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Middle-Class Formation and Gender Construction in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 1760-1850

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Middle-Class Formation and Gender Construction in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 1760-1850 TAKING TEA IN THE PARLOUR: MIDDLE-CLASS FORMATION AND GENDER CONSTRUCTION IN NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK, 1760-1850 Ann Judith Poole B. A., Simon Fraser University, I986 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of History 0 Ann Judith Poole 2007 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2007 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author APPROVAL Name: Ann Judith Poole Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: Taking Tea in the Parlour: Middle-class Formation and Gender Construction in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 1760-1850 Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Emily O'Brien Assistant Professor, Department of History Simon Fraser University Dr. Willeen Keough Senior Supervisor Assistant Professor, Department of History Simon Fraser University Dr. Elise Chenier Supervisor Assistant Professor, Department of History Simon Fraser University Dr. Lara Campbell External Examiner Assistant Professor, Department of Women's Studies Simon Fraser University Date Defended: SIMON FRASER UN~VERS~~ibra ry DECLARATION OF PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the "Institutional Repository" link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http:llir.lib.sfu.calhandle118921112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesislproject or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author's written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Revised: Spring 2007 ABSTRACT Knowledge of tea etiquette was a significant marker of middle-class gentility and contributed to middle-class formation and gender construction in colonial Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Early middle-class settlers brought tea ware and employed the tea ritual to set standards of gentility that determined social inclusion or exclusion. Tea drinking shifted from a predominantly masculine activity in the late eighteenth century, as commercial and political men met in their parlours over tea, to an increasingly feminine ritual by the mid- nineteenth century. Attending this transition was the feminization of the parlour, a quasi-public space important for the display of middle-class gentility - a process that blurred the boundaries of separate spheres as women extended their domestic and communal influence. Increased female control of the tea ritual and the parlour contributed to middle-class men's concerns that their private and public authority was diminishing. Keywords: middle-class formation; gender identity; separate spheres; gentility; tea drinking Subject Terms: Middle class -- Canada -- History; Femininity -- Canada -- History -- I8th century; Femininity -- Canada -- History -- Igth century; Masculinity -- Canada -- History -- 18th century; Masculinity -- Canada -- History -- Igth century; Women -- Maritime Provinces -- History -- Igth century So hear it then, my Rennie dear, Nor hear it with a frown; You cannot make the tea so fast As I can gulp it down. I therefore pray thee, Rennie dear, That thou wilt give to me With cream and sugar softened well, Another dish of tea. "Untitled" Samuel Johnson (1709-1 784) Now stir the fire, and close the shutters fast, Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round, And, while the bubbling and loud-hissing urn Throws up a steamy column, and the cups, That cheer but not inebriate, wait on each, So let us welcome peaceful ev'ning in. 'The Winter Evening" William Cowper, 1785 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I wish to thank my senior supervisor, Dr. Willeen Keough, to whom I am greatly indebted for helping me to clarify my thoughts and writing. Your support, guidance, and encouragement were invaluable in assisting me to complete the writing of this thesis. My sincere gratitude is also extended to Dr. Elise Chenier for her insightful comments and suggestions. I am also grateful to Dr. Michael Prokopow for introducing me to the idea of using tea ware to explore colonial Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. I would also like to thank Dr. Ian Dyck for his support and advice. As well, I appreciate the helpful suggestions that Dr. Jack Little gave to me. The photographic images included in these pages were provided by archivists and curators who answered my pleas for pictures of tea sets. Special acknowledgment is given to Janet Hathaway, Assistant Archivist at the University of King's College in Halifax; Andrea Kirkpatrick, Curator of Canadian and International Art at the New Brunswick Museum; Wilma Stewart-White, Curator of the Mahone Bay Settlers Museum; and Stuart McLean, Archivist at the Yarmouth County Museum. Finally, thank you to my family. A special thank you to my parents, John and Jill Parker, who encouraged me to go back to school. My deepest appreciation is to my husband, Gerry, and my two children, Sarah and Adam, whose love, patience, and humour have sustained me throughout. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. Approval ................................................................................................................11 .. Abstract................................................................................................................ 111 Quotations............................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements .............................................................................................v Table of Contents ...............................................................................................vi .. List of Figures.................................................................................................... VII Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Middle-class Formation at the Tea Table .................................25 Chapter Two: Gendered Tea Visits ...................................................................55 Chapter Three: Gender Negotiation in the Parlour .........................................80 Conclusion..................................................................................................... I06 Appendix: Tea, Empire, and Identity............................................................... I12 Bibliography..................................................................................................... I 15 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 1: Weldon Collection.............................................................................. 27 Figure 1.2. Chipman Collection ............................................................................ 38 Figure 2.1 : Generational Family Groupings .......................................................... 73 Figure 3.1 : Yarmouth Museum Collection............................................................ 89 Figure 3.2. InglisIQuinlan Collection ..................................................................... 90 vii INTRODUCTION In 1842, George Fenety, publisher of the Saint John Commercial News and General Advertiser, wrote a short story, The Lady and the Dress-maker: or, A Peep at Fashionable Folly, in which he characterized a weekly gathering of women to drink tea as the "gossip circle."' Guests attending the fictional tea party included Dolly Blab, Miss Tongue, Mrs. Mouth, and Mrs. Grundy, who evaluated the conduct of their neighbours, with comments such as "she ought to be ashamed of herself," as tea was being p~ured.~Fenety located his imaginary circle around a tea table, an essential article of furniture in a middle-class parlour. Display of the tea ritual was a signal of middle-class status, as Fenety set the scene with the hostess, Mrs. Jones, "pouring out a cup of tea, and handing it to Miss Dolly Blab," and following through with, "Pass over your cup, and let me give you another, Miss T~ngue."~This mid-century association of female tea drinking and talk reflected a change in the ideological construction of gendered roles in the tea ritual from the eighteenth century to the nineteenth, as the venue shifted from the tavern to the parlour, and as the dominant figure
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