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0123 Arsenic RR 04 03 REP AJHIL.Qxp Arsenic dispersal and bioaccessibility in mine contaminated soils: a case study from an abandoned arsenic mine in Devon, UK Environment Protection Programme Research Report RR/04/003 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH REPORT RR/04/003 Arsenic dispersal and bioaccessibility in mine contaminated soils: a case study The National Grid and other from an abandoned arsenic mine Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s in Devon, UK Stationery Office. Licence No: 100017897/2005. Keywords B A Klinck, B Palumbo, M Cave and J Wragg Arsenic, mining, bioaccessibility Front cover Remains of the Labyrinth Condenser, Devon Great Consols. Watercolour by Ben Klinck. Bibliographical reference KLINCK, B, PALUMBO, B, CAVE, M and WRAGG, J. 2005. Arsenic dispersal and bioaccessibility in mine contaminated soils: a case study from an abandoned arsenic mine in Devon, UK. British Geological Survey Research Report RR/04/003 52pp. ISBN 0 85272 483 7 Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2005. All rights reserved. Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2005 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY British Geological Survey offices The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com ຜ 0115–936 3100 Fax 0115–936 3200 e-mail: sales @bgs.ac.uk The London Information Office also maintains a reference www.bgs.ac.uk collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation. Online shop: www.geologyshop.com The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS ຜ 0131–667 1000 Fax 0131–668 2683 Sales Desks. e-mail: [email protected] The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey London Information Office at the Natural History Museum of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter is an agency (Earth Galleries), Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the SW7 2DE surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research ຜ 020–7589 4090 Fax 020–7584 8270 projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid ຜ 020–7942 5344/45 e-mail: [email protected] in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development and other agencies. Forde House, Park Five Business Centre, Harrier Way, Sowton, Exeter, Devon EX2 7HU The British Geological Survey is a component body of the ຜ 01392–445271 Fax 01392–445371 Natural Environment Research Council. Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Colby House, Stranmillis Court, Belfast BT9 5BF ຜ 028–9038 8462 Fax 028–9038 8461 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB ຜ 01491–838800 Fax 01491–692345 Columbus House, Greenmeadow Springs, Tongwynlais, Cardiff, CF15 7NE ຜ 029–2052 1962 Fax 029–2052 1963 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1EU ຜ 01793–411500 Fax 01793–411501 Foreword This report is the published product of a study by the British Geological Survey (BGS) under one of its Core Strategic Programmes administered by the Environment and Hazards Directorate. The study belongs to the ‘Tools for mapping and characterising abandoned mining related environmental risks’ Project under the Environmental Protection Programme. The general aim of the study was to investigate the dispersal and bioaccessibility of arsenic in the environment as result of past mining activities. iii Acknowledgements A large number of individuals in BGS have contributed to the project. Tim Colman, Mike Lelliot and Kirsten O’Donnell are thanked for their contribution to the field work. Appreciation is extended to various members of the laboratory staff who provided mineralogical and chemical data. Antoni Miladoswki is especially acknowledged for the SEM work and Louise Ander for providing Eh-pH stability diagrams. Special thanks to colleague Helen Taylor for collecting XAS data at CLRC Daresbury Synchrotron Radiation Source. Gratefully acknowledgements are due to Fariba Bahrami (Daresbury) for the provision of beam time and John Charnock (Daresbury) for the interpretation of XAS spectra. The authors would like to extend particular thanks to Mr J Berrange for giving access to his garden and vegetable plots, to Mr M Snelgrove, Tavistoch Woodland manager, for allowing access to Devon Great Consols Mine and Dr Richard Scrivener from the Exeter office for assistance during the field work. We would also like to thank Professor Barry Smith who edited the report. iv Contents 1 Introduction 1 FIGURES 1.1 Scope of the report 1 1 Mineralisation (red lines) at Devon Great Consols 2 2 Geological setting and mineralisation 2 2 Location of study area and sampling areas 4 2.1 Cornubian Batholith 2 3 Site plan of 20th century arsenic works 5 3 Devon Great Consols Mine 3 4 The Brunton Calciner at Devon Great Consols 5 3.1 General 3 5 Arsenic condenser at Devon Great Consols. Chimney 3.2 Methods of arsenic production 3 in the background 5 6 The floor of the arsenic mill 6 4 Sample collection 7 7 Tailings heap 7 5 Analytical methods 9 8 Adit discharge from tailings heap 7 5.1 Soil/vegetables chemical analysis 9 9 Sampling locations for soils (full circles), tailings (open 5.2 Water analysis 9 circles), waters (triangles) at Devon Great Consols 8 5.3 Arsenic speciation analysis by atomic 10 Box-plots of arsenic data for tailings, DGC soils, fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) 9 background soils and Higher Todsworthy Farm soils 13 5.4 X-ray diffraction analysis 9 11 Spatial distribution of As in topsoils and wastes of 5.5 Scanning electron microscopy analysis 9 DGC mine 13 5.6 Sequential extraction test 9 12 SEM micrograph of CaSO4 crystals in efflorescent 5.7 X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis 10 masses at the furnace site and EDXA spectrum 5.8 Physiologically based extraction test (PBET) showing the presence of a large amount of arsenic 16 analysis 10 13 SEM micrographs and relative EDXA spectra of arsenic- iron-calcium coatings rimming sulphide grains 16 6 Mine waste and soil geochemistry 12 14 SEM micrograph of white flakes from the ore chrusher 6.1 Tailings and waste material 12 ground and EDXA spectrum showing the presence of a 6.2 Soils within the mine area 12 large amount of arsenic associated to calcium and iron 17 6.3 Soils outside the mine and background soils 13 15 SEM micrograph of possible arsenolite crystal found at 7 Mine waste and soil mineralogy and petrography 14 the ore crusher site and relative EDXA spectrum 17 7.1 Mineralogical composition of selected mine 16 BSEM image showing loose packed fragments of wastes 14 quartz (mid-grey) and microporous ash and slag 7.2 Petrographic observations 14 impregnated by fine iron oxyhydroxide (bright). Sample MPS 90 17 8 Vegetables 25 17 BSEM image showing loose-packed fragments of 9 Surface water geochemistry 26 quartz (dull grey), microporous ash or slag and partially 10 Acid mine drainage precipitates 28 altered cassiterite (bright) coated by thin fringe of iron 10.1 Modelling arsenic sorption on iron precipitates 28 oxyhydroxides. Sample MPS 90 18 18 BSEM image showing detail of a microporous altered 11 Arsenic bioaccessibility 29 vesicular glassy slag fragment, with thin bright fringes 11.1 Relationship of total arsenic and bioaccessible of iron oxyhydroxide lining vesicular cavities. A very arsenic with other physico-chemical soil bright relict of cassiterite can be seen within the ash parameters 29 fragment. A thin later layer of gel-like or colloform 12 Arsenic speciation in solids by chemical extraction iron oxyhydroxide coats the outer edge of the grain. techniques 35 Sample MPS 90 18 12.1 Iron sulphide and hematite reference 19 BSEM image showing fragments of spoil cemented by material 35 arsenic-rich iron oxide, and very delicate skeletal 12.2 The acid mine drainage (AMD) precipitate and structures outlined in iron oxyhydroxide that have soil affected by AMD pollution 35 formed by in situ dissolution of original constituents in 12.3 Mine wastes: black furnace ash and sandy tailings the spoil. Sample MPS 90 19 and ore crusher ground 36 20 BSEM image showing detail of arsenic-rich iron 12.4 Mine site soils — medium arsenic content 36 oxyhydroxide cement coating the surfaces of altered waste 12.5 Mine site soils — high arsenic content 36 fragments. It shows banded colloform oxyhydroxide gel material displaying shrinkage (desiccation) cracks. This is 13 Arsenic speciation in solids by EXAFS encrusted by more crystalline acicular oxyhydroxide. spectroscopy 45 Sample MPS 90 19 14 Arsenic speciation in waters and leachates 47 21 EDXA spectrum of arsenic-rich iron oxyhydroxide, showing high concentration of arsenic, major 15 Exposure assessment 49 aluminium and silica, and minor sulphur (probably present as sulphate). Sample MPS 90 20 16 Conclusions 50 22 BSEM image showing a fragment of hydrothermal References 51 mineralisation consisting of an intergrowth of quartz v (dull grey), arsenopyrite (white) and siderite (mid- 44 Extraction profiles of the 9 identified components of grey). Sample MPS 91 20 the soil sample MPS 70 (X axis: extraction steps; 23 BSEM image showing fragments of illitic rock (fibrous Y axis: total extracted solid in mg kg-1)39 grey material), quartz (dark grey) and altered fractured 45 Relative distribution of arsenic in the extracted arsenopyrite (white) coated by a thin film of arsenic- physico-chemical components for the soil sample rich iron oxyhydroxide.
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