Cardiolipin and Mitochondrial Cristae Organization
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T E R R E N C E G . F R
(3) How are the sites of protein import distributed over the surface of mitochondria and what is their T E R R E N C E G . F R E Y relationship to stable contact sites and crista junctions? We are studying the sites of protein import by microinjection of a protein construct into a giant Structure of Biological mutant of Neurospora. The construct contains an N- Macromolecules and Macromolecular terminal mitochondria target sequence, a stable Assemblies; Membrane Structure and folded protein domain to halt transport into Function; Electron Microscopy and mitochondria, and a colloidal gold particle to enable Image Processing visualization in electron micrographs. The sites of protein import will be mapped and correlated with Our research interests are the structural study the positions of stable contact sites and of crista of biological assemblies by application of biophysical junctions and biochemical methods. More specifically, we apply techniques of high resolution electron (4) What are the changes in mitochondria structure microscopy and digital image processing to study the during apoptosis? Mitochondria play a key role in structures of biological macromolecules, initiating the apoptosis program with the release of macromolecular assemblies, and whole organelles. cytochrome c into the cytosol. We are using Electron Currently we are studying the structure and function of tomography to study the structural changes in mitochondria using state of the art microscopic mitochondrial membranes in order to determine techniques, principally Electron Tomography. whether cytochrome c is released through specific Electron Tomography is a technique which calculates pores or through rupture of the outer membrane the three-dimensional structure from a series of following swelling of the matrix. -
Serum from Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients Causes Dysregulation of Cardiolipin Biosynthesis and Mitochondrial Function Julie Pires Da Silva, Anastacia M
Serum From Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients Causes Dysregulation of Cardiolipin Biosynthesis and Mitochondrial Function Julie Pires Da Silva, Anastacia M. Garcia, Carissa A. Miyano, Genevieve C. Sparagna, Raleigh Jonscher, Hanan Elajaili, and Carmen C. Sucharov. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) Hypothesis - Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as a disorder characterized by Using a novel in vitro model of DCM-related cardiomyocyte remodeling that dilation and impaired contraction of the left ventricle or both ventricles. reproduces the molecular characteristics of pediatric DCM, we hypothesized that the alteration of mitochondrial function in NRVM treated - DCM is the most common form of cardiomyopathy and cause of heart with DCM pediatric sera is associate with changes in cardiolipin content and failure in children older than 1 year of age with an annual incidence of 0.57 mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. per 100,000 children. - The causes of heart failure (HF) in children differ substantially from those Results found in the adult population and children do not respond well to adult HF therapies. Cardiolipin (CL) - Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial dimeric phospholipid normally located in the inner mitochondrial membrane Figure 5. DCM serum induces significant changes in metabolite levels involved in fatty acid oxidation pathway in NRVMs. A. Heatmap of 41 - CL represent 12-15% of phospholipid mass in heart. In the metabolites differentially expressed in NF and DCM serum-treated NRVMs. n = 4 NF, n= 4 DCM samples, p<0.05. B. Pathway enrichment map analysis heart, 70-80% is (18:2)4CL. of differential metabolites between NF and DCM groups using Figure 3. -
Altered Traffic of Cardiolipin During Apoptosis: Exposure on the Cell Surface As a Trigger for (Antiphospholipid Antibodies)
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Immunology Research Volume 2015, Article ID 847985, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/847985 Review Article Altered Traffic of Cardiolipin during Apoptosis: Exposure on the Cell Surface as a Trigger for (Antiphospholipid Antibodies) Valeria Manganelli,1 Antonella Capozzi,1 Serena Recalchi,1 Michele Signore,2 Vincenzo Mattei,1,3 Tina Garofalo,1 Roberta Misasi,1 Mauro Degli Esposti,4 and Maurizio Sorice1 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy 2Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy 3Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Environmental Pathology, Sabina Universitas, Via dell’Elettronica, 02100 Rieti, Italy 4Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16136 Genoa, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Maurizio Sorice; [email protected] Received 27 July 2015; Accepted 6 September 2015 Academic Editor: Douglas C. Hooper Copyright © 2015 Valeria Manganelli et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Apoptosis has been reported to induce changes in the remodelling of membrane lipids; after death receptor engagement, specific changes of lipid composition occur not only at the plasma membrane, but also in intracellular membranes. This paper focuses on one important aspect of apoptotic changes in cellular lipids, namely, the redistribution of the mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). CL predominantly resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane, even if the rapid remodelling of its acyl chains and the subsequent degradation occur in other membrane organelles. -
Redalyc.Antioxidant Activity and Fermentative Metabolism in The
Semina: Ciências Agrárias ISSN: 1676-546X [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brasil Ferreira Larré, Cristina; Leivas Moraes, Caroline; Borella, Junior; do Amarante, Luciano; Deune, Sidnei; Peters, José Antonio Antioxidant activity and fermentative metabolism in the plant Erythrina crista-galli L. under flood conditions Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 37, núm. 2, marzo-abril, 2016, pp. 567-580 Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=445745368003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n2p567 Antioxidant activity and fermentative metabolism in the plant Erythrina crista-galli L. under flood conditions Atividade antioxidante e metabolismo fermentativo em plantas de Erythrina crista-galli sob alagamento Cristina Ferreira Larré1*; Caroline Leivas Moraes1; Junior Borella1; Luciano do Amarante2; Sidnei Deuner2; José Antonio Peters2 Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of flood tolerance of the root system of Erythrina crista- galli L. plants by measuring the activity of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress components in the leaves and roots. Additionally, the activity of fermentation enzymes in the roots was measured. The following two treatments were used: plants with flooded roots, which were maintained at a given water level above the soil surface, and non-flooded plants, which were used as the control. The measurements were performed at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after treatment. -
Role of Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A2 in the Pathogenesis of Barth Syndrome
Role of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in the pathogenesis of Barth syndrome Ashim Malhotraa, Irit Edelman-Novemskyb, Yang Xua, Heide Pleskenb, Jinping Mab, Michael Schlamea,b, and Mindong Renb,1 Departments of bCell Biology and aAnesthesiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016 Edited by David D. Sabatini, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, and approved December 23, 2008 (received for review November 6, 2008) Quantitative and qualitative alterations of mitochondrial cardio- is required for maintaining not only the normal CL fatty acyl lipin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Barth syndrome, composition, but also normal CL levels. an X-linked cardioskeletal myopathy caused by a deficiency in Although it has been established that tafazzin deficiency tafazzin, an enzyme in the cardiolipin remodeling pathway. We causes both Barth syndrome and a derangement of CL metab- have generated and previously reported a tafazzin-deficient Dro- olism, evidence that it is, in fact, the CL deficiency that con- sophila model of Barth syndrome that is characterized by low tributes to Barth syndrome has been circumstantial (15). To cardiolipin concentration, abnormal cardiolipin fatty acyl compo- elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of Barth syndrome and to sition, abnormal mitochondria, and poor motor function. Here, we identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention, we have first show that tafazzin deficiency in Drosophila disrupts the final created a Drosophila model of Barth syndrome (7) by knocking stage of spermatogenesis, spermatid individualization, and causes out the tafazzin gene and have asked whether the resulting male sterility. This phenotype can be genetically suppressed by phenotypic changes can be suppressed by partially restoring CL inactivation of the gene encoding a calcium-independent phos- homeostasis without correcting the tafazzin defect. -
Antioxidant Synergy of Mitochondrial Phospholipase PNPLA8/Ipla2γ with Fatty Acid–Conducting SLC25 Gene Family Transporters
antioxidants Review Antioxidant Synergy of Mitochondrial Phospholipase PNPLA8/iPLA2γ with Fatty Acid–Conducting SLC25 Gene Family Transporters Martin Jab ˚urek 1,* , Pavla Pr ˚uchová 1, Blanka Holendová 1 , Alexander Galkin 2 and Petr Ježek 1 1 Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeˇnská 1084, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (B.H.); [email protected] (P.J.) 2 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Columbia University William Black Building, New York, NY 10032, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-296442789 Abstract: Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein PNPLA8, also termed Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ), is addressed to the mitochondrial matrix (or peroxisomes), where it may manifest its unique activity to cleave phospholipid side-chains from both sn-1 and sn-2 posi- tions, consequently releasing either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), including oxidized FAs. Moreover, iPLA2γ is directly stimulated by H2O2 and, hence, is activated by redox signaling or oxidative stress. This redox activation permits the antioxidant synergy with mitochondrial un- coupling proteins (UCPs) or other SLC25 mitochondrial carrier family members by FA-mediated Citation: Jab ˚urek, M.; Pr ˚uchová,P.; protonophoretic activity, termed mild uncoupling, that leads to diminishing of mitochondrial su- Holendová, B.; Galkin, A.; Ježek, P. peroxide formation. This mechanism allows for the maintenance of the steady-state redox status of Antioxidant Synergy of the cell. Besides the antioxidant role, we review the relations of iPLA2γ to lipid peroxidation since Mitochondrial Phospholipase iPLA2γ is alternatively activated by cardiolipin hydroperoxides and hypothetically by structural γ PNPLA8/iPLA2 with Fatty alterations of lipid bilayer due to lipid peroxidation. -
BIOLOGY GLOSSARY (English – Chinese)
BIOLOGY GLOSSARY (English – Chinese) A Site 核糖体 A 部位 abiotic factor 非生物因子[因素] absorption spectrum 吸收光谱 acclimatization 適應,馴化 accommodation 調節;視覺調節 acetylcholine 乙醛 acetyl CoA 乙酰輔酶 A,乙醯輔酶 A acid 酸 acid precipitation 酸性降水 acoelomate 无体腔[的] acquired immunity 后天性免疫 acrosome 顶体,顶体精子 actin 肌动蛋白 action potential 动作电位 activation energy 活化能 active site 活性部位/ 主动运输 active transport 主动运输 adenylyl cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶 adhesion 粘附 adrenal gland 肾上腺 aerobic 有氧的; 需氧的 agnathan 无颌类 agonistic behavior 格斗行为; 争斗行为 AIDS 愛滋病 aldehyde 醛 aldosterone 醛固酮 Alga 藻类 all-or-none event 全或无事件 allantois 尿囊 allele 等位基因 1 allopatric speciation 异地物种形成 allopolyploid 异源多倍体 allosteric site 变构部位 alpha helix α-螺旋 alternation of generations 世代交替 alveolus 牙槽,肺泡 amino acid 氨基酸 amino group 氨基 amino acyl-tRNA synthetase 氨基酰-tRNA 合成酶 aminocentesis 羊膜穿刺法 amnion 羊膜 amniote 羊膜 amniotic egg 羊膜卵 amphibia 两栖纲 amphipathic molecule • 两亲水脂分子 anaerobic 厌氧的 analogy 类比 androgens 雄激素 aneuploidy 非整倍性 angiosperm 被子植物 anion 阴离子;负离子 anterior 先前的; 前面的 anther 花药 antibiotic 抗生素 antibody 抗体 anticodon 反密码子 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 抗利尿激素 antigen 抗原 aqueous solution 水溶液 archaebacteria 古细菌 archenteron 原肠 artery 动脉 2 arteriole 小动脉 arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化 asexual reproduction 无性生殖 assortive mating 同型交配 atomic number 原子序数 atomic weight 原子量 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 三磷酸腺苷 ATP synthase • ATP 合成酶 atrioventricular valve 房室瓣 atrium 心房 autoimmune disease 自身免疫病 autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统 autopolyploid 同源多倍体 autosome 常染色体 autotroph 自养生物 axon 轴突 B cell B 细胞 bacteria (plural) bacterium (single) 细菌 bark 树皮 Barr body 性染色质,巴尔氏小体 -
Multicolor 3D MINFLUX Nanoscopy of Mitochondrial MICOS Proteins
Multicolor 3D MINFLUX nanoscopy of mitochondrial MICOS proteins Jasmin K. Papea,1, Till Stephana,b,1, Francisco Balzarottia,2, Rebecca Büchnera, Felix Langea,b, Dietmar Riedelc, Stefan Jakobsa,b,3, and Stefan W. Hella,d,3 aDepartment of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; bClinic of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; cLaboratory of Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and dDepartment of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Contributed by Stefan W. Hell, June 23, 2020 (sent for review May 13, 2020; reviewed by Clemens F. Kaminski and Valentin Nägerl) The mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) subunits (8, 9). In humans, MICOS consists of at least seven dif- is a multisubunit protein complex that is essential for the proper ferent subunits, which are part of two MICOS subcomplexes, architecture of the mitochondrial inner membrane. MICOS plays a key namely, the Mic60 and Mic10 subcomplexes. The Mic60 subcomplex role in establishing and maintaining crista junctions, tubular or slit-like encompasses Mic60, Mic25, and Mic19, whereas the Mic10 structures that connect the cristae membrane with the inner boundary subcomplex consists of Mic10, Mic13, Mic26, and Mic27 (10–12). membrane, thereby ensuring a contiguous inner membrane. MICOS is Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that Mic60 is enriched at crista junctions, but the detailed distribution of its subunits highly enriched at crista junctions (5, 13). Two-dimensional (2D) around crista junctions is unclear because such small length scales are stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy suggested that inaccessible with established fluorescence microscopy. -
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Cutting Edge: Glycolytic Metabolism and Mitochondrial Metabolism Are Uncoupled in Ag-Activated CD8+ Recent Thymic Emigrants This information is current as of September 25, 2021. Cody A. Cunningham, Suzanne Hoppins and Pamela J. Fink J Immunol published online 1 August 2018 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2018/07/31/jimmun ol.1800705 Downloaded from Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2018/07/31/jimmunol.180070 Material 5.DCSupplemental http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 25, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2018 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Published August 1, 2018, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800705 Cutting Edge: Glycolytic Metabolism and Mitochondrial Metabolism Are Uncoupled in Ag-Activated CD8+ Recent Thymic Emigrants Cody A. Cunningham,*,1 Suzanne Hoppins,† and Pamela J. Fink* Recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) are peripheral T cells imparts lasting functional differences that distinguish that have most recently completed selection and thymic RTE-derived memory cells from mature T cell–derived memory egress and constitute a population that is phenotypi- cells (8). -
Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) Interactions with Mitochondrial Membrane Proteins
Biochemical Society Transactions (2020) 48 993–1004 https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20190932 Review Article Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) interactions with mitochondrial membrane proteins Anna L. Duncan Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Correspondence: Anna L. Duncan ([email protected]) Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) is a three-tailed variant of cardiolipin (CL), the signature lipid of mitochondria. MLCL is not normally found in healthy tissue but accumulates in mito- chondria of people with Barth syndrome (BTHS), with an overall increase in the MLCL:CL ratio. The reason for MLCL accumulation remains to be fully understood. The effect of MLCL build-up and decreased CL content in causing the characteristics of BTHS are also unclear. In both cases, an understanding of the nature of MLCL interaction with mitochondrial proteins will be key. Recent work has shown that MLCL associates less tightly than CL with proteins in the mitochondrial inner membrane, suggesting that MLCL accumulation is a result of CL degradation, and that the lack of MLCL–protein interac- tions compromises the stability of the protein-dense mitochondrial inner membrane, leading to a decrease in optimal respiration. There is some data on MLCL–protein interac- tions for proteins involved in the respiratory chain and in apoptosis, but there remains much to be understood regarding the nature of MLCL–protein interactions. Recent devel- opments in structural, analytical and computational approaches mean that these investi- gations are now possible. Such an understanding will be key to further insights into how MLCL accumulation impacts mitochondrial membranes. In turn, these insights will help to support the development of therapies for people with BTHS and give a broader under- standing of other diseases involving defective CL content. -
A Thermodynamic Model Describing the Nature of the Crista Junction; a Structural Motif in the Mitochondrion
Working Title: A thermodynamic model describing the nature of the crista junction; a structural motif in the mitochondrion. Christian Renken†*, Gino Siragusa‡, Guy Perkins§, Lance Washington†, Jim Nulton‡, Peter Salamon‡, and Terrence G. Frey†§. †Department of Biology San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92185 ‡Department of Physics San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92185 §National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA Key Words: electron tomography, membrane topology, mitochondria, modeling, spontaneous curvature. *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christian Renken Wadsworth Center, NY State Dept. Health Empire State Plaza, P.O.Box 509 Albany, NY 12201-0509 Tel: 518-473-0202 Fax: 518-474-7992 Email:[email protected] Abstract: The use of electron tomography has allowed the three-dimensional membrane topography of the mitochondrion to be better understood. The most striking feature of this topology is the crista junction, a structure that may serve to divide functionally the inner-membrane and inter-membrane spaces. In situ these junctions seem to have a preferred size and shape independent of the source of the mitochondrion with few exceptions. When mitochondria are isolated and have a condensed matrix the crista junctions enlarge and become non-discrete. Upon permeation of the inner membrane and subsequent swelling of the matrix space, the uniform circular nature of the crista junction reappears. We examine the distribution of shapes and sizes of crista junctions and suggest a thermodynamic model that explains the distribution based on current theories of bilayer membrane shapes. The theory of spontaneous curvature shows the circular junction to be a thermodynamically stable structure whose size and shape is influenced by the relative volume of the matrix. -
Control of Free Arachidonic Acid Levels by Phospholipases A2 And
Control of Free Arachidonic Acid Levels by Phospholipases A2 and Lysophospholipid Acyltransferases Gema Pérez-Chacón, Alma M. Astudillo, David Balgoma, María A. Balboa, and Jesús Balsinde* Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain *Corresponding author. Phone, +34-983-423-062; Fax, +34-983-184-800; e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Arachidonic Acid; Phospholipase A2; Free fatty acid; Eicosanoids; Acyltransferase; Phospholipid Remodeling. Running Title: Control of Arachidonic Acid Levels 1 Abstract Arachidonic acid (AA) and its oxygenated derivatives, collectively known as the eicosanoids, are key mediators of a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological states. AA, obtained from the diet or synthesized from linoleic acid, is rapidly incorporated into cellular phospholipids by the concerted action of arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase and lysophospholipid acyl transferases. Under the appropriate conditions, AA is liberated from its phospholipid storage sites by the action of one or various phospholipase A2 enzymes. Thus, cellular availability of AA, and hence the amount of eicosanoids produced, depends on an exquisite balance between phospholipid reacylation and hydrolysis reactions. This review focus on the enzyme families that are involved in these reactions in resting and stimulated cells. Abbreviations AA, arachidonic