AN HISTORICAL ATLAS OF CENTRAL ASIA

BY

YURI BREGEL CONTENTS

Preface vii Bibliographical notes viii Abbreviations xii General legend xii Maps: 1. The principal geographical features and provinces 2 2. Major archeological sites 4 3. Central Asia at the time of Alexander the Great (4th century B.C.) 6 4. 3rd-2nd centuries B.C.: Parthia, Bactria, and the Yuezhi 8 5. 1st century B.C.—2nd century A.D.: Parthia, the Kushans, the Han, and the Xiongnu 10 6. 3rd-6th centuries A.D.: the Sasanids, Kidarites, and Hephthalites 12 7. i6th-7th centuries A.D.: the Sasanids, Soghd, and the First Turk Qaghanate 14 8. The second half of the 7th century: early Arab raids, the Tiirgesh Qaghanate, the Tang expansion, and Tibet 16 9. The first half of the 8th century: the Arab conquests, Turks, Tang, and Tibet 18 10. From mid-8th to the end of the 9th century: the early Islamic period in the west; the Qarluqs and Uyghurs in the east 20 11. 10th century: the Samanids, Qarakhanids, Oghuz, Kimeks, and Qipchaqs 22 12. The central regions of Western Turkestan in the 1 Oth century 24 13. The early 1 lth century: the Ghaznavids, Qarakhanids, and Seljuks 26 14. 1040 to the end of the 1 lth century: the Seljuks and Qarakhanids 28 15. The first half of the 12th century: the Seljuks, Qarakhanids, Khorezmshahs, Qara-Khitays 30 16. The second half of the 12th century: the Qarakhanids, Khorezmshahs, Qara-Khitays, and the Ghurids 32 17. The early 13th century: the Ghurids, Khorezmshahs, Qara-Khitays, and Kuchliik 34 18. The Mongol conquest 36 19. The Mongol uluses in the 13th century 38 20. The Mongol uluses from the early 14th century to the rise of Timur 40 21. Timur, the Chaghatayids, and the ulus of Jochi 42 22. 1405-1468: the Timurids, Moghuls, and Ozbeks 44 23. Central Asia and Iran in the second half of the 15th century 46 24. 1469-1499: the Timurids, Moghuls, and Ozbeks 48 25. The Ozbek conquest of Western Turkestan 50 26. The first half of the 16th century (1510s-1550s): the Ozbek khanates, the Qazaqs, and the Moghuls 52 27. The second half of the 16th century: 'Abdallah Khan, the cArabshahids, and the Dasht-i Q'ipchaq 54 28. 17th century: the Ashtarkhanids, Khorezm, the Qazaqs, and the Junghars 56 29. The first half of the 18th century: Nadir Shah, Bukhara, Khorezm, the Qazaqs, and the Junghars 58 30. The second half of the 18th century: Bukhara, Khorezm, Qoqand, the Qazaqs, and the Junghars 60 31. The first half of the 19th century: Bukhara, Khorezm, Qoqand, the Qazaqs, and Russian expansion 62 32. The second half of the 19th century: the Russian conquest of Western Turkestan 64 33. Khorezm in the 18th-19th centuries 66 20! "The Mongol uluses from the early 14th century to the rise of Timur : 40 21. Timur, the Chaghatayids, and the ulus of Jochi 42 22. 1405-1468: the Timurids, Moghuls, and Ozbeks 44 23. Central Asia and Iran in the second half of the 15th century 46 24. 1469-1499: the Timurids, Moghuls, and Ozbeks 48 25. The Ozbek conquest of Western Turkestan 50 26. The first half of the 16th century (151 Os-1550s): the Ozbek khanates, the Qazaqs, and the Moghuls 52 27. The second half of the 16th century: cAbdallah Khan, the cArabshahids, and the Dasht-i Qipchaq 54 28. 17th century: the Ashtarkhanids, Khorezm, the Qazaqs, and the Junghars 56 29. The first half of the 18th century: Nadir Shah, Bukhara, Khorezm, the Qazaqs, and the Junghars 58 30. The second half of the 18th century: Bukhara, Khorezm, Qoqand, the Qazaqs, and the Junghars 60 31. The first half of the 19th century: Bukhara, Khorezm, Qoqand, the Qazaqs, and Russian expansion 62 32. The second half of the 19th century: the Russian conquest of Western Turkestan 64 33. Khorezm in the 18th-19th centuries 66 34. The trade routes of Central Asia in the 17th-18th centuries 68 35. The Ozbek tribes in the 19th century 70 36a. The Turkmen tribes and their migrations (16th-19th centuries) 72 36b. The Turkmen tribes and their migrations (19th-20th centuries) 74 37. The Turkmen tribes in the early 20th century 74 38. The Qazaq tribes in the early 20th century 76 39. The Qirghiz tribes in the 20th century 78 40. Bukhara (city) in the 19th century 80 41. Samarqand (city) in the 19th century 82 42. Khiva (city) in the 19th century 84 43. Monuments of Islamic architecture 86 44. The end of the 19th and the early 20th centuries: Western Turkestan under Russian rule 90 45. Revolution and Civil War in Western Turkestan, 1917-1922 92 46. The "national delimitation" of Central Asia and the creation of the Soviet republics 94 47. Central Asia to the year 2000 96

Index 99