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The Allure of Blackness Among Mixed-Race Americans, 1862-1916

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The Allure of Blackness Among Mixed-Race Americans, 1862-1916 The Allure of Blackness among Mixed- Race Americans, 1862– 1916 Borderlands and TransculTural Studies Series Editors: Pekka Hämäläinen Paul Spickard Ingrid Dineen- Wimberly The Allure of Blackness among Mixed- Race Americans, 1862– 1916 University of Nebraska Press | Lincoln © 2019 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Dineen- Wimberly, Ingrid, author. Title: The Allure of Blackness Among Mixed- Race Americans, 1862– 1916 / Ingrid Dineen- Wimberly. Description: Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2019. | Series: Borderlands and Transcultural Studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers:lccn 2019005853 isbn 9781496205070 (hardback: alk. paper) isbn 9781496216793 (epub) isbn 9781496216809 (mobi) isbn 9781496216816 (pdf) Subjects: lcsh: Racially mixed people— Race identity— United States— History. | African Americans— Race identity— History. | Race awareness— United States— History. | United States— Race relations— History. | bisac: social science / Ethnic Studies / African American Studies. Classification:lcc e185.6 .d49 2019 | ddc 305.800973/09034— dc23 lc record available at https:// lccn .loc .gov /2019005853 Set in Sabon Next LT Pro by E. Cuddy. To Paul Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xv 1. “As a Negro I Will Be Powerful”: The Leadership of P. B. S. Pinchback 1 2. Postbellum Strategies to Retain Power and Status: From Political Appointments to Property Ownership 41 3. New Challenges and Opportunities for Leadership: From Domestic Immigration to “The Consul’s Burden” 87 4. “Lifting as We Climb”: The Other Side of Uplift 143 Conclusion 195 Notes 203 Bibliography 239 Index 263 Illustrations Following page 142 1. Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback 2. Robert James Harlan 3. Josiah T. Settle 4. Richard T. Greener 5. Josephine Beall Willson Bruce 6. E. Azalia Hackley 7. Adella Hunt Logan 8. Victoria Earle Matthews 9. Henry A. Hunt 10. Mordecai Wyatt Johnson Acknowledgments I thank my mother, Brenda Dineen- Okonski, and father, John R. Dineen, who taught me how to love, think, and act beyond my circum- stances and for loving me so fiercely and passionately. They modeled for me the freedom and power gained from education. My mother and father met as economic foundlings at Mount Loretto Catholic Orphan- age. They were determined for their only child to have far better. For their unconditional acceptance, the special place always held open for me to come share my thoughts, fears, aspirations, and joy, I am eter- nally grateful. The multifaceted support my mother provided in life, and now in death, continues to lift me as I carry her light. My father was the first person to show me a blue book. I am ever- mindful that it was his memory of shining shoes for a nickel at Coney Island that first sparked my love of history and led me to delve into his mother’s trunk of treasures, which would serve as my first trip to the archives. I thank my husband, Ritchie Wimberly, whose strength carried me when I needed it the most, and whose love, loyalty, and faith in my work inspires me. Thank you for listening, night after night, to the many versions of this project. To my mentor and friend, Paul Spickard, I would not have finished this book without your support, humility, dedication, and love. You escorted me to a door through which I would walk a stronger, wiser, and more- beloved woman. So I may better understand the rigors required for meaningful, intellectual endeavors, you challenged my convictions, while encouraging the development of my unique con- tribution to the field of history. The profound impact of your com- mitment to me, my work, and my family extends beyond measure. I will forever hear your voice as I research, write, teach, and help others. xii acknowledgmenTs For the insights, suggestions, and support offered by other col- leagues and friends, I am grateful. Reginald G. Daniel, thank you for the many hours of conversation and counsel. Your brilliance, intellec- tual discernment, life experience, and humor served as a lifeline for me. Gary B. Nash, thank you for supporting my vision for years, and for reading my manuscript, which proved critical. Thank you Sarah Cline, Mario Garcia, John Majewski, Lily Y. Welty- Tamai, Rudy P. Guevarra, David Torres- Rouff, Monica Garcia, Angelica Chavez, and Darcy Ritzau. Special thanks to all the graduate students, staff, and archivists at the University of California, Santa Barbara, especially those at the history department. Thank you for the unwavering support I con- tinue to receive from the University of La Verne, Point Mugu Cam- pus. Special thanks goes to Lilly Guerra, Jennifer Brace, and Jossette Yoro. My appreciation is sent to the Moorland - Spingarn Collection at Howard University; the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Divi- sion at Yale University; the Schomburg Center for Black Studies at the New York Public Library; and to the staff at the Library of Congress and the National Archives in Washington dc. I offer a special thank- you to Joeth Zucco and the entire editorial team at the University of Nebraska Press. Also, to the various scholars who encouraged me, including Mary Furner, Elliot Brownlee, Sears McGee, Larry Man- son, Carla Roulfe, Ola Washington, Doug Daniels, and Farzeen Nasri, thank you. To my grand- mentor, Winthrop D. Jordan, I thank you for serving as the first historian to inspire in me the thrill of archival research and for helping to shape my professional choices. Thank you to Maurice Geraud Dineen, Louise Beverage Dineen, Inez Wilson Prince and George Prince Sr., John and Doris Prince, Edgar Prince Sr., Edgar Oliver Prince, Brian J. and Catherine Dineen, Lenora Prince, Sonja Prince, Rhoda Prince, Alice Wilson, Alice Prince, Aaron Prince, Sylvia Prince, David Prince, and to Ingrid and the entire Tay- lor family. To Grace’s godfather, Thomas O’Halloran, whose love, at a most crucial time in my life, helped me immensely and whose ded- ication to my daughter inspires my faith in humanity. Thank you to acknowledgmenTs xiii Louise and Martin Bosnak, Arlene “Big Ma” Maxwell, and the entire Wimberly family for their love. To all the “Mount” families includ- ing the Garcias, Milans, Ambrosinos, and many others, I thank you. Special thanks to Greg and Carmen Garcia for taking us in while we sojourned to Virginia, and to my godmother, Millie Garcia Irizarry. To my cousin- brother and intellectual sounding board, Raymond Joseph Prince, who traveled those many days back and forth from Staten Island, New York, to the Beinecke Library at Yale University so that I would not be alone while I achieved this dream— and for racing with me to find as much as I could before the library closed, I am eternally grateful. Thank you for your discerning ear and your unwavering moral core. You kept your promise to my mother. I am humbled by the loving care you provided to her, so that I may com- plete the original framework of this book. To the Children’s Defense Fund, Covenant House, St. Helena’s Girls’ Home of the Sisters of Good Shepherd, Sister Jacinta, Sister Lillian, and Eunice Kenney Radford who helped turn a tattered girl into a solid woman, I owe my life. To my friends in California and elsewhere, too many to comprehensively list, I thank you. Among them include LaR- ita Montgomery, Tom Hannon, Vadria Cooley, Robert Alumbaugh, Ellen Moore, George Rucker, Hattye Nesbit Wynn Knight, Mark Vie- ira, Tanya Cooper, Adam Page, David Schirtzer, Leah Davis, and Alea Wade, thank you. For enriching my life in so many ways, I thank Greg- ory Gray, Kevin Cook, Linda Marshall, and Rachel Aragon. To my students, you made me a better teacher, writer, and researcher. You inspired me to keep going when my health challenges seemed too hard to bare. I advise those future historians to not publish your disser- tation online. I undoubtedly neglected to include many people who I know supported this trek. Please know any omission is not purposeful. To my sons, Zachary and Landon, as I remained locked away in my office for days upon end, I thank you for your support. Your humor, patience, and love eased my worries. Zachary, thank you for being so proud of me. Finally, my eternal gratitude goes to my daughter, Grace, who went to college with me— first in my belly— and then to xiv acknowledgmenTs walk with me side by side. I thank you, my daughter, for all the lec- tures you sat through, for the many days and nights that I said, “Just one more blue book,” for all the times you fell asleep at my feet, as I sat writing through the night. Your love and trust has summoned the best of me. You will always be the amazing Grace, who “saved a wretch like me.” Introduction I teach American history. There is a moment that takes place in every class, a moment unlike any other I have experienced while teaching history. It occurs when first I utter the word “race.” Heartbeats quicken, eyes meet, a nervous silence fills the room. No one, including me, knows where the conversation will lead. The quiet time that exists between my first mention of the word and the statement to follow is almost reverent. It is in this moment, as I look at the rows of squirm- ing students who sit before me, that I am stilled by a quiet anguish. My eyes connect with the exhausted, the resentful, or the hopeful stu- dent who believes that maybe this time he or she will have a chance to right some past injustice or indiscretion. It is a visceral snapshot of America’s inability to reconcile with its own racial past.
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