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Shyama Prasad Mukherjee As Minister for Civil Supplies and Industry in Nehru’S National Cabinet

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Shyama Prasad Mukherjee As Minister for Civil Supplies and Industry in Nehru’S National Cabinet Centenary of Science Departments in Indian Universities : A comprehension$ A K Grover* Chemical Society Seminar$ February 11, 2019, IIT Delhi, New Delhi *Honorary Emeritus Professor, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh, Chairperson, Research Council, NPL, New Delhi (2017-19), Ex-Vice Chancellor (2012-18), P. U., Chandigarh & Senior Prof. (Retd.), TIFR,Mumbai [email protected] $This talk is dedicated to Ruchi Ram Sahni, S S Bhatnagar and Homi J Bhabha An extract from the Abstract Establishment of Hindu College by Raja Ram Mohan Rai in Calcutta in 1817 marks the beginning of secular English education in India. The College was taken over by the then government in 1854 and renamed Presidency College. Calcutta University was set up in 1857 as a merely examining body. Sixty years later (in 1917), its legendary Vice Chancellor (VC) Justice Sir Asutosh Mukherjee (1864-1924) could succeed in nucleating the University Departments for post graduate teaching and research, concurrent with the assumption of Palit Professorship by Sir C V Raman at Indian Association of Cultivation of Science (IACS), and induction of University toppers, like, Megh Nad Saha, Satyendra Nath Bose, Sisir Kumar Mitra, Sudhangshu Kumar Banerjee, Jnan Chandra Ghosh and Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee in the newly created University College of Science as research and teaching faculty. This success spurred its replication in other Universities of India. Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee CSI, FASB, FRSE, FRAS, MRIA (29.6.1864-25.5.1924) • A prolific Bengali educator, jurist, barrister and a Mathematician. • First student to be awarded a dual degree (MA in Mathematics and Physics) from Calcutta University. • Judge of the Calcutta High Court (1903-1924). • Second Indian Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta for four consecutive two-year terms (1906–1914) and a fifth two-year term (1921–23), Mukherjee was responsible for the foundation of the Bengal Technical Institute in 1906 and the College of Science of the Calcutta University in 1914. Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee CSI, FASB, FRSE, FRAS, MRIA • Having served as a Fellow and subsequently as a Vice-President of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (established by Dr Mahendra Lal Sarkar in 1876) since the 1890s, he was elected President of the IACS in 1922. • The Government of India issued a stamp in 1964 to commemorate centenary of Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee for his contributions to education. • In 1910, he was appointed the President of the Imperial (now National) Library Council to which he donated his personal collection of 80,000 books. • He was the President of the inaugural session of the Indian Science Congress in 1914. • He was thrice elected as the President of ‘The Asiatic Society’. Sir C V Raman • Mr C V Raman resigned from his government service in 1917 to accept Palit Professorship of Physics at the University of Calcutta. • Raman was fascinated with the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition of velocities. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam. He was also interested in the properties of other musical instruments based on forced vibrations such as the violin. He also investigated the propagation of sound in whispering galleries. • He was awarded Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) by Calcutta University in 1921 for his research on acoustics, and he was elected FRS in 1924. • On 29 February 1928, C V Raman made public discovery of Raman effect at IACS, for which he received Nobel Prize in 1931. • Mr C V Raman had association with the Banaras Hindu University from its very inception; he attended the foundation ceremony of BHU in 1916and delivered lectures on "Mathematics" and "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series organized by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya at BHU from 5 to 8 February 1916. He also held the position of permanent Visiting Professor at BHU. G VENKATRAMAN writes in “ Journey into Light” (published 1988) …Raman never cared to submit a thesis for the doctorate degree of the university. In 1921, the Senate of the Calcutta decided to confer the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science on C V Raman. In the Senate meeting of December17, 1921, the Vice Chancellor Sir Asutosh Mukherjee remarked : His striking investigations in various departments of physics, particularly in the ever widening field of theory of vibrations , have attracted respectful attention in the highest scientific circles in Europe and America. But what is still more worthy of congratulation is that a vigorous School of Physics has sprung up for the first time in the history of our university, and students have flocked from all parts of India to his laboratories in the College of Science,… G Venkataraman further states : ….Raman often describes his Calcutta days as (1907-1932) the golden era , and with good reason. Indeed, one would describe this period in such a fashion even without the Raman Effect, for it is in this period that one sees Raman at his creative best. Starting as a soloist he quickly became a superb conductor of a good orchestra without, at the same time, losing any of his individual virtuosity. Throughout, vibrations and optics remained the two principal themes of his research but there were many such excursions. Prologue 1817: Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) founder of Brahmo Samaj, initiated Hindu College which progressed to become Presidency College, Calcutta. More colleges started thereafter in the Calcutta, e.g., Mission College (1818), Scottish Church (1830), etc. However, attempts (in 1845) to create Calcutta University did not fructify . 1849: East India Company annexes Punjab and feels a need to enunciate a system of education from Primary School to University level in India. The offices of DPI (School) commenced in 1856. 1857: Universities of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay started as affiliating and examining bodies. All three Universities commence (College) Entrance Exams. 1876: Dr. Mahendra Lal Sarkar starts Indian Association of Cultivation of Science. 1882: Domain of Calcutta University bifurcated to initiate Panjab University at Lahore. 1887: Allahabad University initiated as a Unitary University for the City. Prologue (continued) 1904: Indian Universities Act brought in by Lord Curzon to govern all the five then Universities of India. The Universities were asked to appoint University Teachers, organize University Departments and focus on research. However, no funds were provided by the British Government in India. 1907: C. V. Raman arrives in Calcutta as Assistant Accountant General in Finance Department and per chance locates IACS and its Vijiyanagram Laboratory near his residence. 1909: Indian Institute of Science is established at Bangalore as a Post Graduate institution to promote research in Science and Technology from an endowment left by Mr Jamshed N Tata. 1916: Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya in association with Ms Annie Besant initiates Benares Hindu University (BHU) as the first comprehensive Research University in India. This is followed by initiation of Universities at Mysore (1916), Patna (1917), Osmania (1918), AMU (1920), Rangoon (1920), Dacca and Lucknow (1921), Delhi ( 1922), Nagpur & Andhra at Waltair (1923), Agra (1925), Annamalai (1929), Utkal (1943), Sagar (1946) & Jaipur (1947), etc. Physics Teachers for 1917-19 batch at Calcutta • P. N. Ghosh (First class first in Phys), Geometrical Optics and Theory of Optical Instruments • J. C. Mukherjee (First class first in Phys), Theory of Vibrations and Acoustics • S.K. Banerjee (First class Second in Appl Maths), General Physics; Electromagnetic Waves, Infinitesimal Calculus and Differential Equations • S.K. Mitra (First class First in Phys), Physical Optics and Spectroscopy • S. K. Acharya (First class Second in Phys), Magnetism, Applied electricity and Theory of heat • S. N. Bose (First class First in Appl Maths), Elasticity, Molecular Physics and Theory of Relativity • M. N. Saha ((First class Second in Appl Maths), Thermodynamics and Quantum Theory • A. Saha (First class First in Phys), Electromagnetism and X rays Palit Research Professor of Physics @ IACS : C V Raman Saha , Bose, Bhatnagar, krishnan and their contemporary pioneers : Nine Jewels (‘Nau ratans’) M. N. Saha S. N. Bose J. C. Ghosh J. N. Mukerjee S. K. Banerjee FRS(1927) FRS(1958) 1893-1956 1894-1974 1894-1959 1893-1983 1893-1966 P. C. Mahalanobis S. K. Mitra S. S. Bhatnagar K. S. Krishnan FRS(1945) FRS(1958) FRS(1943) FRS(1940) 1893-1972 1890-1963 1894-1955 1898-1961 From Archieves of SNBNCBS, Kolkata (~1930s) Seated (L to R): Meghnad Saha, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Jnan Chandra Ghosh. Standing (L to R): Snehamoy Dutt, Satyendranath Bose, Debendra Mohan Bose, N R Sen, Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee, N C Nag Mentors J.C. Bose P.C. Ray Asutosh Mukherjee 1858-1937 1861-1944 1864-1924 Physics Chemistry Mathematics FRS(1920) PRS(1868) Received Patronage from J. L. Nehru S. C. Bose S. P. Mukherjee 1889-1964 1897-1945 1901-1953 2018-19 is the 125 th Birth year of M N Saha & S N Bose De-facto commemoration of Centenary of : • Assumption of Tarak Nath Palit Research Professorship of Physics by C. V. Raman at at Calcutta University and IACS . • Commencement of new era of PG Physics teaching by faculty members from Presidency College and those from University College of Science initiated by Vice Chancellor Ashutosh Mukherjee in 1914 and combining it with research at IACS. • New topics were selected by the eight Faculty members in the newly collated Department of Physics of Calcutta University, the first of its kind for in India. A School of Physical Sciences comparable to best globally in postgraduate teaching of physics got created at Calcutta in 1917, as C V Raman assumed Palit Professorship at IACS. Palit Professorships • The Palit Chair of Physics is a Physics Professorship in the University of Calcutta.
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