The Statistical Properties of ECC Keys Generated from Software Libraries
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On the Impact of Exception Handling Compatibility on Binary Instrumentation†
On the Impact of Exception Handling Compatibility on Binary Instrumentation† Soumyakant Priyadarshan Huan Nguyen R. Sekar Stony Brook University Stony Brook University Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA Stony Brook, NY, USA Stony Brook, NY, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract overheads, but has been held back by challenges in accurate dis- assembly and code pointer identification. With the emergence of To support C++ exception handling, compilers generate metadata position-independent (or relocatable) binaries as the dominant for- that is a rich source of information about the code layout. On mat in recent years, researchers have been able to address these Linux, this metadata is also used to support stack tracing, thread challenges, e.g., in Egalito [41], RetroWrite [11] and SBR[28, 29] cleanup and other functions. For this reason, Linux binaries contain systems. code-layout-revealing metadata for C-code as well. Even hand- written assembly in low-level system libraries is covered by such Despite recent advances, deployability of binary instrumentation metadata. We investigate the implications of this metadata in this continues to face significant challenges. One of the major concerns paper, and show that it can be used to (a) improve accuracy of is compatibility. In particular, existing static binary instrumentation disassembly, (b) achieve significantly better accuracy at function tools tend to break stack tracing (for C and C++) as well as C++ boundary identification as compared to previous research, and(c) exception handling. While compatibility with these features may as a rich source of information for defeating fine-grained code not be important for proof-of-concept instrumentations, it is hardly randomization. -
MASTERCLASS GNUPG MASTERCLASS You Wouldn’T Want Other People Opening Your Letters and BEN EVERARD Your Data Is No Different
MASTERCLASS GNUPG MASTERCLASS You wouldn’t want other people opening your letters and BEN EVERARD your data is no different. Encrypt it today! SECURE EMAIL WITH GNUPG AND ENIGMAIL Send encrypted emails from your favourite email client. our typical email is about as secure as a The first thing that you need to do is create a key to JOHN LANE postcard, which is good news if you’re a represent your identity in the OpenPGP world. You’d Ygovernment agency. But you wouldn’t use a typically create one key per identity that you have. postcard for most things sent in the post; you’d use a Most people would have one identity, being sealed envelope. Email is no different; you just need themselves as a person. However, some may find an envelope – and it’s called “Encryption”. having separate personal and professional identities Since the early 1990s, the main way to encrypt useful. It’s a personal choice, but starting with a single email has been PGP, which stands for “Pretty Good key will help while you’re learning. Privacy”. It’s a protocol for the secure encryption of Launch Seahorse and click on the large plus-sign email that has since evolved into an open standard icon that’s just below the menu. Select ‘PGP Key’ and called OpenPGP. work your way through the screens that follow to supply your name and email address and then My lovely horse generate the key. The GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG), is a free, GPL-licensed You can, optionally, use the Advanced Key Options implementation of the OpenPGP standard (there are to add a comment that can help others identify your other implementations, both free and commercial – key and to select the cipher, its strength and set when the PGP name now refers to a commercial product the key should expire. -
Hannes Tschofenig
Securing IoT applications with Mbed TLS Hannes Tschofenig Part#2: Public Key-based authentication March 2018 © 2018 Arm Limited Munich Agenda • For Part #2 of the webinar we are moving from Pre-Shared Secrets (PSKs) to certificated-based authentication. • TLS-PSK ciphersuites have • great performance, • low overhead, • small code size. • Drawback is the shared key concept. • Public key cryptography was invented to deal with this drawback (but itself has drawbacks). 2 © 2018 Arm Limited Public Key Infrastructure and certificate configuration © 2018 Arm Limited Public Key Infrastructure Various PKI deployments in existence Structure of our PKI The client has to store: self-signed • Client certificate plus corresponding private key. CA cert • CA certificate, which serves as the trust anchor. The server has to store: Signed by CA Signed by CA • Server certificate plus corresponding private key. Client cert Server cert (Some information for authenticating the client) 4 © 2018 Arm Limited Generating certificates (using OpenSSL tools) • When generating certificates you will be prompted to enter info. You are about to be asked to enter information that will be • The CA cert will end up in the trust incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished anchor store of the client. Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, • The Common Name used in the server If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- cert needs to be resolvable via DNS Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:. -
Open Source Used in 250 350 550 Switches 2.5.7.X
Open Source Used In 250 350 550 switches 2.5.7.x Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Cisco has more than 200 offices worldwide. Addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers are listed on the Cisco website at www.cisco.com/go/offices. Text Part Number: 78EE117C99-1099179018 Open Source Used In 250 350 550 switches 2.5.7.x 1 This document contains licenses and notices for open source software used in this product. With respect to the free/open source software listed in this document, if you have any questions or wish to receive a copy of any source code to which you may be entitled under the applicable free/open source license(s) (such as the GNU Lesser/General Public License), please contact us at [email protected]. In your requests please include the following reference number 78EE117C99-1099179018 Contents 1.1 jq 1.6-1 1.1.1 Available under license 1.2 avahi 0.6.32-3 1.2.1 Available under license 1.3 dnsmasq 2.78-1 1.3.1 Available under license 1.4 ejdb 1.2.12 1.4.1 Available under license 1.5 procd 2015/10/29 1.5.1 Available under license 1.6 jsonfilter 2014/6/19 1.6.1 Available under license 1.7 libnetconf 0.10.0-2 1.7.1 Available under license 1.8 libcgroup 0.41 1.8.1 Available under license 1.9 d-bus 1.10.4 1.9.1 Available under license 1.10 net-snmp 5.9 1.10.1 Available under license 1.11 nmap 6.47-2 1.11.1 Available under license 1.12 u-boot 2013.01 1.12.1 Available under license 1.13 bzip2 1.0.6 1.13.1 Available under license Open Source Used In 250 350 550 switches 2.5.7.x 2 1.14 openssl 1.1.1c 1.14.1 Available -
T U M a Digital Wallet Implementation for Anonymous Cash
Technische Universität München Department of Informatics Bachelor’s Thesis in Information Systems A Digital Wallet Implementation for Anonymous Cash Oliver R. Broome Technische Universität München Department of Informatics Bachelor’s Thesis in Information Systems A Digital Wallet Implementation for Anonymous Cash Implementierung eines digitalen Wallets for anonyme Währungen Author Oliver R. Broome Supervisor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Carle Advisor Sree Harsha Totakura, M. Sc. Date October 15, 2015 Informatik VIII Chair for Network Architectures and Services I conrm that this thesis is my own work and I have documented all sources and material used. Garching b. München, October 15, 2015 Signature Abstract GNU Taler is a novel approach to digital payments with which payments are performed with cryptographically generated representations of actual currencies. The main goal of GNU Taler is to allow taxable anonymous payments to non-anonymous merchants. This thesis documents the implementation of the Android version of the GNU Taler wallet, which allows users to create new Taler-based funds and perform payments with them. Zusammenfassung GNU Taler ist ein neuartiger Ansatz für digitales Bezahlen, bei dem Zahlungen mit kryptographischen Repräsentationen von echten Währungen getätigt werden. Das Hauptziel von GNU Taler ist es, versteuerbare, anonyme Zahlungen an nicht-anonyme Händler zu ermöglichen. Diese Arbeit dokumentiert die Implementation der Android-Version des Taler-Portemonnaies, der es Benutzern erlaubt, neues Taler-Guthaben zu erzeugen und mit ihnen Zahlungen zu tätigen. I Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 GNU Taler . .2 1.2 Goals of the thesis . .2 1.3 Outline . .3 2 Implementation prerequisites 5 2.1 Native libraries . .5 2.1.1 Libgcrypt . -
Arxiv:1911.09312V2 [Cs.CR] 12 Dec 2019
Revisiting and Evaluating Software Side-channel Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures in Cryptographic Applications Tianwei Zhang Jun Jiang Yinqian Zhang Nanyang Technological University Two Sigma Investments, LP The Ohio State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—We systematize software side-channel attacks with three questions: (1) What are the common and distinct a focus on vulnerabilities and countermeasures in the cryp- features of various vulnerabilities? (2) What are common tographic implementations. Particularly, we survey past re- mitigation strategies? (3) What is the status quo of cryp- search literature to categorize vulnerable implementations, tographic applications regarding side-channel vulnerabili- and identify common strategies to eliminate them. We then ties? Past work only surveyed attack techniques and media evaluate popular libraries and applications, quantitatively [20–31], without offering unified summaries for software measuring and comparing the vulnerability severity, re- vulnerabilities and countermeasures that are more useful. sponse time and coverage. Based on these characterizations This paper provides a comprehensive characterization and evaluations, we offer some insights for side-channel of side-channel vulnerabilities and countermeasures, as researchers, cryptographic software developers and users. well as evaluations of cryptographic applications related We hope our study can inspire the side-channel research to side-channel attacks. We present this study in three di- community to discover new vulnerabilities, and more im- rections. (1) Systematization of literature: we characterize portantly, to fortify applications against them. the vulnerabilities from past work with regard to the im- plementations; for each vulnerability, we describe the root cause and the technique required to launch a successful 1. -
Black-Box Security Analysis of State Machine Implementations Joeri De Ruiter
Black-box security analysis of state machine implementations Joeri de Ruiter 18-03-2019 Agenda 1. Why are state machines interesting? 2. How do we know that the state machine is implemented correctly? 3. What can go wrong if the implementation is incorrect? What are state machines? • Almost every protocol includes some kind of state • State machine is a model of the different states and the transitions between them • When receiving a messages, given the current state: • Decide what action to perform • Which message to respond with • Which state to go the next Why are state machines interesting? • State machines play a very important role in security protocols • For example: • Is the user authenticated? • Did we agree on keys? And if so, which keys? • Are we encrypting our traffic? • Every implementation of a protocol has to include the corresponding state machine • Mistakes can lead to serious security issues! State machine example Confirm transaction Verify PIN 0000 Failed Init Failed Verify PIN 1234 OK Verified Confirm transaction OK State machines in specifications • Often specifications do not explicitly contain a state machine • Mainly explained in lots of prose • Focus usually on happy flow • What to do if protocol flow deviates from this? Client Server ClientHello --------> ServerHello Certificate* ServerKeyExchange* CertificateRequest* <-------- ServerHelloDone Certificate* ClientKeyExchange CertificateVerify* [ChangeCipherSpec] Finished --------> [ChangeCipherSpec] <-------- Finished Application Data <-------> Application Data -
Demarinis Kent Williams-King Di Jin Rodrigo Fonseca Vasileios P
sysfilter: Automated System Call Filtering for Commodity Software Nicholas DeMarinis Kent Williams-King Di Jin Rodrigo Fonseca Vasileios P. Kemerlis Department of Computer Science Brown University Abstract This constant stream of additional functionality integrated Modern OSes provide a rich set of services to applications, into modern applications, i.e., feature creep, not only has primarily accessible via the system call API, to support the dire effects in terms of security and protection [1, 71], but ever growing functionality of contemporary software. How- also necessitates a rich set of OS services: applications need ever, despite the fact that applications require access to part of to interact with the OS kernel—and, primarily, they do so the system call API (to function properly), OS kernels allow via the system call (syscall) API [52]—in order to perform full and unrestricted use of the entire system call set. This not useful tasks, such as acquiring or releasing memory, spawning only violates the principle of least privilege, but also enables and terminating additional processes and execution threads, attackers to utilize extra OS services, after seizing control communicating with other programs on the same or remote of vulnerable applications, or escalate privileges further via hosts, interacting with the filesystem, and performing I/O and exploiting vulnerabilities in less-stressed kernel interfaces. process introspection. To tackle this problem, we present sysfilter: a binary Indicatively, at the time of writing, the Linux -
No.Ntnu:Inspera:2546742.Pdf (10.61Mb)
Krishna Shingala An alternative to the Public Key Krishna Shingala Infrastructure for the Internet of Things Master’s thesis in Communication Technology Supervisor: Danilo Gligoroski, Katina Kralevska, Torstein Heggebø Master’s thesis Master’s June 2019 An alternative to PKI for IoT PKI for to An alternative NTNU Engineering Communication Technology Communication Department of Information Security and Department of Information Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Technology of Information Faculty Norwegian University of Science and Technology of Science University Norwegian An alternative to the Public Key Infras- tructure for the Internet of Things Krishna Shingala Submission date: June 2019 Responsible professor: Danilo Gligoroski, IIK, NTNU Supervisor: Danilo Gligoroski, IIK, NTNU Co-Supervisor: Katina Kralevska, IIK, NTNU Co-Supervisor: Torstein Heggebø, Nordic Semiconductor ASA Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering Title: An alternative to the Public Key Infrastructure for the Internet of Things Student: Krishna Shingala Problem description: Internet of Things(IoT) enables participation of constrained devices on the Internet. Limited resources, bandwidth, and power on the devices have led to new protocols. Some examples of IoT driven and driving protocols are: – MQTT, CoAP that are application protocols for IoT; – 6LoWPAN enables efficient support of IPv6 on low power lossy networks; – CBOR enables concise data formatting; and – DTLS enables secure channel establishment over unreliable transport like the UDP. Security is one of the key factors for the success of IoT. TLS/DTLS secures the channel between the servers and the devices. Confidentiality is an important aspect of such a secure channel. Establishing the identity of an entity another. -
7) Internet of Things a Survey on the Security of Iot Frameworks
Journal of Information Security and Applications 38 (2018) 8–27 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Information Security and Applications journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jisa Internet of Things: A survey on the security of IoT frameworks ∗ Mahmoud Ammar a, , Giovanni Russello b, Bruno Crispo a a Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven University, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium b Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The Internet of Things (IoT) is heavily affecting our daily lives in many domains, ranging from tiny wear- able devices to large industrial systems. Consequently, a wide variety of IoT applications have been devel- Keywords: oped and deployed using different IoT frameworks. An IoT framework is a set of guiding rules, protocols, Internet of Things and standards which simplify the implementation of IoT applications. The success of these applications IoT mainly depends on the ecosystem characteristics of the IoT framework, with the emphasis on the security Framework mechanisms employed in it, where issues related to security and privacy are pivotal. In this paper, we sur- Platform vey the security of the main IoT frameworks, a total of 8 frameworks are considered. For each framework, Security we clarify the proposed architecture, the essentials of developing third-party smart apps, the compati- ble hardware, and the security features. Comparing security architectures shows that the same standards used for securing communications, whereas different methodologies followed for providing other security properties. -
Performance of State-Of-The-Art Cryptography on ARM-Based Microprocessors
NIST Lightweight Cryptography Workshop 2015 Session VII: Implementations & Performance Performance of State-of-the-Art Cryptography on ARM-based Microprocessors Hannes Tschofenig & Manuel Pegourie-Gonnard ([email protected], [email protected] ) Presented by Hugo Vincent ([email protected] ) IoT Business Unit Tuesday, July 21, 2015 1 Outline § Why does ARM care about crypto performance? § ARM Cortex-M vs. Cortex-A Class processors. § Short overview of the Cortex-M processor family. § Internet of Things – a world full of constraints. § Performance of crypto on Cortex-M class processors § Assumptions § Hardware used for measurement § Symmetric Key Cryptography § Public Key Crypto (with different curves) § Cortex-M3/M4 Performance § Cortex-M0/M0+ Performance § Curve25519 § RAM Usage § Applying Results to TLS/DTLS § Conclusion & Next Steps 2 Why does ARM care about Crypto Performance? 3 ARM Processors in Smartphones § ARM Cortex-A family: § Applications processors for feature-rich OS and 3rd party applications § ARM Cortex-R family: § Embedded processors for real-time signal processing, control applications § ARM Cortex-M family: § Microcontroller- oriented processors for MCU, ASSP, and SoC applications 4 Cortex-M Processors Maximum Performance Flexible Memory Cache Single & Double Precision FP Digital Signal Control (DSC)/ Examples: Automotive, Processor with DSP High-end audio set Accelerated SIMD Performance & efficiency Floating point (FP) Example: Sensor fusion, Feature rich connectivity motor control Example: -
Performance Investigations
Performance Investigations Hannes Tschofenig, Manuel Pégourié-Gonnard 25th March 2015 1 Motivation § In <draft-ietf-lwig-tls-minimal> we tried to provide guidance for the use of DTLS (TLS) when used in IoT deployments and included performance data to help understand the design tradeoffs. § Later, work in the IETF DICE was started with the profile draft, which offers detailed guidance concerning credential types, communication patterns. It also indicates which extensions to use or not to use. § Goal of <draft-ietf-lwig-tls-minimal> is to offer performance data based on the recommendations in the profile draft. § This presentation is about the current status of gathering performance data for later inclusion into the <draft-ietf-lwig-tls-minimal> document. 2 Performance Data § This is the data we want: § Flash code size § Message size / Communication Overhead § CPU performance § Energy consumption § RAM usage § Also allows us to judge the improvements of various extensions and gives engineers a rough idea what to expect when planning to use DTLS/TLS in an IoT product. § <draft-ietf-lwig-tls-minimal-01> offers preliminary data about § Code size of various basic building blocks (data from one stack only) § Memory (RAM/flash) (pre-shared secret credential only) § Communication overhead (high level only) 3 Overview § Goal of the authors: Determine performance of asymmetric cryptography on ARM-based processors. § Next slides explains § Assumptions for the measurements, § ARM processors used for the measurements, § Development boards used, § Actual performance data, and § Comparison with other algorithms. 4 Assumptions § Main focus of the measurements so far was on § raw crypto (and not on protocol exchanges) § ECC rather than RSA § Different ECC curves § Run-time performance (not energy consumption, RAM usage, code size) § No hardware acceleration was used.