Lappeenrannan Teknillinen Yliopisto
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LAPPEENRANTA–LAHTI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LUT School of Energy Systems Department of Environmental Technology Sustainability Science and Solutions Master’s thesis 2020 Helka Mustonen MINIMIZING THE CLIMATE IMPACT OF A BUSINESS PARK BY APPLYING BUILDING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT Examiners: Professor, D.Sc. (Tech.) Risto Soukka Associate Professor, D.Sc. (Tech.) Mika Luoranen Supervisor: M.Sc. (Tech.) Mirika Knuutila TIIVISTELMÄ Lappeenrannan–Lahden teknillinen yliopisto LUT School of Energy Systems Ympäristötekniikan koulutusohjelma Sustainability Science and Solutions Helka Mustonen Yrityspuiston ilmastovaikutuksen minimointi rakennuksen elinkaariarviointia soveltamalla Diplomityö 2020 96 sivua, 23 taulukkoa, 28 kuvaajaa, 1 liite Työn tarkastajat: Professori, TkT Risto Soukka Tutkijaopettaja, TkT Mika Luoranen Työn ohjaaja: Diplomi-insinööri, Mirika Knuutila Hakusanat: yrityspuisto, rakennuksen elinkaariarviointi, hiilijalanjälki, uusiutuva energia Keywords: business park, building life cycle assessment, carbon footprint, renewable energy Tämä diplomityö käsittelee hiilineutraalisuutta yrityspuiston rakennusten näkökulmasta. Työn tavoitteena on minimoida yrityspuiston rakennuksista aiheutuvat päästöt rakennuksen elinkaariarviointia hyödyntäen. Työn teoriaosiossa tutustutaan yrityspuistoihin ja niiden kestävään rakentamiseen Suomessa, sekä yksittäisen rakennuksen ilmastovaikutukseen ja hiilineutraalisuus-käsitteeseen. Lisäksi työssä esitellään elinkaariarvioinnin pääpiirteet sekä tutkimukseen liittyvä tapausalue. Tutkimuksen toteuttamista varten luodaan neljä erilaista rakennustyyppiprofiilia, joille elinkaariarviointi tehdään vertaillen kolmea eri energiaskenaariota. Skenaarioissa verrataan kaukolämmön, ilmanlämpöpumpun ja maalämpöpumpun vaikutusta rakennuksen elinkaaren aikaisiin hiilidioksidipäästöihin. Tutkimustulosten mukaan maalämpöpumpun hyödyntäminen minimoi hiilidioksidipäästöt kunkin rakennustyyppiprofiilin kohdalla. Tämä ratkaisu minimoi myös yrityspuiston ilmastovaikutuksen. Uusiutuvan energian hyödyntäminen johtaa siihen, että rakennuksen elinkaaren merkittävimmät päästöt aiheutuvat rakennusmateriaaleista. Jotta yrityspuiston ilmastovaikutusta voisi edelleen vähentää, rakennusmateriaaleja tulisi tarkastella, sillä ne aiheuttavat merkittävän osan rakennusten elinkaaren päästöistä. Tämän työn tulosten valossa rakennusten päästöjen vähentämisen kannalta merkittäviä suunnitteluratkaisuja voidaan tehdä hyödyntämällä rakennuksen elinkaarimallinnusta. Jotta yrityspuisto saavuttaisi hiilineutraalisuuden rakennusten näkökulmasta, tulisi rakennuksista aiheutuvia päästöjä vähentää tai kompensoida. ABSTRACT Lappeenranta–Lahti University of Technology LUT LUT School of Energy Systems Degree Programme in Environmental Technology Sustainability Science and Solutions Helka Mustonen Minimizing the climate impact of a business park by applying building life cycle assessment Master’s thesis 2020 96 pages, 23 tables, 28 figures, 1 appendix Examiners: Professor, D.Sc. (Tech.) Risto Soukka Associate Professor, D.Sc. (Tech.) Mika Luoranen Supervisor: M.Sc. (Tech.) Mirika Knuutila Keywords: business park, building life cycle assessment, carbon footprint, renewable energy In this Master’s thesis the carbon neutrality of a business park is examined from buildings’ viewpoint. The aim of this study is to minimize the emissions from the business park’s buildings by applying building life cycle assessment. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces business parks and their sustainable construction in Finland, as well as the climate impact of a building and the concept of carbon neutrality. In addition, the main features of life cycle assessment and the case business park are explained. To carry out the study, four different building type profiles are created, for which a life cycle assessment is performed comparing three different energy scenarios. The scenarios compare the impact of district heating, air source heat pump and ground source heat pump on building’s life cycle carbon dioxide emissions. According to the research results, the utilization of a ground source heat pump minimizes the carbon dioxide emissions for each building type profile. This solution also minimizes the climate impact of the business park. To further reduce the business park’s climate impact, the building materials should be considered, as they cause a significant amount of the buildings’ life cycle emissions. In the light of the study results, significant design solutions for reducing building emissions can be made by applying building life cycle assessment. For a business park to achieve carbon neutrality from the buildings’ perspective, emissions from buildings should be reduced or compensated. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Master’s thesis has been written at LUT-University with information collected in Carbon Neutral Business Park -project. First, I want to thank Petteri Laaksonen and Mirika Knuutila for whom I am grateful for the opportunity to work in the most inspiring team, and being able to write my Master’s Thesis on this interesting topic. I also want to thank Risto Soukka and Mika Luoranen for sharing their expertise and guidance. Warm thanks go to Mirika Knuutila for both supervising and supporting me during the writing process. I also want to thank the wonderful working community at LUT, which has provided peer support and inspiration when it has been needed the most. Lastly, to my dearest and nearest – family and friends – thank you for supporting me on this learning path and keeping my feet on the ground. In Lappeenranta 12 June 2020 Helka Mustonen TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF SYMBOLS ............................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Background of the study ......................................................................................... 3 1.2 Objective of the study ............................................................................................. 4 1.3 Structure and limitations ......................................................................................... 5 2 BUSINESS PARKS AND SUSTAINABILITY ................................................... 7 2.1 Business parks in Finland........................................................................................ 7 2.2 Sustainable business park ........................................................................................ 9 2.3 Sustainability certification .................................................................................... 11 3 THE CLIMATE IMPACT OF BUILDINGS ...................................................... 13 3.1 Building’s life cycle and emissions....................................................................... 13 3.2 Factors affecting buildings’ emissions .................................................................. 15 3.3 Sustainable construction in Finland ...................................................................... 17 3.4 Carbon neutrality ................................................................................................... 19 3.4.1 Carbon handprint ............................................................................................... 22 4 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ............................................................................ 24 4.1 General principles and phases ............................................................................... 24 4.2 Applying life cycle assessment to buildings ......................................................... 27 5 CASE BUSINESS PARK .................................................................................... 31 5.1 Heat and electricity in the case business park ....................................................... 32 5.1.1 Solar photovoltaics ............................................................................................ 33 5.1.2 Purchasing renewable electricity ....................................................................... 34 5.1.3 District heating .................................................................................................. 35 5.1.4 Heat pumps ........................................................................................................ 36 5.2 Buildings in the case business park ....................................................................... 37 5.2.1 Building materials and structure ........................................................................ 38 5.2.2 Buildings’ water consumption ........................................................................... 41 5.2.3 Buildings’ energy consumption ......................................................................... 41 6 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR BUSINESS PARK’S BUILDINGS .......... 50 6.1 Goal and scope of the assessment ......................................................................... 50 6.2 Inventory analysis ................................................................................................. 52 6.2.1 Building material inputs .................................................................................... 53 6.2.2 Energy consumption inputs ............................................................................... 54 6.2.3 Water consumption inputs ................................................................................. 56 6.2.4 Other inputs ......................................................................................................