DOCSLIB.ORG

Erkenntnismittelliste Syrien

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Erkenntnismittelliste Syrien VERWALTUNGSGERICHT STADE Verzeichnis der vorhandenen Materialien über die Arabische Republik Syrien - 10. Kammer - Stand: 16.09.2021 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Das Gericht beabsichtigt, gemäß § 86 VwGO die genannten Materialien gegebenenfalls zur Entscheidung heranzuziehen. Falls Sie Einsicht in ein nicht frei verfügbares Erkenntnismit- tel benötigen, wenden Sie sich bitte an die Service-Einheit der 10. Kammer. I. Auswärtiges Amt A. Lageberichte 01.04.2004 13.12.2004 14.07.2005 17.03.2006 26.02.2007 05.05.2008 09.07.2009 28.12.2009 (Ad-hoc Ergänzungsbericht) 07.04.2010 (Ad-hoc Ergänzungsbericht) 27.09.2010 17.02.2012 (Ad-hoc-Bericht) 13.11.2018 Stand: November 2018 kein regulärer Asyllagebericht; Er- stellung im Hinblick auf die IMK im November 2018 20.11.2019 Stand: November 2019 kein regulärer Asyllagebericht; Er- stellung im Hinblick auf die IMK im Dezember 2019 19.05.2020 Fortschreibung des Berichts über die Lage in der Arabischen Republik Sy- rien vom November 2019 (Stand: Mai 2020), kein regulärer Asyllage- bericht; Erstellung im Hinblick auf die IMK im Juni 2020 04.12.2020 Bericht über die Lage in der Arabischen Republik Syrien (Stand: November 2020), kein regulärer Asyllagebericht; Erstellung im Hin- blick auf die IMK im Dezember 2020 - 2 - B. Auskünfte Datum Adressat Inhalt 14.01.2004 VG Darmstadt staatenlose Kurden; rot-orange- nes Plastikdokument; Wehr- dienst 14.01.2004 VG Darmstadt staatenlose Kurden; Ausweispa- piere; Bescheinigung des Orts- vorstehers; rot-orangene Plas- tikkarte; Maktumin 14.01.2004 VG Darmstadt Echtheit Personaldokument - Wehrdienst staatenloser Kurden 19.01.2004 VG Darmstadt Identitätsbescheinigung eines Mukhtars; geringer Beweiswert 19.01.2004 VG Bayreuth Identitätsbescheinigung; Volkszäh- lung 1962; rot-orangene Plastikkar- ten 04.03.2004 VG Braunschweig Ehrenmorde; Familienehre; Az. 508-516.80/42472 Scheidung 31.03.2004 VG Darmstadt Ausreisegenehmigung; Ausrei- severbot; Kommunistische Par- tei; Hisham Bichtiyar 17.06.2004 VG Regensburg Haftbefehl 29.06.2004 VG Hannover Dokumentenechtheit; Staats- wappen; alte Wertmarken; Dau- menabdruck 01.07.2004 VG Aachen Palästinenser 04.08.2004 VG Stade exilpolitisch tätige Rückkehrer; Kurden 04.08.2004 Nds. Ministerium für Inneres und Auszüge aus dem Ausländerre- Sport gister 12.08.2004 VG Ansbach Bekanntheitsbescheinigung 17.08.2004 VG Schleswig Sippenhaft, Moslembrüder; Ge- schwister Al-Atar 24.08.2004 VG Regensburg Haftbefehl 24.08.2004 VG Schleswig Auszug aus dem Ausländerre- gister; Vergabe von Laissez- Passer; Staatenlose; Unterrich- tung der syrischen Botschaft über Abschiebungstermin 28.09.2004 VG Chemnitz Hizb Al-Tahrir Al-Islami; Verhaf- tungen in Homs (Dezember 1999) 10.11.2004 VG Schleswig Yekiti, Abdul Rahman Gello; Sippenhaftartige Verfolgungs- maßnahmen; Kurden; Gefähr- dungslage; normales Parteimit- glied 10.11.2004 VG Chemnitz Moslem-Bruderschaft; Ghazi Tobi; Angehörige; Eheschlie- ßung in Syrien - 3 - 27.12.2004 VG Würzburg CPPB 24.01.2005 VG Schleswig Kurdische Parteien in Syrien; Kurdische Volksunion; Salah Badr ad - Din; Yekiti 25.01.2005 VG Schleswig Rifaat Al-Assad; Spezialeinheit 09.03.2005 VG Saarland Riad Al-Turk; KPS-P; Vorladung 17.03.2005 VG Würzburg Riad Al-Turk; CPPB; Ibrahim Malik 13.04.2005 VG Ansbach Demonstration in Aleppo; Sip- penhaft 23.05.2005 VG Karlsruhe Lage der Kurden/staatenlose Kurden 23.05.2005 VG Saarland Identitätsbescheinigungen 14.06.2005 VG Hannover Strafurteil - Kopie - 14.06.2005 VG Schleswig Militärdienst; Reservezeit; Haft- strafen; Haftbedingungen 05.09.2005 VG Karlsruhe Strafurteil - Kopie -; Aramäer; Christen 21.10.2005 VG Würzburg Abschiebung eines erfolglosen Asylbewerbers am 14.06.2005 Oktober VG Stuttgart Ausländerzentralregister; Mak- 2005 tumin; Laissez-Passer; Kurdi- sche Demonstration am 10.12.2002 24.11.2005 VG Ansbach Al Parti 29.11.2005 VG Ansbach Al Parti 01.12.2005 VG Bayreuth Internetveröffentlichungen 01.02.2006 VG Würzburg religiöse Minderheiten; Christen; Übertritt vom Islam/Christentum (und umgekehrt) 20.02.2006 Sozialgericht Detmold Maktum(in) 28.04.2006 VG Stuttgart Fußballmannschaften; Unruhen in Kamischli am 12.03.2004 02.05.2006 VG Stuttgart Al Malikiyah (Kurdisch: Derik); Auseinandersetzungen in Ka- mischli am 12.03.2004; De- monstrationen in Al-Malikiyah am 13.03.2004; Verhaftungen 21.08.2006 VG Koblenz „Ehrverbrechen“; „Ehrenmorde“; Az. 508-516.80-44711 „Frauenhaus“ 28.08.2006 VG Würzburg Echtheit eines Urteils (Verurtei- lung in Abwesenheit) 28.11.2006 VG Schleswig Dokumentenechtheit 21.12.2006 VG Koblenz Asylantragstellung 08.01.2007 VG Magdeburg staatenlose Kurden mit türki- schen Vorfahren; Zivilregister für Ausländer, Passersatzpapiere; Verhandlun- gen über Rückübernahmeab- kommen - 4 - 07.08.2007 VG Stuttgart Christen; Schulden; Geldverleih; Verhältnis zwischen den Religio- nen; polizeilicher Schutz 11.09.2007 VG Köln Homosexuelle Handlungen; Strafbarkeit 06.11.2007 VG Schleswig Party of Modernity and De- mocracy 26.11.2007 VG Gelsenkirchen Staatenlose mit syrischem Ehe- partner 21.02.2008 VG Hamburg In Syrien registrierte palästinen- sische Volkszugehörige; Kind ei- ner syrischen Staatsangehöri- gen und eines heimatlosen Va- ters 26.03.2008 VG Magdeburg Partei der Modernität und De- mokratie für Syrien 19.05.2008 VG Düsseldorf Yekiti 11.06.2008 VG Bremen Syrischer Reisepass; Visumbe- antragung; persönliche Vorspra- che 31.10.2008 VG Stuttgart PYD 27.11.2008 VG Magdeburg Exilpolitische Aktivitäten; Yekiti 09.02.2009 VG Karlsruhe Einreisevoraussetzungen für pa- lästinensische Staatsangehörige nach Syrien; Wehrdienstentzie- hung eines in Syrien registrier- ten und geborenen Palästinen- sers 25.05.2009 VG Hamburg Dokumentenechtheit 28.12.2009 VG Leipzig Abschiebungen nach Syrien; Rückübernahmeabkommen 10.06.2010 VG Sigmaringen Dokumentenechtheit (Register- auszug) 01.02.2011 Bundesamt Rückführung einer Familie 02.02.2011 Bundesamt Rückführung einer Familie 05.04.2011 VG Wiesbaden versuchter illegaler Grenzüber- tritt Syrien-Irak; Schuraya 12.05.2011 Landkreis Hildesheim (Botschaft Gesetzeserlass Nr. 49/2011 Damaskus) 07.11.2016 OVG Schleswig-Holstein Befragungen unverfolgt ausge- reister Syrer, Auslandsaufent- halt 02.01.2017 VG Düsseldorf Politisch nicht aktive SyrerInnen; Kurdische Volkszugehörige; Wiedereinreisemöglichkeiten nach Syrien für Kurden; 02.01.2017 VG Düsseldorf Verschiedene Fragen zum Wehrdienst; Einziger Sohn 17.01.2017 VG Wiesbaden Rekrutierung syrischer Staats- angestellter zum Militärdienst 13.09.2017 VG Köln Keine Prüfung der Identität des Klägers ohne Gefährdung der Sicherheit der Angehörigen - 5 - 17.10.2017 VG Magdeburg Behandlung von Personen aus oppositionsnahen Orten 02.02.2018 OVG Hamburg Rückkehrer nach Syrien 02.01.2019 VG Wiesbaden Echtheitsüberprüfung einer "An- ordnung über Festnahme in Ab- wesenheit"; Online-Datenbank zu angeblich vom Regime ge- suchten Personen. 12.02.2019 HessVGH Behandlung und Gefährdung von Rückkehrerinnen aus dem europäischen Ausland II. Andere amtliche Auskünfte A. Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge Datum Inhalt /Titel September 2010 Länderinformation Asyl (Teil I und Teil II) 21.03.2011 Umsturz und Unruhen in der arabischen Welt - Aktuelle Lage (Stand 21. März 2011), u.a. Syrien April 2011 Syrien - Asylrelevante Informationen, Rückübernahmeabkommen, Identitätspapiere, Asyl-Like-Minded-Group und aktuelle Situation August 2011 Lage der Religionsgemeinschaften in ausgewählten islamischen Ländern (u.a. Syrien) Januar 2012 Syrien-Unruhen und staatliche Reaktionen, innenpolitische As- pekte, internationale Reaktionen, Daten/Fakten zur Asylantragstel- lung und Fazit (Stand: 16.01.2012) Januar 2012 Umsturz und Unruhen in der arabischen Welt (u.a. Syrien) März 2012 Todesstrafe in ausgewählten Ländern (u.a. Syrien) Juli 2012 Syrien - Syrische Flüchtlinge in den Nachbarländern (Stand: 24.07.2012) August 2012 Syrien - Syrische Flüchtlinge in den Nachbarländern (Update vom 15.08.2012) September 2012 Syrien - Syrische Flüchtlinge in den Nachbarländern (Update vom 04.09.2012) Dezember 2012 Syrien - Syrische Flüchtlinge in den Nachbarländern (Update vom 04.12.2012) Februar 2013 Syrien - Syrische Flüchtlinge in den Nachbarländern (Update vom 26.02.2013) September 2013 Syrien - Ausgewählte islamische Oppositionsgruppen September 2019 Länderreport 18 – Syrien - Lage der Christen Laufend Briefing Notes und Entscheiderbriefe https://www.bamf.de/DE/Behoerde/Informationszentrum/informati- onszentrum-node.html B. Sonstige Datum Verfasser Adressat - 6 - 25.07.2008 Bekanntmachung des deutsch-syrischen Abkommens über die Rückführung von illegal aufhältigen Personen und des Protokolls zur Durchführung dieses Abkommens (BGBl. II S. 811) 17.12.2008 Bundesministerium des Innern 21.03.2009 Antwort der Nds. Landesregierung auf die Kl. Anfrage der Abge- ordneten Christa Reichwaldt und Pia-Beate Zimmermann (LINKE) 25.06.2009 Clearingstellenforum Passersatzpapierbeschaffung 16.12.2009 Bundesministerium des Innern 21.01.2010 Antwort des Nds. Ministeriums für Inneres, Sport und Integration 05.02.2010 Antwort der Bundesregierung (BT-Drs. 17/644) 12.05.2010 Botschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Damaskus Landkreis Hil- desheim 20.10.2010 Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kl. Anfrage der Abgeord- neten Ulla Jelpke, Jan Korte, Petra Pau, Frank Tempel und der Fraktion DIE LINKE - Drucksache 17/2869 -, Druck-sache 17/3365 12.04.2011 Antwort der Bundesregierung (BT-Drs. 17/5460) 28.04.2011 Bundesministerium des Innern 02.05.2011 Nds. Ministerium
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oral Update of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic
    Distr.: General 18 March 2014 Original: English Human Rights Council Twenty-fifth session Agenda item 4 Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention Oral Update of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic 1 I. Introduction 1. The harrowing violence in the Syrian Arab Republic has entered its fourth year, with no signs of abating. The lives of over one hundred thousand people have been extinguished. Thousands have been the victims of torture. The indiscriminate and disproportionate shelling and aerial bombardment of civilian-inhabited areas has intensified in the last six months, as has the use of suicide and car bombs. Civilians in besieged areas have been reduced to scavenging. In this conflict’s most recent low, people, including young children, have starved to death. 2. Save for the efforts of humanitarian agencies operating inside Syria and along its borders, the international community has done little but bear witness to the plight of those caught in the maelstrom. Syrians feel abandoned and hopeless. The overwhelming imperative is for the parties, influential states and the international community to work to ensure the protection of civilians. In particular, as set out in Security Council resolution 2139, parties must lift the sieges and allow unimpeded and safe humanitarian access. 3. Compassion does not and should not suffice. A negotiated political solution, which the commission has consistently held to be the only solution to this conflict, must be pursued with renewed vigour both by the parties and by influential states. Among victims, the need for accountability is deeply-rooted in the desire for peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Notes for the Trump Notes Administration the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ■ 2018 ■ Pn55
    TRANSITION 2017 POLICYPOLICY NOTES FOR THE TRUMP NOTES ADMINISTRATION THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ 2018 ■ PN55 TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA AARON Y. ZELIN Tunisia should really open its embassy in Raqqa, not Damascus. That’s where its people are. —ABU KHALED, AN ISLAMIC STATE SPY1 THE PAST FEW YEARS have seen rising interest in foreign fighting as a general phenomenon and in fighters joining jihadist groups in particular. Tunisians figure disproportionately among the foreign jihadist cohort, yet their ubiquity is somewhat confounding. Why Tunisians? This study aims to bring clarity to this question by examining Tunisia’s foreign fighter networks mobilized to Syria and Iraq since 2011, when insurgencies shook those two countries amid the broader Arab Spring uprisings. ©2018 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ NO. 30 ■ JANUARY 2017 AARON Y. ZELIN Along with seeking to determine what motivated Evolution of Tunisian Participation these individuals, it endeavors to reconcile estimated in the Iraq Jihad numbers of Tunisians who actually traveled, who were killed in theater, and who returned home. The find- Although the involvement of Tunisians in foreign jihad ings are based on a wide range of sources in multiple campaigns predates the 2003 Iraq war, that conflict languages as well as data sets created by the author inspired a new generation of recruits whose effects since 2011. Another way of framing the discussion will lasted into the aftermath of the Tunisian revolution. center on Tunisians who participated in the jihad fol- These individuals fought in groups such as Abu Musab lowing the 2003 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 8 November 2012
    United Nations S/2012/550 Security Council Distr.: General 8 November 2012 Original: English Identical letters dated 13 July 2012 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council Upon instructions from my Government, and following my letters dated 16 to 20 and 23 to 25 April, 7, 11, 14 to 16, 18, 21, 24, 29 and 31 May, 1, 4, 6, 7, 11, 19, 20, 25, 27 and 28 June, and 2, 3, 9 and 11 July 2012, I have the honour to attach herewith a detailed list of violations of cessation of violence that were committed by armed groups in Syria on 9 July 2012 (see annex). It would be highly appreciated if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the Security Council. (Signed) Bashar Ja’afari Ambassador Permanent Representative 12-58099 (E) 271112 281112 *1258099* S/2012/550 Annex to the identical letters dated 13 July 2012 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council [Original: Arabic] Monday, 9 July 2012 Rif Dimashq governorate 1. At 2200 hours on it July 2012, an armed terrorist group abducted Chief Warrant Officer Rajab Ballul in Sahnaya and seized a Government vehicle, licence plate No. 734818. 2. At 0330 hours, an armed terrorist group opened fire on the law enforcement checkpoint of Shaykh Ali, wounding two officers. 3. At 0700 hours, an armed terrorist group detonated an explosive device as a law enforcement overnight bus was passing the Artuz Judaydat al-Fadl turn-off on the Damascus-Qunaytirah road, wounding three officers.
    [Show full text]
  • Deir Ez Zor Governorate
    “THIS IS MORE THAN VIOLENCE”: AN OVERVIEW OF CHILDREN’S PROTECTION NEEDS IN SYRIA Deir Ez Zor PROTECTION SEVERITY RANKING BY SUB-DISTRICT Severity ranking by sub-districts considered 3 indicators: i) % of IDPs in the population; Kisreh ii) conflict incidents weighted according to Tabni the extent of impact; and Sur iii) population in hard-to-reach communities. Deir-ez-Zor Khasham Basira Deir-ez-Zor Muhasan Thiban Sve anks Al Mayadin Hajin N oblem Ashara oblem Jalaa Moderat oblem Susat Abu Kamal oblem Svere oblem Cri�cal problem Catrastrophic problem POPULATION DATA Number of 0-4 Years 5-14 Years 15-17 Years Locations Total Children % of Children Total Population Communities 136 Overall Population 12% 27% 6% 400K 45% 895K PIN 12% 25% 8% 329K 45% 740K IDP 12% 27% 6% 68K 45% 152K Hard to Reach Locations 135 12% 27% 6% 285K 45% 638K Besieged Locations 0 Military Encircled Locations 1 12% 27% 6% 37K 45% 84K * es�mates to support humanitarian planning processes only SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 131 communities (96%) were assessed in Deir-ez-Zor issue of concern. Adolescent boys (70%) followed by adolescent governorate. girls (8%) were considered most affected child population groups. • In 7 per cent of assessed communities, respondents • In 100 percent of assessed communities respondents reported reported child labour preventing school attendance was that family violence was an issue of concern. Adolescent girls an issue of concern. Both adolescent boys in different age (100%) followed by both girls <12 years and boys <12 years (99%) groups 15-17 and 12-14 years were considered equally were considered the most affected child population groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria Update: August 30-September 4, 2014
    Syria Update: August 30-September 4, 2014 6 August 31: Rebels from the 1 August 31 - September 4: After shooting down an Iranian drone on Islamic Front, Kurdish Front, August 31, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) declared the Israeli border with Jabhat al-Nusra, and other groups Quneitra a “closed military zone” and deployed armored vehicles to the area clashed with ISIS ghters near on September 2. On September 4, IDF struck the regime’s 90th Brigade the Shahba Dam in northern Headquarters in Quneitra after mortars landed in Israeli territory in the Aleppo province, amid ongoing Golan Heights. ree regime soldiers were reported killed. rebel shelling of ISIS positions. 6 Aleppo 2 August 30: ISIS created a social media account for Hasakah “Wilayat al-Furat,” which extends from Abu Kamal in eastern 7 September 2-3: JN and Idlib-based rebels seized Syria to al-Qaim in western Iraq. is is the rst time ISIS Idlib four military checkpoints just northwest of Hama city, has announced a cross-border “Wilayat” – a term they use for 10 ar-Raqqa near Halfaya and Maharda. e checkpoints lie near a the administrative units of their areas of governance. regime supply route leading to the al-Ghab Plain and Latakia Idlib Province. 3 September 4: Rebel groups including Jabhat al-Nusra ( JN), al-Muthanna Islamic Movement, and FSA aliated 7 8 September 2: e Islamic Front and other rebels have Hama continued to target the Hama Military Airport, a major groups announced a new oensive in Quneitra province and Deir ez-Zour seized the villages of Majduliya and Masharah, located 8 Hama Military Airport regime transportation and resupply hub, and claimed to southeast of Quneitra city.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Diamond Threats Newsletter
    Red Diamond Threats Newsletter TRADOC G-2 Operational Environment Enterprise ACE Threats Integration Fort Leavenworth, KS Volume 6, Issue 7 JUL 2015 INSIDE THIS ISSUE UGF in North Korea......... 4 Fight for Hama, Syria .... 12 JMRC Ex CR 15-04 ........ 17 WEG 2015 Changes....... 22 Boko Haram ................... 24 Recon & Assault Pt 2 .... 29 ACE-TI POCs ................. 35 by TRADOC G-2 ACE Threats Integration OEE Red Diamond The Threat Tactics Course will be at Fort Leavenworth next month, 24– published monthly by 28 August. The week-long course provides students with an TRADOC G-2 OEE understanding of the tactics and techniques employed by the threat in ACE Threats Integration complex environments. Those who design or participate in training Send suggestions to: exercises and scenario development will benefit from this free course. ATTN: Red Diamond Slots for August are still available. Please contact Angela Wilkins Dr. Jon H. Moilanen ([email protected]) to register for the course, and Operations BMA Contractor provide the following: your name, rank/civilian/contractor, duty title, and organization, installation, email, and phone. If you are unable to attend Angela Wilkins but would like to be contacted about future courses, you will be added Chief Editor and to the contact list. Typically, the course is provided twice a year in Product Integration BMA Contractor March and August. OEE NEWSLETTER DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED RED DIAMOND TOPICS OF INTEREST by Angela M. Wilkins, TRADOC G-2 ACE-Threats Integration, Editor, Red Diamond Newsletter (BMA Ctr) This month’s front-page feature serves as a reminder to Nigerian governments’ ability to conduct business.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 24 August 2016
    United Nations S/2016/738/Rev.1 Security Council Distr.: General 24 August 2016 Original: English Letter dated 24 August 2016 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council I have the honour to convey herewith the third report of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons-United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism. I should be grateful if the present letter and the report could be brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. (Signed) BAN Ki-moon 16-14878 (E) 140916 *1614878* S/2016/738/Rev.1 Letter dated 24 August 2016 from the Leadership Panel of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons- United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism addressed to the Secretary-General The Leadership Panel of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons-United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism has the honour to transmit the Mechanism’s third report pursuant to Security Council resolution 2235 (2015). The report provides an update on the activities of the Mechanism up to 19 August 2016. It also outlines the concluding assessments of the Leadership Panel to date, on the basis of the results of the investigation into the nine selected cases of the use of chemicals as weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic. The Leadership Panel wishes to thank the Secretary-General for the confidence placed in it. The Panel appreciates the indispensable support provided by the Secretariat, including the Office for Disarmament Affairs, the Department for Political Affairs and the Office of Legal Affairs, and the United Nations officials who have assisted the Mechanism in New York, Geneva and Damascus.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on the Air War in Syria Lt Col S
    Views Observations on the Air War in Syria Lt Col S. Edward Boxx, USAF His face was blackened, his clothes in tatters. He couldn’t talk. He just point- ed to the flames, still about four miles away, then whispered: “Aviones . bombas” (planes . bombs). —Guernica survivor iulio Douhet, Hugh Trenchard, Billy Mitchell, and Henry “Hap” Arnold were some of the greatest airpower theorists in history. Their thoughts have unequivocally formed the basis of G 1 modern airpower. However, their ideas concerning the most effective use of airpower were by no means uniform and congruent in their de- termination of what constituted a vital center with strategic effects. In fact the debate continues to this day, and one may draw on recent con- flicts in the Middle East to make observations on the topic. Specifi- cally, this article examines the actions of one of the world’s largest air forces in a struggle against its own people—namely, the rebels of the Free Syrian Army (FSA). As of early 2013, the current Syrian civil war has resulted in more than 60,000 deaths, 2.5 million internally displaced persons, and in ex- cess of 600,000 refugees in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon.2 Presi- dent Bashar al-Assad has maintained his position in part because of his ability to control the skies and strike opposition targets—including ci- vilians.3 The tactics of the Al Quwwat al-Jawwiyah al Arabiya as- Souriya (Syrian air force) appear reminiscent of those in the Spanish Civil War, when bombers of the German Condor Legion struck the Basque market town of Guernica, Spain, on 26 April 1937.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Notes March 2021
    THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY MARCH 2021 POLICY NOTES NO. 100 In the Service of Ideology: Iran’s Religious and Socioeconomic Activities in Syria Oula A. Alrifai “Syria is the 35th province and a strategic province for Iran...If the enemy attacks and aims to capture both Syria and Khuzestan our priority would be Syria. Because if we hold on to Syria, we would be able to retake Khuzestan; yet if Syria were lost, we would not be able to keep even Tehran.” — Mehdi Taeb, commander, Basij Resistance Force, 2013* Taeb, 2013 ran’s policy toward Syria is aimed at providing strategic depth for the Pictured are the Sayyeda Tehran regime. Since its inception in 1979, the regime has coopted local Zainab shrine in Damascus, Syrian Shia religious infrastructure while also building its own. Through youth scouts, and a pro-Iran I proxy actors from Lebanon and Iraq based mainly around the shrine of gathering, at which the banner Sayyeda Zainab on the outskirts of Damascus, the Iranian regime has reads, “Sayyed Commander Khamenei: You are the leader of the Arab world.” *Quoted in Ashfon Ostovar, Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran’s Revolutionary Guards (2016). Khuzestan, in southwestern Iran, is the site of a decades-long separatist movement. OULA A. ALRIFAI IRAN’S RELIGIOUS AND SOCIOECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA consolidated control over levers in various localities. against fellow Baathists in Damascus on November Beyond religious proselytization, these networks 13, 1970. At the time, Iran’s Shia clerics were in exile have provided education, healthcare, and social as Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was still in control services, among other things.
    [Show full text]
  • EUI RSCAS Working Paper 2021/08 How Global Jihad Relocalises And
    RSC 2021/08 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Middle East Directions Programme How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where it Leads. The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria Jerome Drevon and Patrick Haenni European University Institute Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Middle East Directions Programm How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where it Leads. The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria Jerome Drevon and Patrick Haenni EUI Working Paper RSC 2021/08 Terms of access and reuse for this work are governed by the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC- BY 4.0) International license. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper series and number, the year and the publisher. ISSN 1028-3625 © Jerome Drevon and Patrick Haenni, 2021 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) International license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Published in January 2021 by the European University Institute. Badia Fiesolana, via dei Roccettini 9 I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy Views expressed in this publication reflect the opinion of individual author(s) and not those of the European University Institute. This publication is available in Open Access in Cadmus, the EUI Research Repository: https://cadmus.eui.eu Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, created in 1992 and currently directed by Professor Brigid Laffan, aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research on the major issues facing the process of European integration, European societies and Europe’s place in 21st century global politics.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/MIDDLE EAST OVERVIEW Human
    HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/MIDDLE EAST OVERVIEW Human Rights Developments Human rights violations were increasingly out in the open in 1995. Many Middle East governments decided they did not have to go to great lengths to conceal abusive practices in their battle against Islamist opponents and "enemies of the peace process." With the international community largely turning a blind eye, governments facing Islamist opposition groupsCviolent and nonviolentCliterally got away with murder. The violent groups they confronted were equally bold and bloodyCdeliberately killing civilians to punish or intimidate those who withheld support or were related, in any way, to the government. The Arab-Israeli peace process, jolted by the assassination of Israel's Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, dominated the political picture. Elsewhere in the region the aftermath of international armed conflicts and unresolved internal conflicts took other turns, with northeast Iraq the scene of internecine warfare between Kurdish groups and a Turkish invasion; continuing violence in and around Israeli-occupied south Lebanon; Iraq's failure to release information on the almost one thousand prisoners unaccounted for since it withdrew from Kuwait; Yemen's actions to stifle criticism in the wake of its civil war; and more delays in the process to resolve the seemingly intractable dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front over the status of the Western Sahara. Nowhere was the conflict between an Islamist movement and a secular government more deadly than in Algeria, where tens of thousands died. Armed Islamist opposition groups in Algeria, as well as in Egypt and the Israeli-occupied territories, violated basic humanitarian norms by deliberately targeting civilians.
    [Show full text]
  • The 12Th Annual Report on Human Rights in Syria 2013 (January 2013 – December 2013)
    The 12th annual report On human rights in Syria 2013 (January 2013 – December 2013) January 2014 January 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Genocide: daily massacres amidst international silence 8 Arbitrary detention and Enforced Disappearances 11 Besiegement: slow-motion genocide 14 Violations committed against health and the health sector 17 The conditions of Syrian refugees 23 The use of internationally prohibited weapons 27 Violations committed against freedom of the press 31 Violations committed against houses of worship 39 The targeting of historical and archaeological sites 44 Legal and legislative amendments 46 References 47 About SHRC 48 The 12th annual report on human rights in Syria (January 2013 – December 2013) Introduction The year 2013 witnessed a continuation of grave and unprecedented violations committed against the Syrian people amidst a similarly shocking and unprecedented silence in the international community since the beginning of the revolution in March 2011. Throughout the year, massacres were committed on almost a daily basis killing more than 40.000 people and injuring 100.000 others at least. In its attacks, the regime used heavy weapons, small arms, cold weapons and even internationally prohibited weapons. The chemical attack on eastern Ghouta is considered a landmark in the violations committed by the regime against civilians; it is also considered a milestone in the international community’s response to human rights violations Throughout the year, massacres in Syria, despite it not being the first attack in which were committed on almost a daily internationally prohibited weapons have been used by the basis killing more than 40.000 regime. The international community’s response to the crime people and injuring 100.000 drew the international public’s attention to the atrocities others at least.
    [Show full text]