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Antigua and Barbuda © 2009 BirdLife International Juan de Dios Martínez Mera N35-76 y Av. Portugal Casilla 17-17-717 Quito, Ecuador. Tel: +593 2 2277059 Fax: +593 2 2469838 [email protected] www.birdlife.org BirdLife International is a UK-registered charity No. 1042125 ISBN: 978-9942-9959-0-2 Recommended citation: DEVENISH, C., DÍAZ FERNÁNDEZ, D. F., CLAY, R. P., DAVIDSON, I. & YÉPEZ ZABALA,I.EDS. (2009) Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16). To cite this chapter: PROSPER, J., JOSEPH, V., OTTO, A. & PROSPER,S. (2009) Antigua and Barbuda. Pp 53 - 58 in C. Devenish, D. F. Díaz Fernández, R. P. Clay, I. Davidson & I. Yépez Zabala Eds. Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16). The purpose of the information contained in this book is to support conservation initiatives in the Americas, for which it may be reproduced. Using this information for commercial purposes is not permitted. If part or all of this information is used or included in any other publication, BirdLife International must be cited as copyright holder. Those who provided illustrations or photographs in this book have copyright over them and these are not permitted to be reproduced separately to the texts accompanying them. The presentation of material in this book and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Membership of BirdLife International does not imply any opinion or position with respect to sovereignty issues on the part of BirdLife International Partner organizations. Graphic design: Alejandro Miranda Baldares ([email protected]) Translations: Christian Devenish, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Amiro Pérez-Leroux Maps: David F. Díaz Fernández, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Christian Devenish Edition of Spanish language country chapters: Ítala Yépez Zabala, Carlos Huertas Sánchez & David F. Díaz Fernández Graphic design volunteer (Spanish language country chapters): Adriana Valencia Tapia 3ULQWHGLQ(FXDGRUE\3ROLJUi¿FD&$ This publication and all country/territory chapters in their native languages are available for download at www.birdlife.org/ 0TWVY[HU[)PYK(YLHZAMERICAS /1ÊEÊ , 1 1VZLWO7YVZWLY=PJ[VY1VZLWO(UKYLH6[[V :OHULL7YVZWLY ;OLLUKLTPJHUK5LHY;OYLH[LULK)HYI\KH>HYISLY+LUKYVPJHZ\IP[HPZVUS` 53 YLWYLZLU[LKPUVUL0)(*VKYPUN[VU3HNVVUHUK[OL*YLLR(. 7OV[V!(UKYL^+VIZVU *V\U[Y`MHJ[ZH[HNSHUJL (YLH! RT2 7VW\SH[PVU! *HWP[HS! :[1VOU»Z (S[P[\KL! ¶T 5\TILYVM0)(Z! 11 ;V[HS0)(HYLH! OH 0)(JV]LYHNLVMSHUKHYLH! 13% ;V[HSU\TILYVMIPYKZ! 182 .SVIHSS`[OYLH[LULKIPYKZ! 1 .SVIHSS`[OYLH[LULKIPYKZPU0)(Z! 1 *V\U[Y`LUKLTPJZ! 1 .LULYHSPU[YVK\J[PVU The nation of Antigua and Barbuda comprises three main islands – Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda – all at the northern end of the Lesser Antilles. Antigua is the largest island (280 km2) and lies 40 km northeast of Montser- rat (to the UK), 67 km east of Nevis (St Kitts and Nevis) and 60 km north of Guadeloupe (to France). Barbuda is smaller (161 km2) and located 42 km north of Antigua. Redonda is the smallest island (just 2.1 km2) and is situated 45 km west-south-west of Antigua, between Nevis (St Kitts and Nevis, 25 km to the northwest) and Montserrat (20 km southeast). Antigua and Barbuda are emergent parts of a 3400 km2 submarine platform. The depth of water between the two islands is just 27 to 33 m. Antigua is 19 km across (east to west) and 15 km from north to south. It has an intricate, deeply indented coastline with numerous islands, creeks, inlets and associated sand-bars (behind which wetlands KDYHGHYHORSHG $ODUJHSRUWLRQRIWKHHDVWQRUWKDQGVRXWKFRDVWVDUHSURWHFWHGE\IULQJLQJUHHIV$ÁDWORZ lying dry central plain gives rise to gently rolling limestone hills and valleys (vegetated with xeric scrub) in the north and east. The higher, volcanic mountains of the south-west support moist evergreen forest. Barbuda is a low limestone island with a less varied coastline although it supports extensive reef systems, especially off the east coast. Codrington Lagoon in the northwest is a large, almost enclosed saltwater lagoon bordered by mangroves and sand ridges. An area of highlands (c.35 m high) on the eastern side of the island is an escarpment with a scarp slope on the north and west, a gentle slope to the south, and sea cliffs on the east. Redonda is the cone of a volcano that rises abruptly from the sea in steep cliffs that surround the island. Antigua and Barbuda support some of the most extensive mangrove woodlands in the eastern Caribbean. 4HNUPÄJLU[ -YPNH[LIPYK -YLNH[H THNUPÄJLUZJOPJRH[*VKYPUN[VU 3HNVVU[OL*HYPIILHU»ZSHYNLZ[ MYPNH[LIPYKJVSVU` 7OV[V!1PT2\ZOSHU Antigua and Barbuda’s climate is tropical maritime and average annual precipitation is 1050 mm but severe droughts are experienced every few years (Barbuda is drier than Antigua). Rainfall is concentrated between Sep- tember and November, while January to April is considered the driest period. Most of Antigua’s land area (up to 92%) was under sugarcane cultivation for 300 years (the industry closed in the 1960s). The abandonment of sugar (and cotton) has resulted in a large increase of livestock production (especially cattle, but also free-roaming sheep and goats). However, tourism is now the island’s major industry. 54 Legislation for the establishment of formal terrestrial protected areas in ¸*\YYLU[S`]LY`SP[[SLMVYTHSWYV[LJ[PVU Antigua and Barbuda is lacking. In the 1990s, a draft of a new Forestry Act was written, making provision for the designation of protected areas. PZHMMVYKLK[OL[LYYLZ[YPHSIPVKP]LYZP[`PU However this draft has not yet been enacted. The Government’s Environ- ment Division is currently engaged in the (GEF-funded) Ridges-to-Reef (U[PN\HHUK)HYI\KH¹ SURMHFWWKDWPD\GHFODUHVSHFLÀFDUHDVDVQDWXUHUHVHUYHVRURWKHUSURWHFW- ed areas, but currently, very little formal protection is afforded the terres- The EAG and its partners in the Antiguan Racer Conservation Project trial (and land-based wetland) biodiversity in Antigua and Barbuda. The (ARCP) and the subsequent Off-shore Islands Conservation Project have marine environment is better catered for legislatively. The Fisheries Act been leading an international effort to eradicate black rats (Rattus rattus) allows for the designation of marine reserves, and in 2005 the North-East from approximately 15 islands, and to raise awareness of the need for an Marine Management Area (NEMMA) was declared – a 3100-ha area that effective off-shore island management system. The ARCP has, to date, extends from the northern tip of Antigua to its eastern extremity, and in- reintroduced the endemic and Critically Endangered Antiguan racer cludes 30 offshore islands. This protected area receives more than 50,000 (Alsophis antiguae) to three rat-free islands, resulting in an increase in visitors each year, yet tourism contributes nothing to protected area man- the population from 50 snakes in 1995 to 300 in January 2008. Interest agement or conservation. The Fisheries Division (of the Ministry of Lands that the ARCP generated, coupled with the realization that many jobs in and Fisheries) has formally invited the NGO, Environmental Awareness WRXULVPDQGÀVKHULHVGHSHQGRQDKHDOWK\DQGELRGLYHUVHHQYLURQPHQWUH- Group (EAG) to participate in a quasi-autonomous Site Management cently culminated in proposals for a new protected area system to promote Entity for the area’s management. There is a keen desire to ensure that conservation and sustainable use. Proposed areas encompass the ranges 1(00$ EHFRPHV ÀQDQFLDOO\ VHOIVXVWDLQLQJ DQG FRQWULEXWHV WDQJLEO\ of Antigua and Barbuda’s most threatened species and habitats, from to both biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods. Unfortunately, at coral reefs to dry forests, and will afford an unprecedented opportunity the moment, this piece of legislation provides legal authority only for the for biodiversity restoration and protection in the country. Other than pro- management of the marine and not terrestrial habitats within the protected tected area designation, Antigua and Barbuda urgently needs greater en- DUHD7KH:LOG%LUG3URWHFWLRQ$FWLVDVSHFLÀFSLHFHRIOHJLVODWLRQIRU forcement and awareness of species protection laws, and an improvement bird protection. However, the act currently allows for an open hunting sea- in hunters’ abilities to distinguish between protected and game species. son (July 16–January 31), and thus provides little protection, for example, There is also a need for training professionals involved in developing to the Vulnerable West Indian Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna arborea) or and administering conservation programs, and technicians involved in the Near Threatened Caribbean Coot (Fulica caribaea), both of which are ÀHOGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHEDVLFUHVHDUFKLVQHHGHGWRDVVHVV OLVWHGDVJDPHVSHFLHV(QIRUFHPHQWRIWKLVDFWDQGVSHFLÀFSURYLVLRQVIRU population size, habitat use and threats to the country’s key bird species to threatened species likely to be hunted are needed if this legislation is to ensure that major conservation initiatives are based on sound science, and assist bird conservation in the country. WKHLUHIÀFDF\PRQLWRUHG ,NYL[JVSVU`H[4J2PUUVU»Z:HS[WVUK(.VULVMVUS`[^V5L^>VYSKIYLLKPUNZP[LZMVY3P[[SL,NYL[,NYL[[HNHYaL[[H 7OV[V!1PT2\ZOSHU Effective biodiversity conservation is severely constrained
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