጨՒ႐ͽΔ۞ᄋΟ୉Ăкا̼͛۞ᇆᜩ˧Ą1691 ѐ༊႐ΔᄋΟ୉Ğ ॡĂޓϲ۞୻઼૵Ⴇ࠱ޙன̫ΔᄋΟгડĂϺჍγᄋΟğഈᖭ႕୉ٙٺҶ̶ யϠត̼Ą1913 ѐ 11̖ޢϻࢭ׻֙זۡ˘˭ڼன̫۞ᄋΟ઼ಶд୻઼௚ ͹ᝋķĂ̚ă؟͛ІĻĂγᄋΟٚᄮ઼̚۞Ķځᘪࢎ˞ĺܻ̚ᓏܻ̚͟ 5 ͡ ͹ᝋ҃؟Ăࠎ઼̚ᅳ˿̝˘ొ̶Ą઼ܲ̚ѣ၆γᄋΟ۞ڼٚᄮγᄋΟҋܻ ͹ᝋĂ҃Ւܻ݋ܲ޺˞дγᄋΟ۞Ч჌পᝋĞჯૄѺࡊĂ2020ağĄҋѩĂܧ ᄋΟд 1921 ѐ፾ϲ̝ॡĂ઼ܻдγזۡ˘၆ᄋΟ۞ᇆᜩ˧ᄃ࣌͟ᆧĄ઼ܻ Вய͹ཌྷĂЯѩυצᄋΟѣˬ࣎͹ࢋӀৈĄௐ˘Ă઼ܻᄮࠎᄋΟѣΞਕତ Ꮵᄃ̓ኖćௐ˟ĂᄋΟ۞ጼரгҜࢦࢋّćௐˬĂ઼ܻܫᒔ଀ᄋΟˠ۞ื ͹ཌྷ઼ޓܧᛂᓑ֭ځᙋٺυืٚᄮ઼̚дᄋΟ۞ొ̶ᝋ˧Ăѩᓝѣӄ ĞNemzer, 1939Ĉ456ğĄ Ăд 1924 ѐᆿੵӖ͹ϲጳعѐ፾ϲ۞γᄋΟߏ˘࣎Ӗ͹ϲጳ߆ 1921 ĂјϲᄋΟˠϔВ׶઼ĞMongolia People’s RepublicğĄ༊ॡ۞̚රϔ઼ט ጼĂΞᄲߏ൑˟זĂଂΔЂăࣧ̂̚ጼă઼В̰ጼޢдଯᖙ႕୻عϔ߆઼ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 78

˧఍நγᄋΟયᗟĄ1945 ѐ઼࡚࿰ҤтࢋБࢬᑝሚ͟ώĂᅮᜁࠗ 100 ༱࡚ ѐ 2 ͡ฮႬ྿ 1945 ٺĂڒРႬົТΫ྿ܘ࢕ᄃ 50 ༱ࡻ࢕ĂЯѩᘲ೻჊ᄃ дົᛉ˯ٚڒጼĄࠎѩĂΫ྿ކĂ၆͟ޢᛉ̚ࢋՐᛂᓑд၆ᇇүጼ౼Ӏົ םҌˬ̝̰࣎͡Ăᛂᓑֶፂͽ˭୧І˟ޢඕՁۋᏚĂдᇇ઼Ըࢫăለ߷ጼ ჯ޺ĞDi̟ืېǕγᄋΟĞᄋΟˠϔВ׶઼ğ۞னۋӄТ༖઼ણΐ၆͟ጼ Crocco, 1964: 21ğĄ ԇ̄͛ᄮࠎγᄋܜࣘγϹొܜҖ߆ੰعĉॡЇ઼ϔ߆ېңᏜγᄋΟன םಶߏჯ޺ 1924 ѐᛂᓑٚᄮ઼̚ጾѣγᄋ͹ᝋ̝ĺ̚ᛂྋՙᚙ९̂ჩېன ؠĂޭೇ׌઼̝ม۞γםĄॲፂྍېؠĻğٙѣனםؠĻĞϺჍĺ1924 ̚ᛂ ТຍࢦາထؠᛂعĶֳѣপঅᝋӀ׶পᝋķć׌઼߆عϹᙯܼć١඗ᛂᓑ߆ ݋ᄮڒซҖ޽ؠ۞ᑭߤࠎͤĄ҃Ϋ྿זᙝࠧĂ֭ᚶᜈჯ޺னѣᙝࠧĂۡ̚ ࠎĶᄋΟˠϔВ׶઼ķѩ˘ЩෟĂ֭೩΍઼̚ࢋٚᄮγᄋΟ۞ېࠎγᄋன ࢦࢋ۞ጼரгҜĂ૱ܧٺчĂ఍֨۞ొڌᄮࠎγᄋ၆ҘұӀֲڒ፾ϲĄΫ྿ ᝋĞჯૄѺࡊĂ2020bğĄ1945 ѐ 8 ̚͡ᛂдం೻ࡊᘪޠڱᛂ͞ᑕѣҋ኎۞ γᄋΟયᗟᛉՙт˭Ĉ˘ăᛂ࢕ˬ̰࣎͡ଂٺࢎĺ̚ᛂ̓рТ༖୧ࡗĻĂ၆ عγᄋΟˠϔ˘Гܑϯ׎፾ϲᙸ୕Ă̚රϔ઼߆ٺΔĶၣԆķć˟ăĶᝥڌ ᓝҖ̳ϔԸைͽቁؠγᄋ۞፾ϲķĂ̯ధ૟ֶ̳ϒ̝ޢТຍĂ૟д͟ώጼୀ ՙؠߏӎٚᄮᄋΟˠϔВ׶઼Ą1945 ѐ 10 ͡ 20 ͟ĂγᄋڍϔԸை۞ඕ̳ ពϯ 97%۞̳ϔᙒјᄋΟˠϔВ׶઼۞፾ϲڍΟᓝҖ̳ϔԸைĂඕ ĞWikipedia, 2020ağĄ ͹઼ķ۞ϲಞĂ้Шϡ઼̚۞؟ͽ˯ኢࢗ۞ϡෟͧྵညߏ৭дᄋΟĶ ᄋΟ።Ϋ۞ᖎٺᕇֽ࠻ᄋΟ͹ᝋᕩᛳĄҭߏ࠻࠻ᄋΟ઼ዸ઼ֹ࡚̂ᐡᙯ៍ ۰֎ҒĞEmbassy of Mongolia to the UnitedܬಏኢࢗĂኢࢗͧ̚ྵૻአజˢ States of American. n.d.ğĈ

Ąдତڇفѐజ 1691 ٺᄋΟĄγᄋΟ̰˞ڇفѐ 1636 ٺ႕୻ͳഈ ο፾ϲĄҭކѐ 1911 זĂۡڼ୻ഈ௚צۡ˘ѐ྆ĂᄋΟ 200 ۞ֽ˭ ܬѐˢ 1919 ٺ൒૟ĶγᄋΟķෛࠎ׎̚˘ొ̶Ă̪֭عߏĂ઼̚߆ ᄋΟĄ1921 ѐĂˠϔࢭ׻д઼ܻࡓ࢕۞ᑒӄ˭дᄋΟᒔ౼ĂᄋΟ˞ ӘјϲĂކјࠎ͵ࠧௐ˟̂ۤົ͹ཌྷ઼छĄ1924 ѐᄋΟˠϔВ׶઼ γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 79ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

ϤᛂᓑٺѐĂᄋΟ˘ۡ఍ 1990 זĄଂ 1921 ѐڱ఼࿅˞ௐ˘ొጳ֭ Вய͹ཌྷ߆ᝋ˭Ąд 1989 ѐࡌ͇׶ 1990 ѐߋ؞ĂᄋΟฟؕ۞ڼ௚ ለВய͹ཌྷ߆ᝋϞྋĄ1990 ѐ 3ڌຐሗ߹Ąᛂᓑᄃޥڼ΍னາ۞߆ ୢВய͹ཌྷĂٸϔ͹ࢭ׻ጱ࡭ᄋΟ۞عâಞͽ඗ࢴԩᛉଯᖙ߆͡ ׶ξಞགྷᑻĄڱĂາጳטጱШ˞кᛨ

ᄋ˞ܬѐˢ 1919 ٺ൒૟γᄋΟෛࠎ׎̚˘ొ̶Ă̪֭عήĶ઼̚߆˘ 1924 זۡ˘ĂޢΟķ྽Ⴝ˞జ΁઼ᜦࣝ۞ೌݖĄଂ 1921 ѐ۞ᄋΟࢭ׻ᘕ൴ ᄋΟ˘ۡߏᛂᓑ۞઼᜕ܲĄ1921 ѐ፾ϲ۞ޢѐᄋΟˠϔВ׶઼۞јϲĂѩ ᛂᓑϞྋயϠາזѐĄۡ 70 ˭غдᛂᓑܢĂݒֶܬᄋΟ௲ᗓ˞઼̚۞ˢ۞ ԊࢬĄྋវ݈۞ᛂᓑੵ˞ 15 ࣎ΐ༖В׶઼̝γĂᔘѣధк۞኎ߐ઼ĂΒ۞ ለڌለ઼छͽ̈́дֲ߷۞ᄋΟ׶ഈᔿĄᄋΟд̚ለ׶ڌ߁රՒ̳ࡗ௡ᖐ۞ छјࠎᛂᓑ኎ߐ઼۞݈ 20 ѐӈ̏ߏ኎ߐ઼Ăߏᛂᓑдֲ߷۞ௐ˘࣎኎ߐ઼ ઼ĞWikipedia, 2020bğĄ જྻି؟ᛂᓑԬങ۞ᄋΟ߆ᝋǕᄋΟˠϔࢭ׻ᛨĂдͅצѐ΃Ă 1930 ᑅ࢝঎ሗ̚୭च˞ј˼˯༱ˠĄॡЇᄋΟˠϔࢭ׻ᛨ̚δ؎ࣶົ۞ڼ׶߆ ଯҖ۞Вய͹ཌྷགྷᑻ߆ඉ۞ܐ३੃ॲ൳ĞPeljidiin Gendenğјࠎ 1930 ѐ΃ ঐռѣЋຽĂᙯౕъᇁ֭פะវ̼Ăטଯજ۰̝˘Ă఺ֱ߆ඉΒ߁ૻޢ၌ ͤ̚΄˭ߏ͔੓Ϥಋဗᅳጱ۞Ķͅࢭ׻ķĄం೻ࡊڍ՟ќҢି۞ੑயĄ׎ඕ ѐ 5 ͡ૠ୭˞кҜྏဦĶ࿅ѝķଯซВய 1932 ٺ߆ඉĂ֭ͷ۞عᄋΟ߆˞ צ͹ཌྷନ߉۞ᄋΟˠϔࢭ׻ᛨᅳጱˠĞWikipedia, 2020cğĄॲ൳ྴ࿅˘Ӄ֭ ڒࢋՐॲ൳ঐໝྍ઼෹࿅ 100,000 ЩజΫ྿ڒΫ྿ޢ೩٥ࠎᓁநĄᐌڒΫ྿ ο˞ҋ̎۞ᙸ୕Ǖކѐ̳ฟ 1933 ٺჍࠎĶ̰ᄋΟ۞ᇲˠķǕಋဗĄॲ൳ ЈĄం೻ࡊ૟ॲ൳ၣᖚĂགྷᆶܫķĂ̯֭ధಋဗ̳ฟ၁ኹۋү੽ି؟Ķ̙ᄃ ѐ 11 ͡ 26 ͟дం 1937 ٺٚᄮᄃĶ࡚ٛͅજࠁķ׶Ķ͟ώมᏗķВᏖĂੈ ႳႬĞAnandyn Amarğܠ࢕ְ؎ࣶົ఍ՙĄ΁۞ᚶٚ۰ੰڱ೻ࡊజᛂᓑ౵੼ ѐдజ఍ՙĂ΁ 1941 ٺᛂᓑĂ֭ـϺͽĶࠎ͟ώଂְมᏗ߿જķజॏĂਖ਼ ѐ 3 ͡ 7 ͟۞ົᛉ˯ă̈́ 1941 ѐ 7 ͡ 10 ͟дᆶҿ࿅඀̚൴֏ 1939 ٺҾ̶ ĞWikipedia, 2020dğĈ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 80

ᄋΟᑕྍિؠгјࠎ˘࣎፾ϲ۞઼छĄܫĂҭԧՀ࠹ି؟Јдܫԧ۞ ԧ۞ٺ఺ߏԧ۞ְຽĄԧ̏གྷதАᚥ֗ځԧຑԧ۞য়઼Ąԧ̏གྷܑ Ꮠீϫ༜ҋ̎జჍࠎݔवĂٺয়઼۞൴णĂ҃΄ԧ͕༤۞ߏĂԧ௣ ࡳయĄזצ֭

ᓁநᑕعᄋΟˠϔВ׶઼ߏ˘࣎ৌϒ۞፾ϲ઼छĂ֤ᆃ΁۞߆ڍт ߏงॏ׶ܮलᆶҿĄ༊˘࣎ૻᝋതϔ˘઼࣎̈ॡĂ׏ݭڱ༊జᄋΟ Ąޘᛂᓑ၆ᄋΟಶߏ఺ᇹ۞ၗ˞ځ࢝च׎ᅳጱˠĄԧ࣎ˠ۞གྷរܑ

఺ಞҕབྷ̂ૠ୭ጱ࡭ಕ͐̋ĞKhorloogiin ChoibalsanğјࠎᓁநĂ΁జ ચᛂᓑдֲ߷۞Ӏৈࠎϫ۞1Ąಕ͐̋ڇķĂ֭ឰҋ̎ͽڒჍࠎĶᄋΟ۞Ϋ྿ ϲ̚රˠϔВ׶઼̝ޙѐ 1949 ٺĂд઼̚Вயᛨڱԓ୕௚˘ፋ࣎ᄋΟ۞ຐ ࠎᄃ̚В̓рĂ̙ົ͚޺ݑΔᄋΟ௚˘Ą1950ڒՀࠎૻধĄ൒҃ĂΫ྿ޢ ѐ༊፨൳͐ႬĞYumjaagiin TsedenbalĂഅЇᄋΟᓁநğ೶ܳಕ͐̋૲ᅳᄋ ຐĂޥΟΐˢᛂᓑĂజಕ͐̋ᚑᆖϋయĄಕ͐̋ѣ඾ૻধ۞ᄋΟϔ୉͹ཌྷ ం೻ࡊĞWikipedia, 2020eğĄಕ͐̋۞ᚶЇ۰፨൳͐Ⴌٺڢѐ 1952 ٺ౵௣ дೠᝋҌ 1984 ѐ۞Їഇ̚Ăഅ೩΍̣Ѩͽ˯Ķ૟ᄋΟৼˢᛂᓑķ۞ࢋՐĂ ߏĂᛂ۞וᛂᓑᅳጱˠ۞١඗ĞWikipedia, 2020fğĄᏝזҭ఺ֱ೩ᛉᓁߏዎ ం೻ࡊщ൒ੜЃĄѩᓝϤـᓑ౵௣ՙؠд 1984 ѐ૟፨൳͐ႬၣᖚĂ૟΁ਖ਼ ༊ॡӈ૟˯Ї۞͖͐ݵ͈ĞMikhail Gorbachevğ͹ጱĂొ̶ࣧЯߏ፨൳͐ Ⴌ۞ͅර៍ᕇ݇ऴ˞ం೻ࡊ၆ԼචᄃΔִᙯܼ۞ӀৈĞRadchenko, 2020ğĄ Ϊߏᛂᓑ۞ޢ༊ᛂᓑΞͽၣೱᄋΟᅳጱˠॡĂ̙ᙱຐညᄋΟдҽጼ݈ Б൒่ߏ࣎౱ᐻĂቁ̷ܧ֭˵ᛂᓑĄ̙࿅ĂᄋΟٺ࣎ഗ̄Ăͷ఍఍᝘׻˘ ҋ֗ӀৈĄ༊̚ᛂ̓рॡĂ׌࣎ዐ઼פᄲĂιྼ֕д઼̚ᄃᛂᓑ̝มᏖֽ ຐٛᘇᄋΟĂᄋΟд઼̚ᄃᛂᓑ۞೯ӄ̚ᒔӀć༊̚ᛂѣ๻ᅩॡĂᄋΟౌ :ฟ͚ؕ޺ᛂᓑĂ֭ͷд෸ጼă̚Оᙝࠧ኏ࡎඈᛉᗟ˯͚޺ᛂᓑĞRahul, 1978

ზߏ˘࣎ԛटෟĄ઼࡚ᓁ௚઼छщБᜪયᘲұপ‧๸「ڒĂॡҌ̫͟Ă「Ϋ྿ޢкѐͽ 1 ܕᚶٚˠĄ௫۞ڒπߏ݈ᛂᓑ፾෗۰Ϋ྿ܕοᏥाĞRobert O’BrienğჍ̚Вᅳጱˠ௫ ăטຐଠޥրЕҖજĈͅჺĞ୻߾ğăะᝋĞ፾෗ğăଯซ࣎ˠૣ޵ăΐૻ˘۞ޢπ˯έ ۞ڒඈĂ൑˘̙ពϯ΁ᚶٚ˞Ϋ྿טχᑅளᛉˠ̀ăͅҘ͞ăࠤҌᆧΐ઼छ၆གྷᑻ۞ଠ җ௦Ğ઼࡚̝ࢰĂ2020ğĄ γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 81ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

659ğĄ1946 ѐॡᄋΟᄃᛂᓑᘪࢎĺ̓р̢ӄ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Friendship and Mutual Aid with the Soviet Unionğć1949 ѐ̚රˠϔВ׶઼јϲॡĂᄋΟд ᛉĻם༊ѐ 10 ͡ 16 ͟ӈٚᄮ઼̚ć1952 ѐᄃ઼̚ᘪࢎĺགྷᑻ̼͛Ъү ĞAgreement of Economic and Cultural Corporation with ChinağĄ1950 ѐ΃۞ ,үࠎ઼̚ᄃᛂᓑ̝ม۞፜ሇĂ֭ᄃᗕᙝܲ޺̓рᙯܼĞBatbayarٺᄋΟሄ 2003: 953ğĄ ဳ၆Вய͹ཌྷ઼छ۞ۋ޽యᛂᓑᅳጱߏ࣒ϒ͹ཌྷĂ׌઼ڌѐͨ፨ 1961 ᝋĂ60 ѐ΃̚ഇ༊̚ᛂ̶ෘॡĂᄋΟᏴፄ͚޺ᛂᓑĄ1966 ѐᄋΟᄃంטଠ ೻ࡊᘪཌ ĺᗕᙝ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Friendship, Corporation and Mutual Assistance Between the USSR and the Mongolian People's RepublicğĞBatbayar, 2003: 953ğĄ

ௐ 5 ୧ ቙ࡗᗕ͞૟೩ֻ̢ӄĂቁܲ׌઼д઼֨͞ࢬ۞ሕ˧Ăਕ੨Ъۤົ͹ થԾᙯঘ̈́׌઼םཌྷะဥ̙ᕝૻ̼۞઼֨˧ณЇચĂࢎࡗ͞૟࠹̢ Ӏৈă׶πᄃ઼ᅫӀৈЪү۞ࢦࢋ઼ᅫયᗟĂ֭ώ඾։р็௚۞ჟ υࢋନ߉ĂΒ߁࢕ְନ߉ĂפৠĂͽ̈́ᓑЪ઼௡ᖐ۞ጳౢĂᓑЪଳ ቁܲ׌઼۞щБ፾ϲ드˿ԆፋĄ

ௐ 10 ୧ ѩ୧ࡗჯ޺ 20 ѐѣड़Ă઄నᘪࡗᗕ͞Ї˘͞д୧ࡗഇ႕݈ 12 ࣎͡ ѐĄ 10 ܜୢ̝ຍĂՏ˘Ѩ଀ҋજؼٸϏܑ྿

Ķ࢕ְନ߉ķĂᛂᓑΞͽдᄋΟዸ௛࢕ฤͽ̈́ొפፂѩࡗѣᙯᓑЪଳֶ ഇ̖εΝ˞үޢѐ΃ 1980 זۡ˘ཌࢳᇅૄгĂᄋΟߏ̚ᛂ኏ࡎ۞౵݈ቢĂ ,ࠎᛂᓑ኎ߐ۞гҜĂд׌઼̝࣎̂γ൴णᄃҘ͞۞ᙯܼүࠎπᏊĞGanbat நវրĂᓝҖ˞ؠഇᏴڼϲ˞ઉБ۞ϔ͹ޙ92ğĄ1990 ѐ΃۞ᄋΟᔘ :2012 ğĂֳѣ֏ኢҋϤĂะົҋϤ׶ඕۤҋϤĂטតј׌ᛨ̏˯ޘ඀̂ޝᓝĞд ၆ͧĄ۞ځ఺ᄃᄋΟ۞׌࣎ૻᝋዐ઼ԛј˞ᔿ

ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 82

參、蒙古外交政策的動力

ለ۞ڌୢ၆ٸለۤົ͹ཌྷ઼छ࠹ᚶݲέĂᛂᓑڌѐ΃ϐഇĂᐌ඾ 1980 Җͽ̈́ௐ˘࣎ͅ၆ᛨྼރĄ1989 ѐᛂᓑฟؕଂᄋΟၣ࢕ĂᄋΟ΍னϯטଠ ܝѣ׌჌ᓏࢰĂߏӎࢋт઼͇̚щొ̰عůᄋΟϔ͹ᓑ༖Ąѩॡ۞ᄋΟ߆ ለ઼छซҖԼࢭĄॲፂᄋΟ݈Вᛨᓁ३੃ڌІਠ΍һᗉᑅĂԺٕߏтְ ࢋឰ၆͞ᆄ̄߹ҕ۞гՎĞCampi, 2019: 4ğĄזJamba BatmonkhĈԧࣇᔘ՟ ᛨ༰Ă઼ЩԼٸঐ˘ᛨ૞߆Ăϒёฟפ౵௣ĂᄋΟᏴፄԼࢭĂซҖ࣒ጳĂ ٺĂ༰ͤγ઼࢕ְ˧ณዸ௛˭ڶଐ۞ޠڱఢቑдϏ࿴οڱࠎĶᄋΟ઼ķĄጳ ᄋΟ઼ᅳ˿ĞGinsburg, 1995: 462-67ğĄ HelbigĞ2015: 2-3ğᄮࠎᄋΟ઼γϹ߆ඉ۞ႊ̼Ă͹ࢋѣα̮࣎৵Ă̶ ͵˯ĄܜҾߏϔ͹̼ă͹જ᎕ໂ۞γϹăჯ޺׶πొฤ۞ٚᏚͽ̈́གྷᑻј ׌צᄃགྷᑻ۞ԼࢭΞͽᆧΐᄋΟ۞፾ϲّĂഴ͌ڼ߆ܫࡔ 90 ѐ΃۞ᄋΟ࠹ Ҝҁ࣯̂۞ϲӈᇆᜩĄ͹જ᎕ໂ۞γϹࢉϠ΍Ķௐˬዐ઼߆ඉķĄ҃ଂ 1999 ѐᄃᓑЪ઼ᘪࢎ˞நྋ౯ԞᐂĞmemorandum of understandingğ̝ޢĂᄋΟ ᎕ໂણᄃჯ޺׶πЇચĂΒ߁ᓑЪ઼ăΔࡗͽ઼࡚̈́ٙᅳጱ۞ჯ޺׶π઼ ӛ͔γ઼ۡତԸྤ۞౵͹ࢋϫ۞ᔘߏԓ୕ᄃܻᘲ೻ă઼̚ăௐٺЇચĄҌ ˬዐ઼มܲ޺ඈ෼Ą ౵̂۞Լតߏ઼Щ۞តՀĂଂֽࣧ۞ĶᄋΟˠϔВ׶ڱѐ۞າጳ 1992 ķԼࠎĶᄋΟВ׶઼ķĂᕚ௲ۤົ͹ཌྷ઼छ౵ૻአ۞ĶˠϔВ׶઼ķ۞઼઼ ϲ઼छĂ֭ͷٚᏚૻޙૻአ౅࿅ۤົ͹ཌྷڱЩĞKrishna 2014: 69ğĄᖞ۞ጳ ,݋ૻአ઼छӀৈͽ̈́ચ၁۞၁ϡ͹ཌྷĞSoniڱᅫВய৩ԔĄາ۞ጳ઼̼ າᎸ፾ֲ̚ڦᛂᓑॡഇপҾᙯޢ34ğĄഅགྷߏᛂᓑ኎ߐ઼۞ᄋΟĂд :2018 ă؃ă๰Рҹ೻؃ăРႬР೻೻؃ă˿ऱત೻؃ϲ۞ 5 ̰࣎ౙ઼Ğݣᖠҹ೻ ğд઼ᅫ˯۞൴णӧဩĂᄋΟ૟઼छщБჸ൏дБ஧ăડાă؃নਬҾҹ೻ Ѩડાͽ̈́ዐ઼۞ᙯܼĞKrishna, 2014: 70ğĄ1994 ѐᄋΟ൴ܑ˞׌࣎ࢦࢋ ͛ІĂ΃ܑ׎̰ăγ߆ඉ֕ШĂ̶Ҿߏĺ઼छщБၹຐĻăĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻĄ дĺ઼छщБၹຐĻ̚Ă઼छщБΒ߁˞ᄋΟхд۞щБăۤົ৩Ԕ׶઼ γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 83ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

щБă̳ϔᝋӀ׶ҋϤ۞ܲᅪăགྷᑻщБăࡊԫщБăྤੈщБă۞ޘטछ щБăˠ˾۞щБ̈́ૄЯऱĞ޽ઉ૵ᒖဩğăϠၗщБඈ۞ځᄋΟˠϔ͛ Ğ“Concept of National Security of Mongolia.” 1995ğĂ׎࠹ᙯ୧͛т˭Ĉ

13 國家安全可以透過單邊、雙邊和多邊措施的結合得到保障和強化。 23.5 嚴格禁止使用蒙古的領土與其他國家為敵。確保蒙古在國際上是 非核武器地位，通過政治手段實現該國的安全。追求中亞進入非 核武器區政策。 27.2.2 優先處理與兩個鄰國的關係，並堅持與他們建立平衡關係的原則。 保持平衡的關係並不意味著彼此之間保持等距他們或在所有問題 上持相同立場……兩國之間的爭端應保持中立和不參與的政策， 除非爭端影響蒙古的重大國家利益； 27.2.3 奉行開放的外交政策。 35.3.8 確保蒙古在國際法律規範下有出入海洋的權利。

८гҜăܧѐ۞ĺ઼छщБၹຐĻѣೀ࣎ࢦࢋ͞ШĈቁܲᄋΟ۞ 1994 γϹ߆ඉͽ̈́ቁܲ΍۞ٸბܲ޺̚ϲ׶̙ણᄃăฟۋၹкᙝᙯܼăዐ઼ޙ ˢঔ߶۞ᝋӀ׶࿅ဩҋϤĄүࠎ˘̰࣎ౙ઼छĂᄋΟυืࢦෛ΍ˢঔ߶۞ WorldsApaRT ణય צDamdin Tsogtbaatar дତ ܜᝋӀĄ2018 ѐᄋΟγϹొ ᄲĈᄋΟᄃ઼̚ăܻᘲ೻൴णπᏊᙯܼĂܜ΍ˢঔ߶۞ᝋӀĄγזॡĂϺ೩ ྍтңࢬٺᏥࠎૄᖂ۞ᙯܼĄҌܫᄃ఺׌઼࣎छѣඉரူҡᙯܼĂ֭ͷߏͽ ఢؠĂ̰ౙ઼छᑕѣᝋ΍ˢ۞ڱঔ߶ٺૄזপҾ೩ܜ၆̰ౙ઼छ۞ӧဩĉγ ࠹ᙯఢؠт˭Ĉڱঔ߶ăᑕѣ࿅ဩҋϤĞWorldsApaRT, 2018ğĄঔ߶

ௐ 125 ୧Ğ΍ˢঔ߶۞ᝋӀ׶࿅ဩҋϤğ ˘ă ČČ̰ౙ઼ᑕѣᝋ΍ˢঔ߶Ąࠎѩϫ۞Ă̰ౙ઼ᑕֳѣӀϡ˘ Ꮾ̍׍఼࿅࿅ဩ઼ᅳ˿۞࿅ဩҋϤĄྻ̷ ă Җֹ࿅ဩҋϤ۞୧І׶͞ёᑕϤ̰ౙ઼׶ѣᙯ࿅ဩ઼఼࿅ᗕᙝă˟ ؠ̟ͽᛉؠĄםડાٕડા̶

ѐ۞ĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻѣೀ࣎ࢬШĞ“Concept of Mongolia’s 1994 ҃ Foreign Policy,” 1995ğĈ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 84

ඕ༖߆ඉĄι૟Ӆ˧ᔖҺ࿅̶ֶᏥֶٕᏥЇ̙ٸᄋΟᑕ؇Җฟ .3 ңপؠ઼छĄ ᄋΟдેҖ׎γϹ߆ඉॡĂᑕͽͽ˭ࠎ޽ጱĈ .12 a. ᄃܻᘲ೻ᓑ֣׶̚රˠϔВ׶઼ܲ޺̓рᙯܼ૟јࠎᄋΟ઼γ.12 Ϲ۞ᐹА͞ШĄι̙ᑕଳϡЇң˘઼࣎छ۞ྮቢĂ҃ᑕдࣧ݋ ˯ᄃ΁ࣇࣂܲ޺πᏊĄ ൴྿۞઼छ൴ण̓рᙯܼĂּтޘăҘ͞੼ڌb. ௐ˟࣎͞Шߏᄃ.12 ă؂ăᔹ઼ă঍઼ăາΐޘ઼࡚Ă͟ώ׶ᇇ઼ĄТॡĂι૟ᄃО ᜋă๸гӀă༄׏׶༄̀ඈĂ੠Րܳ܆׎ă̜౪ăఈᜋă҅˿ ซ̓рᙯܼ۞߆ඉĄ c. ௐˬ࣎͞Шߏΐૻ׎дֲ߷۞гҜĄ.12 ፟ၹ۞ЪүĄܝd. ௐα͞ШߏܳซᄃᓑЪ઼௡ᖐ̈́׎૞.12 ፾ϲ۞઼छ۞̓ܕe. ௐ̣࣎͞Ш૟ߏ൴णᄃ݈ۤົ͹ཌྷ઼छ̈́າ.12 рᙯܼĄ ϲ̓рᙯܼ֭ᄃιࣇЪүĄޙf. ௐ̱࣎͞Ш૟ߏᄃ൴ण઼̚छ.12

ĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻ۞޽ጱࣧ݋Ăੵ˞ૻአᔖҺ࿅̶ֶᏥপؠ઼छγĂ ăҘ̏͞ฟ൴ڌγϹ߆ඉ̪ѣ׎ᐹАԔĄࢵࢋࠎᄃዐ઼۞ᙯܼĂତ඾ߏᄃ ߏᄃ݈ۤົ͹ޢछ൴ण̓рᙯܼĂГֽߏડાّͽ̈́ᓑЪ઼۞ЪүĄ౵઼ ཌྷ઼छᔘѣ൴ण઼̚छޙϲ̓рᙯܼĄĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻѣĶкᙝᙯܼķໄ Ă੠Րд̚ăᛂ̝ม۞πᏊᙯܼĂ֭ᄃϔ͹ăξಞགྷᑻ઼छᕖणᙯܼĂه ႙ᆧ۞ડાᄃ઼ᅫม۞̢ᏥĞSoni, 2015: 39-40ğĄ ᄋΟ઼ົд 2010 ѐ׶ 2011 ѐ੫၆ 1994 ѐ۞׌࣎ၹຐઇ΍አፋĂ̶Ҿ Ăௐ 48 ཱིՙᛉǕϺӈĺ઼छщБၹຐĻͽ̈́ௐ 10ڱ఼࿅˞׌ีࢦࢋ۞ϲ ՙᛉůĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻĂଘ׎̰ट̙௲ 1994 ѐ۞ቑᘞĄдĺ઼छщБཱི ၹຐĻ͞ࢬĞᄋΟ઼઼छщБ؎ࣶົĂ2010ğĂ׎࠹ᙯ୧͛т˭Ĉ

ЪүĄھᑕ൴णᄃܻᘲ೻׶̚රˠϔВ׶઼۞༙ዐ̓рᙯܼ׶ᇃ 3.1.1.4 ăڼдĶௐˬዐ઼ķ߆ඉ॰ߛ̰Ăᄃ൴྿۞ϔ͹઼छ൴ण߆ 3.1.1.5 གྷᑻă̼͛ͽ̈́ˠ྽͹ཌྷᅳા۞ᗕᙝ׶кᙝЪүᙯܼĄ ᄃ׌࣎ዐ઼ă઼࡚ăΔࡗј઼ࣶăለ༖ͽֲ͉̈́гડЧ઼ᚶ 3.1.1.6 ᜈ൴णщБă઼֨ᅳા۞ᗕᙝ׶кᙝЪүᙯܼĂ᎕ໂણᄃ઼ ᅫۤົჯ޺׶π۞ҖજĄ γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 85ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

ᏥĈֶޘдགྷᑻщБ˯˵ԓ୕ᔖҺ࿅

˘̶̝ˬߙ˘઼࣎छ۞Ըྤ̙෹࿅၆ᄋΟγથԸྤᓁᗝטࢨ 3.2.2.2 ቑಛĄ۞

ІǕܢཱི ѐ۞ĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻ͹ࢋ̰टѣĞIJ2011 ѐௐ 10 2011 ҃ ᄋΟγϹ߆ඉijğĈ

į׶ĺ઼छщБၹຐĻٙؠཌྷڱᄋΟ۞γϹ߆ඉᑕͽĮᄋΟጳ .1 छӀৈࠎૄᖂĄ઼۞ ਎۞ଐރᄋΟ̙଀ΐˢЇң࢕ְТ༖ČČдᄋΟ՟ѣγ઼࢕ְ .11 Ă˵̙଀̯ధγ઼࢕ฤซˢĂొཌٕ࿅ဩĄ˭ڶ ᄋΟдેҖ׎γϹ߆ඉॡᑕᏲೈͽ˭͞ШĈ .14 ᄃܻᘲ೻׶઼̚۞̓рᙯܼ૟ߏᄋΟγϹ߆ඉ۞ᐹАְีĄ 14.1 ҘొڌĂ̂ᔹϔ઼Ă˿҅׎׶׎΁ޘд઼࡚Ă͟ώĂለ༖ĂО 14.2 छ۞Ķௐˬዐ઼ķ߆ඉ॰ߛ̰ᕖ̂׶൴णူҡᙯܼᄃЪүĄ઼ ўдᄃֲ߷׎΁઼छ൴ण̓рᙯܼᄃЪүĂણᄃֲ͉гડкᙝ 14.3 Δֲ׶ֲ̚۞ጼரᘦؠͽ̈́ᕖ̂щБЪүڌĂֲڌЪүĂΐૻ ߆ඉ׶߿જ͚޺׶ણᄃĄ۞ ׶གྷᑻ௡ᖐ᎕ໂٽᏉĂ෶ܛ፟ၹͽ઼̈́ᅫܝᚶᜈᄃᓑЪ઼ă૞ 14.4 ந̚۞үϡĄڼЪүĂ͚֭޺ΐૻᓑЪ઼д͵ࠧ ᅳાซھੵ˞൴णᄃ൴ण઼̚छ۞ᗕᙝᙯܼ׶ЪүγĂᔘдᇃ 14.5 ҖЪүĂΒ߁ᓑЪ઼Ă77 ઼ะဥ׶̙ඕ༖ྻજĄ

肆、第三鄰國政策與蒙古國外交特色

ѐ۞ĺ઼छщБၹຐĻͽ̈́ 2011 ѐ۞ĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻߏௐ˘Ѩ 2010 ͛І˯Ăຍဦᄃܻᘲ೻઼̈́̚ͽγ۞͞ء૟Ķௐˬዐ઼ķ఺࣎Щෟརഠд ϲՀღ૜۞ᙯܼĄ˘ਠᄮࠎĶௐˬዐ઼ķ˘ෟֽҋ 1990 ѐ઼઼࡚ચޙछ઼ јᄋܳهజ೩੓Ă఺࣎ໄޘࣦ֓ҹдᄋΟᔙШϔ͹൴ܑႊᄲ͚޺ᄋΟॡࢵ ڍĂҭтاΟ൴णкᙝᙯܼĞKrishna, 2014: 74ğĄ֓ҹᄲᄋΟѣ׌࣎р۞ዐ ᅮࢋௐˬ࣎Ă઼࡚ΞͽјࠎĶௐˬዐ઼ķĄ̙࿅Ă݈ᄋΟγϹొܜ L. ࣶ҃֏Ă઼࡚۞Ķௐءعͽ̈́߆ۏˠڼErdenechuluun ᄮࠎĂ၆ధкᄋΟ۞߆ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 86

ዐ઼ķᄲ࠻ҬາᄋΟ۞߀ା۰Ă֭ͷߏᄋΟγϹ۞͹ࢋ͚ߗĂҭߏĂ࡚ˬ ĂЯࠎ၆΁ࣇ҃֏ĂᄋΟд઼̚ᄃهࣶ˘ฟ̙֭ؕࢦෛௐˬዐ઼ໄء۞઼ ᛂܻ̝ม่ߏ࣎̓චҭѨࢋ۞઼छĞBulag, 2017: chap. 5ğĄ̙࿅Ă֓ҹᄲ ؠ۰ࢦາྚᛖăטజᄋΟ߆ඉ̪ڱ઼࡚ΞͽјࠎᄋΟ۞Ķௐˬዐ઼ķѩ˘ᄲ д઼࡚ᓝҖ۞ᗕޘAlicia Campi ࢵ ءѐ΃ϐഇĂ઼࡚݈γϹ 1990 ז੅ኢĄ ჍĂ઼࡚Ξͽజ޽ࠎᄋΟ۞Ķௐˬዐ઼ķĄ2007 ѐᄋΟॡЇᓁ௚ކᙝົᛉ̚ ˬNambaryn Enkhbayar дර஽࿲۞ጼரᄃ઼ᅫࡁտ͕̚൴ܑႊᄲॡĂࠎௐ ዐ઼߆ඉؠཌྷт˭Ĉௐˬዐ઼߆ඉຍᏜ඾ᄋΟ̙Гֶ่Ꮵಏ˘઼Ă҃ߏᄃ ࠹ֶ̢ᏥĂΒ߁઼࡚ă઼ᅫ௡ᖐͽ̈́׎΁͚޺ϔ͹۞઼טк઼ͽ઼̈́ᅫ፟ छĄNambaryn Enkhbayar ᄲĞSoni, 2015: 42ğĈ

Ăߏ˘࣎ՀࠎฟڍߏᄋΟᖣͽᕚ௲؝ϲ۞ඕهк͚ߗ۞γϹ߆ඉໄ ăޘĂ֭ᄃ઼ᅫᄅέ˯ࢦࢋ۞઼छĂּт઼࡚ăለ߷ă͟ώăОٸ ᓑЪ઼ඈĂ൴ण༙ዐᙯܼĂቁܲᄋΟ۞፾ϲгҜĄ

BayasakhĞ2018: 2ğăͽ̈́ GanbatĞ2012: 93-94ğ݋ᄮࠎᄋΟѝд 100 ο፾ކĂᄋΟഅൺᇶ۞ޢѐ݈ӈѣௐˬዐ઼ၹຐĄ༊ 1911 ѐ୻઼ᘕ൴ࢭ׻ ăఈᜋ൴΍ԓ୕ᒔ଀ٚᄮјࠎ઼ڱϲĂ֭ͷШ઼࡚ă͟ώăࡻ઼ăᇇ઼ă ˬኛՐĂѩᓝϒߏᄋΟௐ˘Ѩྏဦᄃௐܫᙯܼ۞३ٽϲ෶ޙ፾ϲ઼छ֭ͷ Ҙ͞ᇴ઼࣎छּڌѐᄋΟ˵അགྷᄃ 1930 זϲγϹᙯܼĄଂ 1920 ѐޙዐ઼ ᙯܼĂ֭ခᐽγ઼ԸྤĂᄋΟጯϠ˵ฟؕٽϲ෶ޙт઼࡚ăᇇ઼ă͟ώඈ ѐ۞ 60 ѐมĂᄋΟᄃۤົ͹ཌྷ۞ᛂᓑ̢ࠎ 1990 זޢ дለ߷ಶ᝝Ąଂ 1930 ᓑ༖Ă̚ᕝ˞ᄋΟᄃௐˬዐ઼ᙯܼĄڼ߆ ࢋᄲᄋΟ઼д 2010 ѐ۞ĺ઼छщБၹຐĻ׶ 2011 ѐ۞ĺγϹ߆ڍт छщБᛉᗟᄃγϹ߆ඉѣңमளّĂٕధĂ၆઼̼͛ٺඉၹຐĻĂᄃ΁઼ᙯ ࢦෛࣃ଀˘೩Ĉ۞ ѐ۞ĺ઼छщБၹຐĻᄃ̼͛׎࠹ᙯ୧͛т˭Ĉ 2010 ି؟Ϥ઼छٚፉ᜕ܲă൴णăࡁտᄋΟ።Ϋăᄬ֏ă̼͛ă 3.1.4.1 ϲĶ͵ࠧᄋΟጯࡁտޙ׶ࢲܸ௫ၚ۞̍үČČдনᜋ͐ћξ ķĂឰᄋΟጯछ᎕ໂણΐࡁտ̍үăд׎΁઼छฟన̶͕̚̚ ͕Ą γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 87ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

᜕׶൴णᄋΟᄬ֏ᄃ͛фĂᕖ̂็௚ᄋΟ͛ф۞ጯ௫׶ֹܲ 3.1.4.2 ϡቑಛĄ Ϲ߹Ăΐૻھᄃ͵ࠧЧ઼Ă׎̚Тௐˬዐ઼ฟण̼͛ᅳા۞ᇃ 3.1.4.6 ᄋΟ̼͛׶።Ϋ۞̍үĄ็ކ఼࿅γϹ፟ᙯ׶ϔม౉शШ͵ࠧ

ѐ۞ĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻᄃ̼͛׎࠹ᙯ୧͛т˭Ĉ 2011

ࠎૄᖂ൴णॠྼຽĂֹ׎ܛͽᄋΟ۞ҋ൒Ă።Ϋ׶̼͛᏷யૄ 21.5 ᅫͪπĂણᄃ઼ᅫშඛ͚֭޺д઼γዚ઴̼͛யݡĄ઼זચ྿ڇ ϲᄋΟጯࡁտ͕̚Ąޙӄд઼γם͚޺઼ᅫ˯۞ᄋΟጯࡁտĂ֭ 23.5

ଂĺ઼छщБၹຐĻᄃĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻ۞̰ट̚Ξͽ࠻΍ĂᄋΟ૟ ڦ׎̼͛ă።ΫăᄋΟጯඈĂ࠻јߏ઼छщБᄃγϹ߆ඉ۞˘ᒖĂᄋΟٙ ဳĂۋ˧Ą઼ᅫᙯܼٙ၁ኹ۞̙ߏᝋهၹ͹ཌྷૻአ۞ĶᄮТķໄޙࢦ۞ಶߏ Ąߏ఺࣎ĶᄮТķ۞هߏᝋ˧πᏊĂ̙ߏඕ༖၆ԩĂ҃ߏĶᄮТķ۞៍̙ ޙࠎ˞ВТᆊࣃ҃ඕЪд˘੓ĄĶᄮТķߏ֭ޘטឰҖࠎវԛјఢቑᄃهໄ ၹ͹ཌྷԓ୕ޙăఢ݋ඈĄ׍វ҃֏ĂهĂᔘѣ֗Њă៍هၹ͹ཌྷ۞८͕ໄ Я৵Ăଂ̼͛׶ຍᙊԛهրЕᇆᜩҖࠎវ͵ࠧ៍׶Җࠎ۞׎ι៍˘ژ̶ ᙯڍ၆׍វ߆ඉયᗟ۞ЯזĂ֭૟఺ֱЯ৵ඕЪهܫᙸ୕׶ࣧ݋ăזၗĂ ܼࡁտĞNye ᄃ WelchĂ2019Ĉ15-20ğĄ ؟ᄋΟ઼ߏтѩࢦෛᄋΟጯ۞ࡁտĂЯࠎᄋΟ۞።Ϋăᄬ֏ă̼͛ă ᄋΟ̼͛็ٚٺϲᄋΟᄮТ۞ࢦࢋ̮৵ĄᄋΟ઼၆ޙăࢲܸ௫ၚඈౌߏି ᄋΟ۞̼͛็ٚĄ2020 ѐ༊̰ᄋΟࢋՐҋ̰ڦĂϺᙯ઼̰ٺࢨ่̙ڦᙯ۞ ඈኝ඀૟ଂᄋᄬԼڼາጯഇฟؕĂБξᄋΟ୉̈̚ጯኝ඀̚۞።Ϋă߆͡ 9 ଳ႔ᄬିጯॡĂ9 ͡ 1 ͟дᄋΟ઼ฟጯ༊͟ĂᄋΟᓁ௚͐পဦઙသ ᙊăሤຑϔ୉۞ᓾྖĄᄋΟۢפĞKhaltmaagiin Battulgağ൴ܑခᐽጯϠӛ ጯϠдТ΁۞၆ྖ̚६ᄪ˞̰ᄋΟྐˠ۞˘ࢵྐĄ఺జᄋΟˠᄮࠎߏᄋΟ ᓁ௚၆̰ᄋΟᗕᄬିֈአፋ۞؎્ܑၗĞBBC, 2020/09/07ğĄ઼

౦׊ࠎ̦ᆃ̙ົࣵĂЯࠎ̂ঔߏс۞ீஊĄ ౧׊ࠎ̦ᆃ̙ົਜ਼ྮĂЯࠎс۞ਂ჻д͇۩Ą ĂЯࠎԧ۞͛фߏከϲ۞Ąזࠎ̦ᆃԧࣇ̙ົ฀ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 88

఺ࢵྐ෦Ⴝд઼̚۞χᑅ˭ĶᄋΟ̙ົࣆ˭ķĄΩ˘࣎дĺγϹ߆ඉၹ Ĉ็ކຐĻ۞পҒߏᄋΟ઼۞၆γ γ઼ᇃӘ׶̳Вᙯܼ߆ඉᑕдͽ˭ᅳાેҖĈ .29 ΐૻ߿જͽд઼γଯᇃᄋΟ۞።ΫĂ̼͛็௚Ăགྷᑻ׶ۤົј 29.1 ϲγ઼ᇃӘ፟ၹޙಶĂ͚֭޺ በᆷ֭Ш΁ˠ̶൴ѣᙯᄋΟ۞።ΫĂҋ൒Ă௫ܸĂϠ߿׶൴ण 29.2 ᇃӘ३ᚱă̈Ί̄ă༼ϫă࿪ᇆ׶૞Ꮽ۞ ᓝᏱणᜓ׶౾ᜓົăणϯă࿪ᇆ׶ᘹఙܑႊĂ֭௡ᖐົᛉ׶੅ 29.3 ኢົͽଯᇃᄋΟ ׶̳Вᙯܼ߆ඉć็ކϡϔม׶̼͛γϹ߱͘ેҖ၆γྻ 29.7

ٺኢߏᗕᙝ͹ཌྷăкᙝ͹ཌྷٕᄃܻᘲ೻׶઼̚۞༙ዐ߆ඉĂٕߏ΍̙ Ăགྷᑻ׶щБϫ۞۞ௐˬዐ઼߆ඉĂᄋΟ۞γϹ߆ඉੵ˞఼࿅ᄃܻᘲڼ߆ ೻׶઼ܲ̚޺πᏊ۞ᙯܼ҃ШγᕖणγĂ׎߆ඉ̰टٙࡎព۞ಶߏ˘઼࣎ Լតгቡ߆ڱĂઇГк۞Ӆ˧˵൑اਫ਼ᔖ׌࣎̂ዐڱछ۞፾পّĄߊ൒൑ ன၁ĂᄋΟγϹ۞ࢵࢋ̪ߏ༙ዐĂϤͽ˭ᄋΟᄃ̚ăᛂٙᘪࢎ۞Ч჌۞ڼ ᛉॡม֖ͽͅߍѩְ၁Ąם

ဦ 1ĈᄋΟᄃܻᘲ೻ᙯܼ

ဦ 2ĈᄋΟᄃ઼̚ᙯܼ γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 89ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

˞д൴णкᙝᙯܼ۞ТॡĂᄋΟ̪൒ࢋૻአϔ୉۞፾পّĄ࣐ࡶ՟ѣ ̼͛ăᄬ֏ă።ΫĂҋ൒ಶ՟ѣᄋΟ઼۞хдᆊࣃĄૻአᄋΟ۞̼͛ăᄬ ֏ă።ΫĂΞ೩̿၆ᄋΟ۞ᄮТĂҋ൒҃൒யϠะវᄮТ۞ᄋΟ઼छӀৈĄ ކĂГӀϡγ઼ᇃӘ׶̳Вᙯֽܼઇ၆γޢѣ˞ĶᄋΟķ఺࣎፾প۞̮৵ ķϒߏĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻຐࢋ྿јγϹϫᇾ۞͹ࢋ̍׍ĄކĄĶ̂γ็

伍、結語2

შ৭˯Ă઼छӀৈăкᙝᙯܼඈ̪ߏᄋΟγϹ߆͞ءдᄋΟ઼γϹొ ؠཌྷт˭ĈهᄋΟγϹ߆ඉ۞ໄٺĄॲፂᄋΟγϹొ၆هඉ۞ໄ ಶ઼छඕၹ҃֏Ă፾ϲ׶͹ᝋ۞ᄋΟߏ˘࣎௚˘۞઼छČČᄋΟ .1 ఢؠ۞઼छӀৈĄڱ׎ጳٺγϹ߆ඉᑕૄ۞ ČČֽቁܲ׎፾ϲّ׶͹ᝋĄٺᄋΟ۞γϹ߆ඉϫᇾд .2 ඕ༖߆ඉČČᔖҺ࿅̶ֶᏥֶٕᏥЇңপؠ઼̙ٸᄋΟᑕ؇Җฟ .3 छĄ ͵ᅫᙯܼ۞൴णͽ̈́гડ׶઼ڦؠᄋΟ۞γϹ߆ඉČČᅮᙯטд .4 Ԋ๕Ąڼࠧ߆ ᄋΟ۞γϹ߆ඉ۞ᐹАְีߏČČჯ᜕׎щБ׶Ҍᙯࢦࢋ۞઼छ .5 ӀৈĄ ĂགྷᑻĂࡊጯĂԫఙĂ̼͛׶ˠ྽͹ཌྷڼ၆γᙯܼ۞҂ᇋᑕд߆ .6 ඈᅳાĄ

ٙૻአ۞̙γͼߏĶ઼छӀৈķăĶ፾ϲّķăĶ͹هᄋΟγϹ߆ඉ۞ໄ ൒ߏĶዐ઼ķăĶௐˬዐ઼ķăĶડાķᄃĶБ஧ķ̪۞ڦĂٙᙯهᝋķඈໄ ߏᄋΟγϹ߆ඉ۞౵̂ӧဩĂΩγ˘࣎ӧဩߏགྷᑻۡ˘ڼඈᛉᗟĄгቡ߆ ˬӧဩ˯Ăࠎ˞ࢋπᏊ̚ăᛂᙯܼĂᄋΟ൴ण΍Ķௐ۞ڼᏥĄдгቡ߆ֶ ̼͛ໝ඗ॡĂݒΪ۞઼̚זצҋ̎۞ᄋΟ୉ˠזዐ઼ķ߆ඉĄ̙࿅Ă༊࠻

˵ड़ৈࠎңĉ۞זώኢ֭͛՟ѣᓝּᄋΟ۞ĺ઼छщБၹຐĻᄃĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻٙ଀ 2 ՟ѣు˘̬௜ᄋΟᄃЧ઼۞ᙯܼтңႊซĉᄋΟણΐ˞к͌кᙝ௡ᖐĉ̬ˢ˞к઼͌ Ă̙֭дώኢ͛۞੅ኢ̝ڍಏ͞ࢬౘࢗ۞ј͞ءᅫ߿જĉᄏЯ఺ֱೡّࢗ۞̰ट่ߏ Ąĺ઼छщБၹຐĻᄃĺγϹ߆ඉၹຐĻ۞ჟល̈́ႊซ̖ߏώኢ͛ჸ൏ٙдĄ̰ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 90

γٺ̂ۡ˘଀͚޺ĂҬͼγϹӧဩפШௐˬዐ઼ڱਕ؎્۞ܑ྿̙႕Ă൑ Ϲજ˧Ą༊གྷᑻ˯۞ֶᏥᔵѣ߆ඉఢቑಏ˘γ઼Ըྤ̙଀෹࿅ˬ̶̝˘Ă Ă఺࣎གྷᑻֶᏥ۞ӧဩϺᙱͽπᏊĄ̙࿅Ăүࠎ઼̚ٺטצౌ˾ҭ༊ซ΍ ࣎າᎸϔ͹઼छĂᄋΟ̪णன׎γϹજ˧Ă᎕ໂᄃௐˬዐ઼൴णᙯܼâ ણᄃЧᙷ઼ᅫ௡ᖐĂͽπᏊᄃ̚ăᛂᙯܼĄѩγĂĶᄋΟጯķд׎γϹ߆ඉ Ąهၹ͹ཌྷ۞ĶᄮТᄋΟķ८͕ໄޙѣ˘ؠ۞ࢦࢋّĂᖣͽ൴ण΍˯ ˘ᆃĉඊ۰ᄮࠎᑕྍಶߏ̦זᄲέ៉ࢋଂᄋΟ۞γϹ߆ඉ̚ጯ௫ڍт ࣎͹វّ۞णனĄέ៉۞͹វّ̙ᑕྍΪߏૻአ 400 ѐ۞።ΫĂٕߏ 1949 ൺᇶజതϔΫĄέ៉۞͹វّᑕྍߏଂݑफᄬր̼͛۞൴໚гᓾ۞ޢѐ̝ ਫ਼ᔖҌ̫̪၆έ៉ڱ൑˯ڼ੓ĂᄲߏĶέ៉ጯķ˵рĄᔵ൒έ៉дгቡ߆ ᅳ˿хѣ౎͕̈́͑ຐ۞઼̚Ăέ៉ੵ˞ᄃ઼࡚ă͟ώͽ̈́͵ࠧЧϔ͹઼छ ࢦࢋ۞ĄΒ߁ᅈҋݑफᄬր͛૱ܧϲ၆έ៉҃֏ߏޙૻ̼ᙯܼγĂᄮТ۞ ĶᄋΟጯķĂдέ៉ЧᎩξѣĶέٺၹĄ࠹၆ޙαѺѐ።Ϋ۞ܕזᄮТĂ۞̼ Ķέז͹ጱᕖ̂عਕϤ߆ڍጯķඈĂтڌލΔጯķăĶݑԸጯķăĶέݑጯķăĶ ၹ۞።඀Հԛዮޙ၆઼छܫၹ˘࣎ˠ͛።ΫᄮТ۞ώ˿̼͛Ă࠹ޙጯķĂ៉ ഈ˘́Ξ྿˘ܧ׽Ă၆γϹ߆ඉՀ׍޽ጱّĄΪΞଓĂຍᙊԛၗ۞ᖼត֭ ᆉർăਣᖱ۞͹ૺĄعјĂྏᓝ׌ּ࣎̄Ύពέ៉߆ Чҋдݑঔજү͟ܕ׎˘ĂĶݑঔЅ෗ķ4 ฉѐ̝ᅫĂ઼࡚ᄃ઼̚࢕͞ д 2016 ѐᄮؠĂ઼̚ᓏჍ၆ݑঔĶ˝߱ቢķੰڱᐛᐛĂఈᜋঔͰ૱నЅ෗ ॲፂĄ઼઼࡚ચࣦᘀϩለĞMike Pompeoğд 2020ޠڱጾѣ͹ᝋ۞͹ૺ֭൑ ѐ 7 ͡ 13 ܑ͟ϯĈ઼̚೩΍உᄏݑঔкᇴͪા۞ٙѣᝋ͹ૺߏĶԆБ̙Ъ Ă઼࡚˵ᄃ઼ᅫۤົ৭д˘੓Ăग़኎ঔ߶ҋϤă಴ࢦ͹ᝋĂ֭١඗Ї۞ڱ ңдݑঔٕՀᇃᔮгડЇңଯજĶૻᝋӈ̳நķĞmight makes rightğ۞ઇ ĈځγϹొ൴ܑ˞ᓏڍĄඕڱ

රϔ઼ᅳ˿Ăԧ઼၆ݑঔኜफ̈́׎࠹ᙯঔાĂֳѣ̚ٺݑঔኜफᛳ ᝋӀĂ̙टཉႷĄ۞˯ڱঔ߶̈́ڱᅫ઼

ᔘдિ޺ٙᏜ۞Ķ׽ѣᘟાķĂ֤ࢶപߏڍтعඊ۰ྏયĂ̚රϔ઼߆ Ăߏ̙ߏྍᓾĶ̚ڱߏ˵ზ̚රϔ઼۞Ķ׽ѣᘟાķĉ֤ࢬ၆ࢶപ۞઼щ̙ γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 91ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

ࡎ౿೻ڌঘࢶപ̰߆ķĉ༊઼̚ᖣ˾ჯᘦॏ୭ဦ౾ĞҘᖟğˠͽ઼̻̈́̒ ĞາᘟğˠॡĂߏ̙ߏ˵ྍ৭дĶ׽ѣᘟાķ۞ϲಞᓾĶ઼̻̒̚ঘ̚؃ රϔ઼Ҙᖟăາᘟ̰߆ķĉ̚රϔ઼ᓁ̙ਕΪᏴݑঔ༊үߏĶ׽ѣᘟાķĂ ࢬ၆ࢶപăҘᖟăາᘟಶᏴፄர࿅Ķ׽ѣᘟાķӐĉ έ៉ણזࢮᇇᆅĞMiloš Vystrčilğܜ׎˟Ă2020 ѐ 9 ͡ଥҹણᛉੰᛉ ణĂ઼̚γϹొ൴֏ˠරߋሪĞ2020ğдଯপᄲ3Ĉ

࠷৔ᗼ઼̚˘۞઼̚זລ̚රਝ۩ĞChina Airlinesğܜଥҹણᛉੰᛉ Ċ΁ࣇᅮࢋ˘ૅ઼̚።ΫኝĄו͹ᝋ׶ᅳ˿ԆፋĂৌᏝ Hua Chunying 华春莹Ğ@SpokespersonCHNğ September 1, 2020

זķಶߏέ៉ٙࢬᓜ۞Ķ׏ݭ઼̚ӧဩķǕهරߋሪᓾ۞Ķ઼̚ໄ රਝĂౌ·ϋ඾ĶCHINAķĂז఍ౌѣ઼̚۞ᇆ̄Ăଂ઼ЩăྮЩă᜕໰ ϒ̂۞έ៉ˠౌࢋˬ̙̣ॡజჍࠎĶ઼̚ˠķځࢋ༊࣎Ѝా ͹វّγϹ۞णனĂтᄋΟ઼ૻ̼ᄋΟזέ៉ਕઇڍĞChineseğĄт ᄬ֏ă።Ϋă̼͛ਠ۞ૻ̼έ៉ᄬ֏ă።Ϋă̼͛Ăѣഈ˘͟Ăٙ ˠĂܻᘲ೻ăޘăОޘᏜ۞઼̚ᄃ઼̚ˠĂдέ៉۞ᄮۢΪߏтО ၹ̖ზԆ౯Ă̖ՀਕၓពέޙĂέ៉γϹ͹វّ۞هᘲ೻ˠ۞ໄܻ д઼ᅫ˯۞гҜĂቁܲέ៉͹ᝋĄ៉

3 ࣧ͛ߏĞHua Chunying 华春莹，2020ğĈ The President of the #Czech Senate took a China Airlines flight to one of China’s provinces to sabotage China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. IRONIC! He needs a lesson on the history of the Chinese nation. ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 92

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ؠĻĞhttps://maxbooks.ru/ckan1/tonu10.htmğĞ2020/8/20ğĄםĺ1924 ѐ۞̚ᛂ .ᚶٚ۰ĉij7 ͡ 1 ͟Ğhttps://wwwڒπߏ೻̂ܕ઼࡚̝ࢰĄ2020ĄIJࠎ̦ᆃᄲ௫ voacantonese.com/a/xi-jinping-stalin-06302020/5484546.htmlğĄ ߉ϒዡĂ2016ĄIJ઼̚۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷijĮέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώį12 ௐ 2 ഇĂࢱ 41-71Ą .ಡį5 ͡ 6 ͟Ğhttps://www.jimlee.org͟ڍՂ✕पĂ2015ĄIJ̚Вͽ݈ߏᙒјέ፾۞ijĮᛁ tw/article_detail.php?SN=9257¤tPage=10&AtricleCategory=2ğĞ2020/08/20ğĄ .ІǕᄋΟγϹ߆ඉijĞhttps://www.legalinfoܢཱི შ৭ĄIJ2011 ѐௐ 10͗ܝޠڱ˘௚ mn/annex/details/3362?lawid=6340ğĞ2020/8/5ğĄ /ᄋΟ国国छщБ؎ࣶົĂ2010ĄIJᄋΟ国国छщБᯙຐijĞhttp://www.nsc.gov.mn/sites default/files/National%20Security%20Concept%20of%20Mongolia%20CN.pdf ğ Ğ2020/8/5ğĄ ࡗğםࡗįĞhttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ܻ̚ᄋםჯૄѺࡊĂ2020aĄĮܻ̚ᄋ Ğ2020/8/5ğĄ ჯૄѺࡊĂ2020bĄĮγᄋΟ፾ϲįĞhttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/γᄋΟ፾ϲ#઼ϔ ᄃγᄋΟğĞ2020/8/5ğĄع߆ “Concept of Mongolia’s Foreign Policy.” 1995. The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No. 2, pp. 56-63 (file:///C:/Users/Genuine/Downloads/439- Article%20Text-1681-1-10-20150501%20(1).pdf) (2020/10/31) “Concept of National Security of Mongolia.” 1995. Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No. 2, pp. 64-85 (file:///C:/Users/Genuine/Downloads/440- Article%20Text-1677-1-10-20150501.pdf) (2020/10/31) “Mongolia and U.S.S.R.: Friendship Treaty.” 1966. International Legal Materials. Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 341-43. Batbayar, Tsedendamba. 2003. “Mongolian-Russian Relations in the Past Decade.” Asian Survey, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 951-70. Bayasakh, Jamsran. 2018. “The Three Cornerstones of Mongolia’s Independence and Foreign Policy.” ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security. Issue No. 579. ဧ۞ፉᇎᄃ઼̚ௐ˟΃ϔ୉߆ඉijĄޢBBCĂ2020ĄIJ̰ᄋΟາᗕᄬ߆ඉͅᇅĈՎາᘟ 9 ͡ 7 ͟Ğhttps://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-54065583ğĞ2020/8/1ğĄ Bulag, Uradyn E. 2017. “A World Community of Neighbours in the Making: γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 93ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

Resource Cosmopolitics and Mongolia’s Third Neighbour Diplomacy,” in Martin Saxer, and Juan Zhang, eds. The Art of Neighbouring: Making Relations across China’s Borders, pp. 121-44. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Campi, Alicia. 2019. Mongolia’s Foreign Policy: Navigating a Changing World. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner. Di Crocco, James V. 1964. “The Bidding for Mongolia.” Naval War College Review, Vol. 16, No. 10, pp. 16-75. Embassy of Mongolia to the United States of American. n.d. “Mongolia History.” (http://mongolianembassy.us/about-mongolia/history/#.Xzk0begzYoI) (2020/8/20) Ganbat, Damba. 2012. “National Security Concept of Mongolia: Basic Principle.” (http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/joint_research/series11/pdf/09.pdf) (2020/10/31) Ginsburg, Tom. 1995. “Political Reform in Mongolia: Between Russia and China.” Asian Survey, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 459-71. Helbig, Robert. 2015. “NATO-Mongolia Relations: Limited in Scope, but with Room to Grow.” (https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/192871/rp_116.pdf) (2020/10/31) Hua Chunying ߋ. 2020. “China Government Account.” September 1 (https://twitter. com/spokespersonchn/status/1300792084354326528) (2020/10/31) Krishna, Vaishali. 2014. “Mongolian Foreign Policy Implications for Russia and China.” Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 19, pp. 67-81. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. 2018. “Concept of Mongolia’s Foreign Policy.” (http://www.mfa.gov.mn/?page_id=26263&lang=en) (2020/8/5) Nemzer, Louis. 1939. “The Status of Outer Mongolia in International Law.” American Journal of International Law. Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 452-64. ᅫᙯ઼ܼ۞ܝᛌğĂ2019ĄĮݣҢ౵ሤځNye, Joseph S., and David A. WelchĞૺ̈ ኝįĞUnderstanding Global Conflict and Cooperation: An Introduction to Theory and HistoryğĄέΔĈݱ֣̼͛Ą Radchenko, Sergey. 2020. “Russia Wants to Keep Mongolia in Its Place.” Foreign Policy, June 26 (https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/26/russia-putin-mnb-wants-to- keep-mongolia-in-its-place/) (2020/8/8) Rahul, Ram. 1978. “Mongolia between China and Russia.” Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 659-65. Schmücking, Daniel. 2015. “Search for the Third Border: Mongolian Foreign Policy Between Russia and China,” in Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, ed, Small State in ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 94

International Politics, pp. 21-37 (https://www.kas.de/documents/252038/253252/7_ dokument_dok_pdf_43197_2.pdf/1cc274ea-d7ca-c6d4-f5f8-afa38aa5afdb?version= 1.0&t=1539651683416) (2020/10/31) Soni, Sharad K. 2015. “The Third Neighbour Approach of Mongolia’s Diplomacy of External Relations: Effects on Relations between India and Mongolia.” India Quarterly, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 37-52. Soni, Sharad K. 2018. “The Geopolitical Dilemma of Small States in External Relations: Mongolia’s Tryst with Immediate and Third Neighbours.” Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 20, pp. 27-44. Wikipedia. 2020a. “Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.” (https://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance) (2020/8/8). Wikipedia. 2020b. “Satellite State.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_state# Post-World_War_II) (2020/8/5) Wikipedia. 2020c. “Peljidiin Genden.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peljidiin_ Genden) (2020/8/5) Wikipedia. 2020d. “Anandyn Amar.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandyn_Amar) (2020/8/5) Wikipedia. 2020e. “Khorloogiin Choibalsan.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor loogiin_Choibalsan) (2020/8/5) Wikipedia. 2020f. “Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumjaag iin_Tsedenbal) (2020/8/5) World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). c. 2018. “Mongolia Trade Statistic.” (https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/MNG) (2020/8/8) WorldsApaRT. 2018. “Everybody’s Friend? Ft. Damdin Tsogtbaatar, Mongolia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs.” October 21 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= AZVJ3I9DAys&t=172s) (2020/8/8)

γϹ߆ඉ۞ӧဩᄃજ˧ 95ޢ઼ޙᄋΟ

The Dilemma and Dynamics of Mongolia’s Foreign Policy after the Founding of the State

Lloyd Sheng-Pao Fan Associate Professor of Department of Public Relations and Advertising Kun Shan University, Tainan, TAIWAN

Abstract

The Republic of Mongolia has only about 3.2 million people on an area of 1.56 million square kilometers, making it one of the world’s most sparsely populated countries. This landlocked country has only two neighbors, Russia and China, and Mongolia’s nearly 300-year history is under the influence of these two neighbors, either with the Qing state as the mother country or as a satellite state of the Soviet Union. With such a sparse population, heavy economic dependence on China, Russia, and a geopolitical structure sandwiched between China and Russia, it seems that Mongolia’s foreign policy will always be more dilemma than dynamic. This article discusses Mongolia’s foreign policy after the founding of the state. Mongolia, which was founded in 1921, used to be a Soviet Union satellite state to seek a balance between China and the Soviet Union after the founding of the country and before the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it took advantage of the trend to catch up with the democratic wave and developed its own “Concept of National Security” and “Concept of Foreign Policy.” The essence and evolution of “National Security Concept” and “Foreign Policy Concept” are the focus of this paper. Keywords: Concept oOf National Security, Concept of Foreign Policy, Third Neighbor Policy

ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2020/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 96