Performing Urban Landscapes for creating physically and mentally sustainable cities

A test case in ,

D. van de Berkt & V. Francis

Performing Urban Landscapes for creating physically and mentally sustainable cities

A test case in Limassol, Cyprus

D. van de Berkt & V. Francis Colophon

D. (Dianne) van de Berkt Supervisor: [email protected] Dr. Ir. Ingrid Duchhart V. (Vivien) Francis Assistent Professor Landscape architecture [email protected] Wageningen University

All rights reserved. No part of this publicati on may be reproduced, stored in Examiner: a retrieval system, or transmitt ed, in any form or any means, electronic, mechanical, Prof. Dr. Ir. Adri van den Brink photocopying, recording or otherwise, Chair Landscape Architecture without the prior writt en permission of Wageningen University either the authors or the Wageningen University Landscape Architecture Chairgroup. This publicati on is writt en as a Examiner: fi nal master thesis in landscape architecture by order of the chairgroup of landscape Ir. Renée de Waal architecture at Wageningen University. Promovendus Wageningen University Chairgroup landscape architecture Phone: +31 317 484 056 Fax: +31 317 482 166 E-mail: offi [email protected] www.lar.wur.nl

Post address Postbus 47 6700 AA, Wageningen The

Visiti ng address Gaia (building no. 101) Droevendaalsesteeg 3 6708 BP, Wageningen

Printed by Digigrafi B.V., Veenendaal This research was made possible through © Wageningen University, 2014 the generous funding of Sti chti ng NH Bos

Preface

This thesis, as part of the MSc program of Landscape Architecture, shows the work of its researchers Dianne van de Berkt and Vivien Francis. It is their pleasure to share their passions, in finding solutions for water and environmental problems within the domain of landscape architecture, with you in this research. An iterative journey of design research results in a better understanding of the role of landscape architects in creating both a physically and mentally sustainable city: a much needed development in this urbanising world, with climate change luring around the corner.

But without the knowledge and inspiration of certain people this thesis could not have been finalised. A big thanks to supervisor Ingrid Duchhart for her guidance. Also to Bas van Vliet, Eddy Moors, Wim van der Knaap and Kees Hendriks, for the brainstorm sessions leading to the proposal. In Cyprus, the test case location, thanks to: our contact persons Stella Hadjipanagi and Raymond Francis, Adriana Bruggeman, Katerina Charalambous and Marinos Eliades from The Cyprus Institute, Charalambos Theopemptou (former Commissioner of Environment), Water Board of Lemesos, TerraCypria, the interviewees, and the respondents of the questionnaire. Appreciation towards Pieter Germeraad and Roel Dijksma for sharing their knowledge on water (details), and Wouter Achterkamp on the Swillgasser technology.

Last but not least, a thank you fellow students, friends and family for all the support.

Summary

The amount of people living in cities compared to in rural areas is increasing. Currently, these cities are not very sustainable, as they often have a linear metabolism of consuming input and repelling waste. In this thesis, the physical and mental sustainability of urban areas is increased through performing urban landscapes. This is done through two aspects: 1) creating a circular metabolism to close city cycles for physical sustainability, and 2) by creating environmental awareness for mental sustainability. The role of landscape architects is of great significance in designing performing urban landscapes. Not only should the processes in the landscape function, it should also be aesthetically appealing, and people should be able to experience everything.

For the first aspect of creating a circular metabolism, the researchers of this thesis propose that the process of stormwater harvesting and re-use, and the process of energy production of organic waste should cooperate. These topics are chosen because quite some cities, especially in the Mediterranean Region and/or in (semi-)arid climates, deal with water quantity problems. In other words, having too much stormwater in the winter and too little in the summer. Another big linear metabolism problem is the fact that urban areas create a large amount of waste, which is passed on to the rural areas for processing. The connection between these processes may not seem obvious, but this thesis provides insights and solutions to prove it is possible.

The development of toolboxes, a ‘research for research’ method, is chosen to enable the researchers in creating a performing urban landscape for Limassol (Cyprus), by using the toolboxes’ design options. Whilst testing the toolboxes in Limassol, it turned out that the results remained too broad and were not specific enough, but the lessons learned from the process gave valuable input for the following design exploration. By applying the ‘research through designing’ method, the design of the Little Garyllis Performing Park was made, and the characteristics of designing a performing urban landscape were unravelled.

Reader’s guide

Here are some useful insights for reading this thesis, to start with the term Cyprus. It must be clear that the island Cyprus and the country Cyprus are not the same. When Cyprus is discussed geographically in this thesis, it is the island which is debated. But, when Cypriots, economics, politics or statistics are disputed the southern Greek part of the island is meant.

Furthermore, when a figure is marked with an asterisk (*) in its caption, this figure is derived or adapted from an external source. These external sources can be found in the list of figures.

The content Before starting to read, a brief introduction to the global content of the six parts of this thesis is shared here.

Part 1 This first part gives an introduction to the theories included and a review on the topic.

Part 2 Before starting the design research, this part explains why and how this design research has been conducted.

Part 3 The third part summarises all the information on the island Cyprus, the country Cyprus and the city Limassol that was needed to be able to conduct the design research.

Part 4 The ‘research part’ of this this can be found in this part.

Part 5 This part holds the ‘design part’.

Part 6 Finally, the discussion and conclusions are shared in this sixth part. Table of contents

Preface Summary Reader’s guide

Part 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Scope of this thesis 1.2 Theoretical framework 1.3 Topic review

Part 2 Research structure 15

3.1 New knowledge 3.2 Purpose 3.3 Research questions 3.4 Process

Part 3 Cypriots and their island 25

3.1 Mediterranean Cyprus 3.2 Green mountains and dry plains 3.3 Altered land 3.4 Life on the island 3.5 City of attraction and distraction 3.6 Room for intervention 3.7 Watershed in distress 3.8 Little Garyllis 3.9 Points of attention

Part 4 Getting water and energy to cooperate 81

4.1 The cooperation of the two processes 4.2 First sieve: toolbox 4.3 Strengthening role of the urban park 4.4 Second sieve: design explorations

Part 5 Envisioning Little Garyllis 101

5.1 Design inspiration 5.2 Little Garyllis Performing Park 5.3 Four Fanaria 5.4 Limassol Network Part 6 Findings 155

6.1 Discussion and conclusion

List of figures 161 References 163 Appendices 173 1 2 3 1.1 Scope of this thesis

The first chapter of this thesis gives a little sneak preview. The well-known questions of ‘What?’, ‘How?’ and ‘Why’ are answered to give an idea of what this design research is about.

What? This thesis combines two strategies to make the expanding urban areas more sustainable. Physical sustainability by changing the city’s metabolism from linear to circular, and mental sustainability by creating environmental awareness.

How? Landscape architects can play a significant role when creating a physically and mentally sustainable city. This by designing a performing urban landscape. A landscape that is a setting for closing city cycles, as well as a medium for creating environmental awareness.

The proposal of this design research is the ability to cooperate the processes of stormwater harvesting and re-use, and energy production from urban organic waste, and herewith closing city cycles. By ensuring that people can experience all steps of the processes in an aesthetic way, also environmental awareness may be created.

Why? There is a knowledge gap on how to translate the theory of urban metabolism into design. Furthermore, there is not a lot of research on the role of landscape as medium to create environmental awareness, and no design examples were found.

4 1.2 Theoretical framework

In this chapter theory on the overarching subjects of this thesis is outlined [F1.1].

[F1.1] The theoreti cal framework.

Sustainable urban design currently changing climate. Citi es make up

Sustainability is a commonly used word for over 80% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions nowadays, but the meaning remains somewhat globally every year (UNEP/UN-HABITAT, 2005 unclear for a lot of people. The reason for this cited in While & Whitehead, 2013, p.1325), is that there are many defi niti ons. For this but they are also amongst the most vulnerable thesis the most commonly used defi niti on sites that have to deal with the consequences is adopted, namely that the demands of the of climate change (While & Whitehead, 2013). present generati on are met, but without losing Furthermore, several studies show that the the future generati ons’ ability to meet their demands of a city are large, with an ecological own demands (Willis, n.d.). Sustainable urban footprint reaching further than their borders design, more specifi cally, is concerned with (Pincetl, 2012). Baccini (1997) states that 70- incorporati ng sustainability on two scale levels: 80% of the world’s resources are used by citi es. in the individual building and in public town planning (Gosling & Maitland, 1984 cited in Thus, citi es are both insti gator as well as Frey, 1999, p.9). victi ms. Is it therefore a wise decision to try to make citi es more sustainable? Beatley (2000) The urban setti ng and others state that citi es play a big role in Over half of the populati on on this planet live in making the world more sustainable, especially citi es. Between 2009 and 2050 the populati on by reducing their ecological footprints. “Citi es of citi es is likely to grow from 3.4 billion to 6.3 - through their spati al organisati on, their billion (UN, 2010 cited in While & Whitehead, management practi ces, and the development 2013, p.1325). These increasing urban areas of their economic bases – can be the locus for bring several problems. Biodiversity is, for signifi cant reducti ons in demand and pressure example, under pressure due to urbanisati on on the planet’s resources and ecosystems” (Hoff , n.d.), and imperviousness can increase (Beatley, 2000, p.4). stormwater runoff (Gallo et al., 2013) and therefore increase fl ood risk ( & Ragab, 2013). Citi es play a big role in the

5 Creati ng sustainable citi es The urban metabolism methodology is Previously, the defi niti on of sustainability used practi cal and standardised enough for urban in this thesis is has been determined, and in areas to follow (Kennedy & Hoornweg, 2012). this defi niti on the word demands is used. What Nevertheless, some guidance is useful. Green these demands are and how to achieve them urbanism can help and give guidance for will be discussed now. designing a more sustainable circular city. Green urbanism is used as a means to describe There are three demands every generati on citi es that are “smart, secure and sustainable” has: 1) social justi ce and cultural diversity, 2) (Newman, 2010, p. 149). Lehmann (2010) the conservati on of air, water and biodiversity, explains that this is achieved due to the and 3) economic expansion to conquer poverty interacti on between three main pillars: energy (Willis, n.d.). The concepts oft en used for the and materials / water and biodiversity / urban three directi ons of sustainability are cultural, planning and transport. Citi es adapti ng the environmental and economic sustainability, or green urbanism framework (Lehmann, 2010, in other words: people – planet – profi t (e.g. p.3): Meyer, 2008). • “respond well to their climate, locati on, orientati on and context, opti mising natural The approach of this thesis to create sustainable assets such as sunlight and wind fl ow, citi es is twofold. First of all, by changing the • are quiet, clean and eff ecti ve, with a urban metabolism, and secondly by creati ng healthy microclimate, environmental awareness. • have reduced or have no CO2 emissions, as they are self-suffi cient energy producers, From a linear to a circular metabolism powered by renewable energy sources, Changing the urban metabolism is the fi rst • eliminate the concept of waste, as they strategy for creati ng urban sustainability. are based on a closed-loop ecosystem Metabolism means “the sum total of the with signifi cant recycling, reusing, technical and socio-economic processes that remanufacturing and composti ng.” occur in citi es, resulti ng in growth, producti on of energy and eliminati on of waste” (Kennedy, Both Lehmann (2010) as well as Meijer et al. Cuddihy & Engel-Yan, 2007, p.44). Currently, (2011) state that there is an importance in citi es seem to have a linear metabolism of letti ng acti viti es, design components, and cycles absorbing inputs (food, energy, goods, water) cooperate. Where Meijer et al. (2011, p.539) and repel outputs (organic waste, emissions, emphasise that “an eff ecti ve development inorganic waste, waste water) (Meijer et would in fact take place within the existi ng city al., 2011). Fundamental for creati ng a more […] it would save the green space outside the sustainable city is adjusti ng its metabolism city”. (conceived by Wolman in 1965) from linear to circular [F1.2]. The city needs to functi on as Creati ng environmental awareness an ecosystem, being a self-suffi cient (Kennedy, “Sustainable landscape design must do more Pincetl & Bunje, 2011) eco-eff ecti ve city than functi on or perform ecologically; it must reducing its ecological footprint (Newman, perform socially and culturally” (Meyer, 2008, 2010). This circular metabolism creates new p.16). Therefore, the second strategy for more inputs from its own outputs, zero emissions, sustainable citi es is creati ng environmental and clean air and water (Meijer et al., 2011). awareness, and landscape design can play a

[F1.2]* The diff erence between a linear and circular metabolism.

6 role in this. Meyer (2008, p.10) believes that and creates new forms required for new types “design can alter an individual’s consciousness of usage (Vroom and Steiner, 1991 cited in and perhaps assist in restructuring her priorities Duchhart, 2007, p.15). and values”. Nassauer (2012, p.224) adds that: “because landscapes are visible and inherently The researchers of this thesis find it important integrative, landscape can be a medium that that landscape architects step in when dealing synthesises diverse environmental functions with environmental problems. Landscape and human perspectives”. This changing of architecture can contribute in solving problems, environmental ethics “can lead to attentiveness, which is the main aspect of the core landscape empathy, love, respect, care, concern and architectural approach ‘design as synthesis’ action” towards sustainable design (Meyer, (Crewe & Forsyth, 2003). To turn these 2008, p.20). Hence, besides guiding the city challenges into opportunities natural processes physically towards sustainability, also its users can be mimicked and the services of ecosystems are directed psychologically towards a different can be used (Meyer, 2008), and a design can be environmental mind-set. educating through awareness creation.

The role of the landscape architect Importance of urban landscape As became clear in the previous paragraph, The role of the landscape architect in designing urban design involves buildings and town (parts of) cities has become more eminent, this planning. Thus, where do landscape architects due to, for example, the landscape urbanism play a role? This part elaborates on the role movement. Landscape urbanism ensured that landscape architects can play when both landscape is more and more seen as the basic the city’s metabolism needs to be altered, building block of a city (Thompson, 2012). whilst simultaneously creating environmental First landscape in cities was seen as left-over awareness. But first, landscape architecture places, places unsuitable for buildings. Now as a discipline is explained, the researchers’ with landscape urbanism, culture and natural landscape architectural lens is shared, and the processes help the designer to arrange the importance of urban landscape is described. urban form (Steiner, 2011). Together with the fact that, the in the previous paragraph Landscape architectural lens mentioned, green urbanism is interdisciplinary, The landscape architectural lens is a profession landscape architects now can play a major role orientated theoretical lens, which is often in urban design (Lehmann, 2010). used by qualitative researchers to review their studies (Creswell, 2009). This lens is of As landscape was not the basis of urban importance, because it shows the researchers design for long time, green is currenly added idea of what landscape architecture stands to cities again. This urban greening promotes for and what it can do. To understand the lens more natural vegetation in cities, for example of the researchers, the terms landscape and for sustaining wildlife (Birch & Wachter, n.d.). landscape architecture need to be clear. Besides implementing green in the city solely because it looks nice and it may attract some There are many different definitions for the wildlife, green can have more problem solving concept landscape. Landscapes are continuously functions. It can act like infrastructure: “a changing and therefore dynamic (Antrop, network of natural and semi-natural areas that 1998; Dramstad & Fjellstad, 2011). Landscapes protects and enhances ecosystem services, are formed by natural processes, human regenerative capacities, and ecological interventions, and especially the interaction dynamism over long time frames” (Marcucci between those natural processes and human & Jordan, 2013, p.184). Besides clearly doing interventions. Mankind has adapted the something for the ‘planet’, green infrastructure landscape in such a way that it is more suitable can also improve the quality of life (‘people’) for their living and needs (Antrop, 1998). and increase economic activity (‘profit’) Therefore, landscape is “the visible result on the (Marcucci & Jordan, 2013). To elaborate, green surface of earth of the interactions between man infrastructure is the network of all the unbuilt and nature” (Kerkstra & Vrijlandt, 1988 cited vegetated spaces in the city (Kambites & Owen, in Duchhart, 2007, p.16). “Architecture is the 2006 cited in Schäffler & Swilling, 2013, p.247). ordering and shaping of space” (Vroom, 1986 It consists of a variety of green features on all cited in Duchhart, 2007, p.15) and landscape scales: hedgerows, green roofs, floodplains, architects see the landscape as this ‘space’. rivers, etcetera, but these are only green A specific focus of landscape architecture is infrastructure when they are of high quality placed on understanding the elements and and capable of providing more than just being qualities present in the physical realm (Jauslin, green space (European Commission, 2013). A n.d.). Besides space, activities are of importance green roof, for example, when designed with too in landscape architecture. A landscape this thought can help with pollution reduction architect adapts already existing developments, (Rowe, 2011). Landscape architects can play a

7 role in creati ng or adjusti ng this variety of high and man-made (Meyer, 2008). When showing quality green features, which are capable of how functi on and appearance, and nature and providing more than just being green space. culture can work together, people can learn something (Forsyth, Musacchio & Fitzgerald, Experiencing the performing urban 2005). Furthermore, it should be experienced landscape that the landscape is dynamic not stati c, it is “Beauti ful sustainable landscape design involves oft en experienced through movement (Meyer, the design of experiences as much as the design 2008). Thus, paths are the bookmarks for the of form and the design of the ecosystems.” storytelling. They guide along diff erent sensory (Meyer, 2008, p.18) experiences (Forsyth, Musacchio & Fitzgerald, 2005). It changes every season, and it changes A performing urban landscape involves the over ti me (Koh, 2013). Lastly, the narrati ve design of both functi on and appearance: should be experienced with all senses, not only functi on can ensure direct sustainability, in this visual (Meyer, 2008). case by creati ng a circular metabolism, and the aestheti c appearance can help with creati ng “The language of landscape is our nati ve environmental awareness (Meyer, 2008). language. Landscape was the original dwelling; Both functi on and appearance, technique and humans evolved among and animals, aestheti cs, need to be intertwined. Therefore, under the sky, upon the earth, near water. it is not ‘form follows functi on’ or ‘functi on Everyone carries that legacy in body and follows form’ (Sauerbruch & Hutt on, n.d.), mind. Humans touched, saw, heard, smelled, but a joint eff ort of functi on and appearance tasted, lived in, and shaped landscapes before [F1.3]. The goal is to create the most appealing the species had words to describe what it appearance, that allows the processes to did. Landscapes are the fi rst human texts, functi on as opti mal possible. read before the inventi on of other signs and symbols.” (Whiston Spirn, 1998, p.125)

When creati ng a performing urban landscape, landscape architects are crucial, because of the interdisciplinary approach of the fi eld (Meyer, 2008). Although the technical and aestheti cal part of the design are not separable, two diff erent roles can be played by a landscape architect: the technical landscape architect and the creati ve landscape architect. [F1.3] The joint eff ort of functi on and form. Technical landscape architect Important though is the experience of the Whilst using natural processes, the landscape performing urban landscape, of both the eco- architect fi nds its role in eco-engineering. technologies as well as aestheti cs. In this thesis Infrastructures “functi onally integrated with narrati ves are of importance in doing so: stories landscapes become sustainable, multi functi onal about the natural processes, the cultural use, and self-organising with educati onal, aestheti c and the alterati ons made to it (Pott eiger & and even recreati onal eff ects” (Koh, 2013, p.27). Purinton, 1998). People should experience The functi on helps to experience the aestheti c. the story of nature and culture, as in nature Within eco-engineering fi ve design principles

Design consistent with ecological Design for site-specifi c context: Maintain the independence of principles: include and copy every locati on is diff erent design functi onal requirements: natural structures and processes in keep soluti ons simple and practi cal your design

Design for effi ciency in energy and Acknowledge the values and informati on: let nature do some of purposes that moti vate design: the work for you create benefi ts for both the society as for nature

[F1.4] Design principles within eco-engineering.

8 [F1.4] can be disti nguished (Bergen, Bolton & associati ons Fridley, 2001). • Order: organisati on, coherence, congruity, legibility, clarity Creati ve landscape architect Within eco-engineering there is already Besides these general preferences, the some att enti on for aestheti cs. But to fulfi l the appreciati on of design is also culturally defi ned creati ve role of the landscape architect, to fully (Meyer, 2008). When applying design elements experience the aestheti cs, some insights on and qualiti es, the common design style needs to preferences, elements and qualiti es are needed. be reviewed, as well as the sense of place and the site conditi ons (Hansen, 2010). Probably, The fi ve general environmental preferences are because design elements and qualiti es are (Nassar, 1998 cited in Carmona et al., 2010, culture- and locati on-bound, diff erent literature p.169): sources (Hutchinson, n.d.; Rutledge, 1971; Loidl • Naturalness: environments where natural & Bernard, 2003; Hansen, 2010; Whiti ng & de elements dominate over built elements Jong, 2013) do not agree on what these design (see infobox 1.1) elements and qualiti es should exactly be. • Upkeep/civiliti es: environments that are Therefore, a selecti on of design elements[F1.6] managed, clearly looked aft er and design qualiti es [F1.7] has been made to • Openness and defi ned spaces: work with during this thesis. environments with a mix including defi ned open spaces with views on nice elements • Historical signifi cance/content: environments that raise positi ve

INFOBOX 1.1: cues for intended natural design

People’s environmental preference towards naturalness is confusing. Using natural processes in the cultural city, can cause unfamiliarity and rejecti on of it. Messy ecosystems do not seem to be welcome in the urban area (Nassauer, 1995). Forsyth, Musacchio and Fitzgerald (2005) also state that ‘unatt racti ve’ natural vegetati on needs cues to show it is intended. Van Ruijven (2010) conducted a research for her Master thesis to fi nd out what these cues can be, and translated them into seven design principles [F1.5].

Flowering plants and trees Architectural details like Framing The color white sharp edges

Trimming, mowing, Bold patt ern in use, color Level of culti vati on ordering , and linear and maintenance responds to site planti ng

[F1.5]* Design principles for creati ng cues for intended natural design.

9 Colour: a crucial mood-setti ng Scale: related to the surroundings Line: the horizontal and/or verti cal element of design, it can also draw and an appropriate size for structure former, straight lines for att enti on to a certain feature humans (proporti ons) a formal look and organic lines for an informal look

Form: connected to lines, as lines Texture: the feel and/or look of shape the surface (fi neness/coarseness, roughness/smoothness, heaviness/ lightness)

[F1.6] Five design elements used in this thesis.

Unity: or harmony is realised by Sequence: change/fl ow in form, Balance: the (a)symmetry on the linking elements and features to colour, texture, and size for left and right side create a clear compositi on movement/life

Simplicity and variety: the working Emphasis: a focal point is needed together of repeti ti on (no change) to keep the att enti on and diversity (contrasts)

[F1.7] Five design qualiti es used in this thesis.

10 1.3 Topic review

In this chapter the literature review on the topic and a propositi on are shared[F1.8] .

[F1.8] The topic review with a propositi on as result.

Cooperati on of two urban resources and cool/wet winters (Mediterranean climate, To create a more sustainable city with a circular 2014), bringing periods of water scarcity metabolism, open cycles have to be closed and extreme events as droughts and fl oods by harvesti ng resources. There are enough (Choukr-Allah, 2012). The coastal areas and outf lows (waste) that have potenti al to be used the highly urbanised areas are parti cularly again (Agudelo-Vera et al., 2012). Within this aff ected by water stress, because of the uneven urban harvesti ng, four strategies are defi ned distributed rainfall and the seasonal variati ons (Agudelo, Rovers & Mels, 2009 cited in Agudelo- of water resources (Bixio et al., 2006). On Vera et al., 2012, p.4): the other hand, urban areas also suff er from • Multi -sourcing: locally available and external water dependence, fl ooding and renewable resources (e.g. stormwater, stream degradati ons (Farreny et al., 2011). solar power) Furthermore, the Mediterranean region is • Cascading: remains of fl ows, usable for also one of the most sensiti ve areas regarding lower quality purposes (e.g. wastewater possible consequences of the present climate from shower as fl ushwater for toilet) change (Calbo, 2010), therefore the situati on • Quality upgrading and recycling: on-site for this region is very distressing. Besides the treatment for re-use Mediterranean region, also other regions suff er • Quality upgrading and closing loops: on- from this water quanti ty problem, for example site treatment of a system without inputs regions with a (semi-)arid climate (Montenegro or outputs & Ragab, 2012). According to Angelakis et al. (1999) and Fatt a et al. (2005) there is a need This thesis is based on the last strategy: creati ng to look for alternati ve water resources, and a circular metabolism by closing city cycles, soluti ons can be found in recycling water. without new inputs and as litt le outputs as possible. To do so, the researchers of this thesis Most of the water problems such as droughts, propose that the processes of stormwater water shortages and fl oods in dry regions harvesti ng and re-use, and of energy producti on are related to stormwater. Especially in from urban organic waste have the potenti al to citi es the paved areas ensure a decrease cooperate and strengthen each other. of the permeability of soil, and decrease of infi ltrati on, which results in accelerated Urban water: stormwater harvesti ng and surface runoff (increasing fl oodrisk) and soil re-use erosion (Niemczynowicz, 1999; Charalambous, Water is the largest component of the urban Bruggeman & Lange, 2012). Also, natural metabolism (Kennedy, Cuddihy & Engel-Yan, streams are oft en channelled in urban areas, 2007). Therefore, it is a logical choice to make which results in altered ecological systems, and a water-related process the main topic of this a fast runoff of urban stormwater with high peak thesis. This design research focusses on citi es fl ows (Niemczynowicz, 1999). Furthermore, with a water quanti ty problem. To be more runoff water from roads may be polluted by clear: too litt le water in the summer, and heavy metals which come from brakes and ti res more water than manageable in the winter. of vehicles, and drip loss (fuel, gear oil, grease, The Mediterranean is an example of a region brake fl uid, anti freeze, etcetera) (Göbel, Dierkes dealing with these kind of water problems. The & Coldewey, 2007). Besides this, stormwater Mediterranean region has hot/dry summers runoff from roads can also contain organic

11 compounds (Helmreich & Horn, 2009). in urban environmental quality. To achieve urban environmental quality quite some topics The quantity and quality problems of urban can be discussed on different scale levels. The stormwater runoff can be turned into an main topics that are present in most, if not all, opportunity, when this water is harvested scales are: air quality, soil quality, and water and treated. Besides preventing droughts and quality. These qualities are often threatened floods, stormwater harvesting has many other by greenhouse gas emissions and/or waste benefits in addition. It may reduce: mismanagement (Anonymous, 2000; D’Alisa, Di • a city’s external water demand (Helmreich Nola & Giampietro, 2012). & Horn, 2009; Farreny et al., 2011; Kathijotes, 2012) How can both the problem of greenhouse gas • water stress on the area (Farreny et al., emissions and the management of waste be 2011) addressed? Waste management is seen as • energy use (less groundwater pumping) an urban problem, because of the collection, (Kathijotes, 2012) shortage of landfills, and limited urban space for • non-point source pollutant loads recycling (Gandy, 1994 cited in Uyarra & Gee, (Niemczynowicz, 1999; Mitchell et al., 2013). Several references in Aranda Usón (2013, 2007; Farreny et al., 2011) p.72) emphasise the magnitude of the collection • drinking water consumption (Abdulla & Al- and transportation of urban waste within the Shareef, 2009; Chanan et al., 2010) city and towards the locations where the waste is processed. This is done by vehicles, which And it also may: are after power plants (USA 32%) the biggest • help to alleviate climate change (Farreny contributors of greenhouse gas emissions (EPA, et al., 2011) n.d.). Therefore, waste is not only a nuisance • add aesthetic and recreational values to a itself, but its management also contributes city (Niemczynowicz, 1999; Mitchell et al., to greenhouse gas emissions. Dealing with 2007) waste within cities as an effective development (Meijer et al., 2011), could decrease the Social acceptance magnitude of the transportation of urban waste Besides all the benefits of stormwater and therefore reduce greenhouse gas emissions harvesting, there are some social constraints for a small part. The Council of Europe (2007 which prevent people to implement this. These cited in Aranda Usón et al., 2013, p.72) states social constraints include issues of health and that “the collection, sorting, transportation, safety, aesthetics and impacts on recreation processing and recycling of municipal solid (CSIRO, 2006): waste in an environmentally friendly manner • Odour problems can lead to solutions that are sustainable in the • Visual impacts medium and long term, taking into account the • Noise disturbance needs of urban development demands”. • Health and safety: physical injuries, contamination, vermin Besides this, a different management style of waste could help to reduce greenhouse gas The re-use of stormwater in non-potable emissions even further. Due to the lens of the applications is publicly accepted. Surveys researchers answers to problems need to be initially show strong community support when found in natural processes, hence using the it comes to the use of recycled water, but this organic part of the waste. The separation of supports does decline when people see the urban organic waste could be rewarding (see actual project proposal (McArdle et al., 2011). infobox 1.2). Creating energy from urban organic There are a couple of reasons for the public waste can help to increase the air quality, soil opposition to the use of recycled stormwater. quality, and water quality (Cheng, n.d.; Basu, According to McArdle et al. (2011) these 2010). The air, for example, will have a better reasons include: quality due to less greenhouse gas emissions • Concern for public health from power plants, and cars (when changing • Economic impact to driving on green electricity or gas). Beside • Environmental impact and social value of these environmental benefits, there are also land two socio-economic benefits: 1) All countries have waste, but not all countries have crude Urban waste: energy production from oil or natural gas. Therefore, a lot of countries urban organic waste are importing energy resources from foreign For closing cycles, positive loops and trade- countries. Producing own renewable biomass offs are necessary (Agudelo-Vera et al., 2011). energy will make countries more energy Therefore, a second process has been identified independent (Cheng, n.d.; Khanal & Lamsal, to work together with the process of stormwater n.d.; Basu, 2010), and 2) This shift in waste harvesting and re-use. Possibilities are found management can create local job opportunities

12 (Cheng, n.d.) and thereby improve the economy some environmental distress. It can be seen as (Khanal & Lamsal, n.d.; Basu, 2010). Besides “dirty, contaminated and non-renewable” and this, governments can also profi t from bett er “hazardous for humans and ecosystems” (Rösch tax revenue (Khanal & Lamsal, n.d.). & Kaltschmitt , 1999, p.354).

Social acceptance Furthermore, there could be some social Besides some technical barriers, there are also constraints involving the locati on of the digester some other barriers that prevent the increase used in the waste to energy process. People’s of energy derived from biomass generally. atti tude towards renewable energy can change Rösch & Kaltschmitt (1999) describe some of if they are faced with it in their neighbourhood. these barriers, such as: the higher producti on They can then suff er from the NIMBY eff ect. costs of heat and/or electricity from biomass. They are in favour of renewable energy sources, But overall, energy derived from biomass but Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) (Rösch & is accepted by the public. If not, people are Kaltschmitt , 1999). oft en not familiar with the opportuniti es and benefi ts (Rösch & Kaltschmitt , 1999). Atti tude does change with the type of feedstock. The use of virgin biomass (grown solely for energy purposes) is oft en seen as negati ve (Muradov et al., 2010). Using non-virgin biomass, waste, as feedstock could be positi ve for people’s atti tude, but waste as feedstock also brings

INFOBOX 1.2: urban organic waste and its yields

When talking about urban organic waste in this thesis, two resources are selected: 1) organic waste produced by households, small businesses and hotels, to have a more bott om-up approach to create environmental awareness (Yang et al., 2012), and 2) the organic waste produced due to the need of city’s vegetati on maintenance (Lyyti mäki & Sipilä, 2009). For this design research (peri-)urban agricultural and industrial organic wastes are not taken into account.

Biogas yields from Dutch examples During biochemical anaerobic digesti on two products are created: compost and biogas. The compost can be used as ferti liser and the biogas can be transformed into electricity and heat or green gas (Agentschap NL, n.d., p.2): • 10 m3 biogas can be transformed into 20 kWh electricity and 85 MJ warmth • 10 m3 biogas can be transformed into 6 kg green gas (100 km of driving)

The amount of biogas produced depends on the compositi on of the urban organic waste, which contains organic household waste and waste from urban vegetati on maintenance. The following rules of thumb are composed with the help of informati on on Dutch potenti als: • Organic household waste: • 30% of the waste of a household is organic (Appendix 1c-I) • 100 kg of this organic waste is turned into 10 m3 biogas (Agentschap NL, n.d., p.1-2) • Urban vegetati on maintenance: • Vegetati on has diff erent amounts of maintenance output[T1.1] • 100 kg mixed vegetati on maintenance waste is turned into 7 m3 biogas (E-kwadraat Advies, n.d.)

[T1.1] The diff erent amounts of maintenance output of vegetati on (see Appendix 1c-I). Type of vegetati on Amount of maintenance output in kg per m2 per year Woody 0.67-1.65 Grass 0.25-4 Reed 1.43-7.14 Heather 0.13-2.25

13 14 15 16 17 2.1 New knowledge

“Research is a structured inquiry that utilises acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable.” (Grinnell, 1993 cited in Kumar, 2005, p.7)

This new knowledge is created when gaps are present in the knowledge currently available, and there is a significance to get rid of this gap (Kumar, 2005).

The gap was found on how to actually design for this In this case the knowledge gap is twofold. purpose. First of all, there is a gap between the theory of urban metabolism and its translation to Significance design. Secondly, comprehensive knowledge on There is need to further develop the role of the contribution of appearance to sustainable urban metabolism within urban planning landscape design could not be found. and design (Kennedy, Pincetl & Bunje, 2011). Agudelo-Vera et al. (2011) also state that “there Designing for the urban metabolism is a need to develop methodologies to assess Kennedy, Pincetl & Bunje (2011, p.1970) state local potentials and provide guidelines for that “the potential to use the concept of urban resource management, considering available metabolism in an urban design context is a technology, local context characteristics and relatively new development”. They elaborate trade-offs among flows”. Therefore, this design on the only three attempts to design with the research is of significance, because this thesis concept of urban metabolism findable. First, aims to give more insights on how landscape Oswald and Baccini (2003 cited in Kennedy, architects can design with the urban metabolism Pincetl & Bunje, 2011, p.1970) start to show in in mind. Also, the role of landscape as medium Netzstadt how morphological and physiological will be addressed. tools can be used together, how they can be integrated. For reconstructing New Orleans This design research will contribute to the after hurricane Katrina, John Fernandez, body of knowledge for at least the fields of together with students from MIT, used material water management, waste management, flow analysis to come up with more sensitive renewable energy production, ecology, and design regarding ecology (Quinn, 2007 cited especially landscape architecture. During the in Kennedy, Pincetl & Bunje, 2011, p.1970). study landscape architecture at Wageningen Students studying civil engineering at the University, one is prepped for thinking University of Toronto also created a sustainable interdisciplinary and in this design research design at neighbourhood scale using the urban this is most definitely the case (technical metabolism. These students included green and creative), and this makes this thesis buildings, sustainable transportation, and academically significant. The design part of this alternative energy systems in their designs, thesis ensures that the (design) proposition is examples are: greywater use for toilets, implementable, and this is shown by making a wastewater sludge as compost, energy design in Limassol, Cyprus. This also gives this production from municipal waste for a light rail research architectonic significance. Cyprus system, and fly-ash from the waste gasification will function as a test to illustrate how it could was used as building material. Thus, a start work, but it will also be implementable for has been made in actually designing with the similar cities. This makes the findings replicable. urban metabolism in mind, but in the landscape Besides dealing with water and waste problems, architecture discipline many steps are still to be the design of a performing urban landscape taken. can also provide options to create some social benefits in the urban areas, like options Designing to create environmental for recreation and cultural development awareness (education). Therefore, this thesis and design Meyer (2008) states that until now there also have social significance. has been little attention on the fact that the appearance of landscape can contribute to sustainable landscape design. Besides the manifesto of Meyer (2008), only the article of Nassauer (2012) states that the landscape can function as a medium. No other literature 18 2.2 Purpose

The most vital thing a designer does is to provide an explanation of what it could be like (Cross, 2006), this is exactly the purpose of this thesis.

Goal and audience The goal of this design research is to show the municipalities of cities with a stormwater quantity (and quality) and waste problem, and more general policy makers, how these problems can be turned into opportunities. This by creating a toolbox with design options on several scale levels, to enable the designing of the cooperating city processes (to close city cycles) within a performing urban landscape. Besides being an example for a change in city metabolism, the design will also be an illustrative example of how design can function as medium to create environmental awareness by experiencing.

19 2.3 Research questions

To achieve the purpose of this thesis, a main research question and four sub research questions will help to gain knowledge on performing urban landscapes.

Main research question The main research question of this thesis is:

What are the characteristics of designing a performing urban landscape that:

1. plays a strengthening role in the cooperation of the stormwater re-use and urban organic waste to energy processes to close city cycles,

and

2. is simultaneously a medium for creating environmental awareness?

Sub research question The following sub research questions will help to find an answer to the main research question:

1. What are the cooperation potentials for the stormwater re-use and urban organic waste to energy processes?

2. What design options can be distinguished for every step in the stormwater re-use process?

3. What design options can be distinguished for every step in the urban organic waste to energy process?

4. How can these design options per process step be applied in the design of a performing urban landscape in Limassol?

20 2.4 Process

This chapter will share the process of this design research.

Knowledge claim and strategy thesis. The postpositi visti c knowledge claim is The knowledge claim adopted during this design prominent when the landscape architects fulfi ls research is the pragmati c one. This means that a more technical role, and needs measurements understanding the problem(s) and fi nding ways and calculati ons for the design to functi on. The to solve the problem(s) is important in this thesis constructi visti c knowledge claim is prominent (Creswell, 2009). To understand the problem, when the landscape architect fulfi ls a more researchers look at many approaches to collect creati ve role, and needs insights on what the data and do analysis, multi ple methods, diff erent users fi nd aestheti cally appealing. For this, it is knowledge claims, and diff erent assumpti ons important to understand the context or setti ng (Creswell, 2009). Two of the three other of the design/research area by visiti ng the area knowledge claims are of importance during this and gathering informati on on the spot. It is also

[F2.1] Combinati on of research and design.

21 about listening carefully to the inhabitants to Toolbox (research) for design understand the historical and cultural setti ngs The term ‘design research’ has been used a few of these people (Creswell, 2009). ti mes in this thesis. The reason is simple: this thesis combines research with design [F2.1]. The research strategy that fi ts the pragmati c Combining research with design can be done in knowledge claim is the mixed methods research three ways (Lenzholzer, Duchhart & Koh, 2013): strategy, which combines both qualitati ve and • Research for design: research is conducted quanti tati ve research. In this case using a to improve the quality of the design and concurrent embedded strategy. The concurrent increase its reliability approach is chosen because there is limited • Research on design: research is done on ti me in the fi eld, and in this way the data can fi nished designs or the design process be collected simultaneously (Creswell, 2009). • Research through designing: design is used But it is more than just collecti ng both kind of as a research method data. In this strategy either quanti tati ve data collecti on is embedded in qualitati ve data The intenti on was to use the fi rst way ‘research collecti on, or vice versa (Creswell, 2009). For for design’, by creati ng toolboxes as input for this design research data is mainly gained from the design (see chapter 4.2 for explanati on why qualitati ve data collecti on, with the help of this was the intenti on). existi ng quanti tati ve data (extrapolati on).

22 Approach The approach of this design research is twofold, and input for this is extracted from two of Milburn and Brown’s (2003) models: concept test, and analysis synthesis.

Firstly, to find an answer to the first sub research question the proposition (concept) discussed in chapter 1.3 about the cooperation of the two processes is tested, and adapted where needed. Then the analysis conducted to find answers to the second and third research questions are used to create toolboxes. Finally, a sieving guide is used to find implementable design options and to synthesise these for application in design (fourth sub research question).

Methods, techniques and tactics For the first, ‘concept test’ part of the approach literature study was conducted to do ‘research for design’, as well as reference studies for a little ‘research on design’. The approach for the second ‘analysis synthesis’ part is more extensive. The same literature study and reference study of the first part was also used for sub research questions 2 and 3. At last, to be able to sieve the toolboxes to come up with the implementable design options and to synthesise these for application in design, quite some methods are used to gain knowledge (the ‘landscapes’ of) of Cyprus and the city Limassol (see Appendix 2e-I for exact methods, techniques and tactics per sub research question):

• Literature study • Map study • Suitability study • Statistical study • Interviews • Questionnaires • Fieldwork (e.g. SWOT analysis)

23 24 25 26 27 3.1 Mediterranean Cyprus

Cyprus, as part of the Mediterranean region, is dealing with quite some environmental (health) problems. Besides, water scarcity being the main problem on the island, the landfi lling of waste is a threat too.

The Mediterranean Cyprus is the third largest island in the Cyprus is an island in the Mediterranean region. Mediterranean region, and is located in the The Mediterranean region or Mediterranean southeast of the basin (Iacovides, n.d.). On the basin is defi ned as countries bordering the island there are two climates: the Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea, including Portugal. This climate, and the hot semi-arid climate [F3.2] Mediterranean Sea is surrounded by 18 (Peel, Finlayson & McMahou, 2007). countries on three diff erent conti nents: Europe, Asia and Africa [F3.1] (FAO, 2013).

[F3.1] Locati on of Cyprus within the Mediterranean region.

[F3.2]* The division of the Mediterranean and hot semi-arid climate.

28 Cyprus • Soil quality (including erosion) [F3.3] (Seth, Cyprus is a naturally and culturally attractive n.d.; Iglesias, et al., 2011; Cohen, 2012) country (see next chapters), resulting in a lot of • Air quality (Middleton et al., 2008; tourism on the island (Sharpley, 2002). Besides Kleanthous et al, 2009) these potentials, Cyprus is also dealing with • Increasing ‘wellness’ diseases, such as: some environmental (health) problems: asthma and allergies (Kolokotroni et al., • Water quantity and quality (including 2011) salinisation)[F3.3] (Birol, Koundouri & • Urban heat island effect (especially capital Koundouris, n.d.; Iacovides, n.d.; Seth, ) (Price et al., 1999; Hadjimitsis et n.d.; Howe & Smith, 2010; Christodoulidou al., n.d.) et al., 2012) • Landfilling of astew [F3.3] (Athanassiou Obviously, Cyprus is chosen as test case location & Zabaniotou, 2008; Savva, Costa & in this thesis because of the water and waste Charalambides, 2013) problems. • High amount of greenhouse gas emissions (Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos & Pentaliotis, 2011; Zachariadis, 2011)

Water quantity

Landfilling of waste

Soil erosion

[F3.3] Some environmental (health) problems Cyprus is dealing with.

29 Water problem the moment the island is at a turning point, The most extensive problem Cyprus is dealing there are already some companies involved in with is the water scarcity. Cyprus is one of the recycling (Athanassiou & Zabaniotou, 2008), for places in the Mediterranean area that is facing example GreenDot (see infobox 3.2). the biggest water issues, like severe water

scarcity, frequent occurrence of droughts, CO2 emissions

limited water resources, unevenly distributed Cyprus is dealing with high CO2 emissions, rainfall, and many small catchments but no especially from energy producti on and perennial fl ow (Aletraris, 2012; Charalambous, transportati on [F3.5] (Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos Bruggeman & Lange, 2012). The main source & Pentalioti s, 2011). Savva, Costa & of water in Cyprus is precipitati on, but the Charalambides (2013) see a potenti al for amount of this water resource has decreased, Cyprus’ waste to energy producti on, which will

and also approximately 80% of the main water help the CO2 emissions to drop. resources is lost because of direct evaporati on and transpirati on (Iacovides, n.d.). Besides this, the precipitati on is unevenly distributed geographically with the highest amount in the mountain areas and the lowest in the eastern lowlands and the coastal areas [F3.4] (WDD, n.d. a).

Waste problem The landfi lling of waste in Cyprus is seen as large problem, especially now Cyprus is part of the EU (Savva, Costa & Charalambides, [F3.5] Percentage CO2 emissions per category. 2013). Not only is waste dumped at controlled sites, there are fi ve to six uncontrolled landfi lls present (Athanassiou & Zabaniotou, 2008). At

Landfi lling of waste

[F3.4]* Unevenly distributed precipitati on.

30 3.2 Green mountains and dry plains

Cyprus is the third largest Mediterranean island, with a surface of 9,251 km2. There are two mountain ranges on the island, in the North and in the centre. In between those two ranges lies the Mesaoria plain.

Risen from the sea alti tude from 800 to 1,024 meters above sea To understand how Cyprus is arisen from the level. The Pentadaktylos is the striking mountain sea the geology and soils are explained before range forming the west of the terrane (Cyprus the tectonic processes, so that the geological Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey terranes menti oned during the explanati on of Department, 2014). the tectonic processes are discussed already.

Geological zones and their soils Cyprus is divided in four geological zones [F3.6] (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey Department, 2014): • Kyrenia Terrane (Pentadaktylos) • Troodos Terrane (Troodos Ophiolite Complex) • Mamonia Terrane • Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession (Sediments) [F3.7]* The Kyrenia Terrane. Kyrenia Terrane The Kyrenia Terrane [F3.7] is the most northern The Kyrenia Terrane is a complex collecti on geological zone of Cyprus, and it is considered of sediments from Permian (300 to 250 as the most southern porti on of the Tauro- Ma) to present, and limited metamorphic Diraride Alpine Zone. It forms a chain of narrow and igneous rocks. The terrane is formed by and steep mountains. It is in contrast with its diff erent geological formati ons. The three main surrounding lowlands, because it rises quite formati ons are the allochthonous Dhikomo, abruptly from these lowlands. The mountain Sykhari and Hilarion Formati ons which have their range runs from Cape Kormakiti s in the west own specifi c characteristi cs and appearances to Cape Andreas in the east, and varies in its (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological

[F3.6]* The four geological zones and soil types.

31 Survey Department, 2014). perennial rivers running radially are feeding the main aquifers in the foothills and lowlands of The most common soil orders present on this the Troodos (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; terrane are: Geological Survey Department, 2014). • Regosols: “Characterised by shallow, medium- to fine-textured, unconsolidated The soil orders most common for this terrane parent material that may be of alluvial are the same for the Kyrenia Terrane, namely: origin and by the lack of a significant soil • Regosols horizons (layer) formation because of dry • Leptosols or cold climatic conditions. Regosols often show accumulations of calcium carbonate Mamonia Terrane or gypsum in hot, dry climatic zones.” The Mammonia Terrane [F3.9] consists of (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014) igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic • Leptosols: “Soils with a very shallow rocks from the Middle Triassic to the Upper profile depth (indicating little influence Cretaceous (230 – 75 Ma). The rocks paced over of soil-forming processes), and the often during the Maaistrichtian, and they only occur contain large amounts of gravel. They on the southern part of Cyprus in the region typically remain under natural vegetation, of Pafos (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; being especially susceptible to erosion, Geological Survey Department, 2014). desiccation, or waterlogging, depending on climate and topography. Because of continual wind or water erosion or shallow depth to hard bedrock, Leptosols show little or none of the horizonation, or layering, characteristic of other soils.” (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014)

Troodos Terrane The central part of Cyprus is dominated by the Troodos Terrane [F3.8] or Troodos Ophiolite complex, forming the geological core of the [F3.9] The Mamonia Terrane. island. There are two regions to be distinguished within the Troodos Terrane. First there is the The combination of deformation and alteration main mass of the Troodos mountain range, and and the clays and steep topography is the second region consists of the Limassol and considered as some of the factors for instability Forests south of the mountain range. in the region of Pafos. In addition, earthquakes The Troodos Terrane is formed in the Upper played and still play their own, significant role in Cretaceous (90 Ma), on the Tethys sea floor. It is this region (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; seen as the most complete, intact and studied Geological Survey Department, 2014). ophiolite of the world (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey Department, The most common soil orders of the Mamonia 2014). Terrane are: • Regosols • Luvisols: “a mixed mineralogy, high nutrient content, and good drainage that make these soils suitable for a wide range of agriculture, from grains to orchards to vineyards. Luvisols form on flat or gently sloping landscapes under climatic regimes that range from cool temperate to warm Mediterranean. Luvisols are technically characterized by a surface accumulation of humus overlying an extensively leached [F3.8] The Troodos Terrane. layer that is nearly devoid of clay and iron-bearing minerals. Below the latter lies The Troodos Ophiolite is a fragment of a fully a layer of mixed clay accumulation that developed oceanic crust, and it consists of four has high levels of available nutrient ions different stratigraphic units (in ascending order): comprising calcium, magnesium, sodium, Plutonics (mantle sequence and cumulates), or potassium.” (Encyclopædia Britannica, Intrusives, Volcanics and chemical sediments. 2014) The Troodos Terrane plays a significant role for the water budget of Cyprus. Most of the rocks are good aquifers due to fracturing. The 32 Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession The area between the Kyrenia Terrane and the Troodos Terrane, as well as the southern part of the island, is a zone of autochthonous sedimentary rocks ranging in age from the 1 Upper Cretaceous to the Pleistocene (70 Ma to present). The Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession [F3.10] of bentoniti c clays, volcaniclasti cs, melange, marls, chalks, cherts, limestones, calcarenites, evaporites and clasti c sediments (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey Department, 2014). 2

3

[F3.10]* The Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession.

The soil types commonly present are: 4 • Regosols [F3.12]* The formati on of Cyprus. • Leptosols • Luvisols which caused the formati on of the Troodos Tectonic processes Ophiolite. This was followed by the detachment The movement of plates created the elevated of the Troodos Ophiolite through a sinistral landscape of Cyprus [F3.11], as can be seen rotati on of 90°, and the collision to its southern today. and western part of older rocks (230 to 75 Ma). A relati vely inacti ve tectonic period followed The island of Cyprus is formed by tectonic (75 to 10 Ma). Carbonate sediments were processes [F3.12]. It started in the Upper deposited and the sedimentary basis (Lefk ara Cretaceous (100 Ma) with the subducti on of the and Formati on) became shallower. The African plate underneath the Eurasian plate, following important tectonic period (Miocene,

[F3.11] Elevated landscape.

33 10-15 Ma) was characterized by the placement Natural resources of the Kyrenia Terrane in the northern part of The island of Cyprus only has a few natural the Troodos Terrance and the uplift of the island resources. The main resource interesti ng for to almost its present positi on (Cyprus Geological this thesis is, of course, water. Besides water, Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey Department, also minerals and ti mber resources can be 2014). found on the island.

At the same ti me as the subducti on of the Water plates, these plates moved northwards so that Cyprus has been defi ned as one River Basin their southern edges were placed in the area District in the Water Framework Directi ve where the Pentadaktylos Range would fi nally (INECO Cyprus, n.d.) A River Basin District is be positi oned. The Mamonia Terrane and the defi ned by EEA (2013) as the area of land and Troodos clashed during a period of marine sea, made up of one or more neighbouring river sedimentati on and relati ve tectonic inacti vity. basins together with their associated ground The uplift of the Troodos started in that same waters and coastal waters. Within this one period which resulted in the creati on of the River Basin District, Cyprus is subdivided into island Cyprus. At the end of Miocene (6 Ma) nine hydrological regions [F3.13]. These nine the Tethys Sea east of Cyprus was closed and hydrological regions are further subdivided the Mediterranean Sea obtained approximately into 70 watersheds, and 387 sub-watersheds its present shape (Cyprus Geological Heritage, (INECO Cyprus, n.d.). Within these watersheds, 2004; Geological Survey Department, 2014). rivers and lakes are located on the surface. Below the surface, groundwater bodies can be During the Messinian, there was a disti nguished. Mediterranean salinity crisis, caused by its isolati on from the Atlanti c Ocean. This crisis Rivers created conditi ons of extreme seawater The rivers in Cyprus mostly originate in the evaporati on and depositi on of evaporate Troodos mountain range, this is where the sediments. The opening of Gibraltar resulted in most precipitati on falls. Besides this, there is a a re-connecti on of the Mediterranean Sea with seasonal distributi on of stormwater runoff , due the Atlanti c Ocean. In combinati on with the rise to the seasonal distributi on of precipitati on. As of sea level, new sediments were deposited. a result most rivers in Cyprus are ephemeral, During the Pleistocene (2,5 Ma to present) lacking perennial fl ow along their enti re length the island was uplift ed abruptly. During that [F3.13]. Most rivers fl ow 3 to 4 months a year period the Troodos and Pentadaktylos were (in the winter/spring) and are dry for the rest of even higher than they are today. This signifi cant the year. There are only a few rivers upstream in uplift in combinati on with the climate change in the Troodos areas which have a conti nuous fl ow the Pleistocene resulted in extensive erosion of all year: Xero, Diarizos, Kargoti s, Marathasa, the ranges (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; Kouris, and [F3.14]. (INECO Geological Survey Department, 2014). Cyprus, n.d.; WDD, n.d. a).

[F3.13] The nine hydrological regions, with their watersheds, (ephemeral) rivers, and lakes.

34 Lakes potable water (INECO Cyprus, n.d.; WDD, n.d. Due to the hot climate on the island, there a). are only fi ve natural lakes [F3.13]. All of these natural lakes are brackish or salt [F3.15]. Therefore, they are unsuitable as resource of

[F3.14] Downstream Germasogeia without water.

[F3.15] Salt lake near .

20

16 17

15 1 14 19 2 13 12 3 6 11 4 18 5 7 10 8 9

[3.16] Groundwater bodies.

35 Groundwater bodies Six vegetati on zones The groundwater bodies in Cyprus are mostly Besides soils, the elevati on and availability used by inhabitants for domesti c use and of water is important for the survival of irrigati on, through springs, wells and boreholes. species (Tsinti des, Hadjikyriakou & Cyprus has 66 aquifers which are grouped into Christrodoulou, 2002). The researchers of this 20 groundwater bodies [F3.16]. Ten of these thesis found six diff erent zones in Cyprus[F3.17] aquifers are connected to the sea, making the where specifi c vegetati on occurs[F3.18] , due to water brackish (WDD, n.d. a). Most of these these limitati ons. groundwater bodies are in a poor state (WDD, 2010).

Minerals On the island several minerals can be found, both metallic as well as non-metallic (CIA, 2013): • Metallic: copper, pyrites, asbestos • Non-metallic: gypsum, salt, marble, clay earth pigment

Timber Besides minerals, Cyprus also has ti mber as a natural resource (CIA, 2013).

Vegetal cover Cyprus has both endemic and indigenous or nati ve vegetati on. Endemic means that these species only naturally exist in Cyprus, whereas indigenous or nati ve mean that they naturally occur there but also in other countries. Tsinti des, Hadjikyriakou and Christodoulou (2002) describe the tree and (sub-)shrub species that can be found in Cyprus, and aft er some calculati ons it became clear that 53% of the tree and (sub-)shrub species in Cyprus are endemic or indigenous/nati ve. Whereas the remaining 47% are adventi ve, culti vated or exoti c. The status of the endemic tree and shrub species of Cyprus is of importance, as 21 species are included in Annex I of the Conventi on for the Conservati on of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Tsinti des, Hadjikyriakou & Christrodoulou, 2002).

Mountain

Slopes

Plain Streams/marshes

Coast Salt lakes

[F3.17] Six vegetati on zones.

36 Mountain Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Highest slopes of Holmboe Troodes and/or Kyrenia mountrain Indigenous tree (1400- range 1900m)

Mostly trees

Slopes Ephedra fragilis Desf. subsp. campylopoda (J.C. Maquis, garigue and Mayer) Asch. et Graebn. rocky mountainsides Indigenous shrub Mostly shrubs (0-900m)

Plain Prosopis farcta (Banks et Sol.) J.F.Macbr. Mostly shrubs Indigenous shrub (0-180m)

Streams/ Salix alba L. marshes Indigenous tree (0-1000m) Moist places, along rivers, streams and water channels

Mostly trees and shrubs

Coast Cichorium spinosum L.

Indigenous subshrub

Mostly shrubs

Salt lakes Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen Akroti ri, Larnaca, , etc. Indigenous shrub

Mostly subshrubs

[F3.18]* Some key species per vegetati on zone.

37 Juniperus foeti dissima Arbutus andrachne L. Rosa chionistrae H.Lindb. Willd. Indigenous shrub Endemic shrub Indigenous tree (1400- (700-1300m) (1100-1950m) 1950m)

Osyris alba L. cypria Boiss. Capparis spinosa L.

Indigenous shrub Endemic shrubs Indigenous shrub (250-500m) (0-650m) 0-900m)

Zizyphus lotus (L.) Lam. Convolvulus dorycnium L. Helichrysum conglobatum (Viv.) Steud. Indigenous shrub Indigenous subshrub (0-500m) (0-300m) Indigenous subshrub (0-700)

Ficus carica L. Nerium oleander L. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud Indigenous tree (0-1400m) Indigenous shrub (0-900m) Indigenous shrub (0-600m)

Atriplex halimus L. Tamarix dalmati ca Baum Lycium schweinfurthii Dammer Indigenous shrub Indigenous shrub (0-350m) Indigenous shrub (0-50m)

Arthrocnemum Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Halocnemum strobilaceum macrostachyum (Moric.) Endl. (Pall.) Bieb. Moris et Delponte Indigenous shrub Indigenous subshrub Indigenous subshrub (0-50m) (0-150m)

38 INTERMEZZO: the civil history of Cyprus

10,000 Years of civil history In this intermezzo the long history of the island Cyprus is explained. The chapter names and content is derived from Antoniadou (2011).

Prehistoric Age (8200 - 1050 BC) 8200 - 3800 BC The first signs of permanent settlement date from the Neolithic age. The Cypriots lived in single room dwellings, used stone tools, made jewellery from picrolite, and ate fish, cereals, lamb and goat (p.5).

3800 - 2400 BC Some cultural changes took place. The Cypriots started living in multi-room dwellings, started to make copper jewellery, and started to use a plough for agriculture (p.5).

2400 - 1650 BC Although the Cypriots grew economically because of the changes, they still lived in small villages. Communication and trade was kept locally, within the boundaries of the island (p.5).

1650 - 1050 BC In this period some major changes occurred. The Cypriots established coastal towns, started mining for copper and other metals, started writing, and began trading with surrounding regions. Also, there were mainland Greeks coming to the island to settle there (p.5).

8200 BCE 0

Historic Times: Geometric and Archaic Periods (1050 - 480 BC) 1050 - 750 BC Cyprus started to get more Greek inhabitants and adopted the Greek culture and language. Also, iron was becoming more popular to use for jewellery and tools. Likewise decorated pottery became well known (p.6).

750 - 480 BC This period was marked by the subjugation of Cyprus to the Assyrians. The Cypriot city-kingdoms remained independent as long as they paid tax to the Assyrian ruler (p.6).

Classical, Hellenistic and Roman Periods (480 BC - 330 AD ) 480 - 310 BC Cyprus was in the middle of the Greco-Persian Wars. The Greek wanted the Persians to leave all Greek lands, also Cyprus. Although they tried, Cyprus did become part of the Persian Empire and became an important political and cultural centre (p.7).

310 - 30 BC The Persian rule came to an end, because of Alexander the Great. He ruled Cyprus and after him his successors. During this period Cyprus was used strategically, as military base (p.7).

30 BC - 330 AD The Romans took control over Cyprus and exploited the copper mines. Under this occupation Cyprus had 300 hundred years of economic growth (p.7).

39 Byzantine Period (330 - 1192) 330 - 1192 In the Roman Empire christianity was declared the official religion, but the church of Cyprus remained fully independent. In this period (7th century) the Islam did manage to reach the island. In this period new cities were built and others demolished. Between the 11th and 12th century Lefkosia became the capital of Cyprus. Cyprus grew in industry, for example silk, wood, silver and gold (pp.8-9).

Frankish Period (1192 - 1489) Richard the Lionheart, king of conquered Cyprus as a base for the Third Crusade. He soon understood how hard it would be to keep the island and sold it to the Knight Templars. They gave it back to him after an uprising on the island. This time Richard sold it to a French nobleman and it remained in French hands for three centuries. In this period the Catholic church was implemented as the official religion. The 14th century was quite positive for Cyprus with a lot of commercial and economic activity. The cities Lefkosia and Ammochostas (Famagusta) grew and the lace industry flourished (p.10).

The Venetians in Cyprus (1489 - 1571) After the French the Venetians came to conquer Cyprus. Cyprus was producing a lot of goods from agriculture and industry, which were shipped from the port of Ammochostos (Famagusta). At the end of this period Larnaka became the most important port of Cyprus and the port of Lemesos started to develop. It were the Venetians who built the fortifying walls around Lefkosia as a protection against the Ottomans (p.11).

2014 CE

The Ottoman Empire (1571 - 1878) The Ottomans took over Cyprus anyway, with the fall of Ammochostos (Famagusta). For the first time in the history of Cyprus a Muslim community was established on the island, but the Orthodox church of Cyprus was also given privileges. Cyprus did have a hard time under this rule, but there were also some positive social aspects connected to it (p.12).

British Rule (1878 - 1960) There was a secret treaty going on between Great Britain and the Ottomans and this resulted in Great Britain taking over. The Cypriots expected greater things to happen, but actually this rule prevailed an economic recession. There were some uprisings because of harsh colonial measures from the British. This resulted into an independent Republic of Cyprus (p.13).

The Cyprus Republic, the Turkish invasion, European Union entry (1960 - today) 1960 - 1973 The Archbishop Makarius III was assigned as first President of the Republic and Cyprus became a member of the United Nations. Two British military bases were established on the island. From 1964, there were always conflicts between the Greek and Turkish inhabitants (p.14).

1974 - today In 1974 the Turkish military invaded the island and took over 37% of the island. Around 200,000 Greek Cypriots had to flee the northern part of the island. The Turkish troops still occupy this part of the island. In 2004 Cyprus became a member of the European Union (p.14). 40 3.3 Altered land

In this chapter the cultural adaptati ons of the land that create a bett er setti ng for living on Cyprus are discussed.

Using the island Approximately 1,340 km2 (14.5%) of Cyprus is culti vated (Hadjiparaskevas, 2005). But how is the rest of the island used?

Landuse per geological zone Map study and fi eldtrips tell that Cyprus has a big variety in land uses [F3.19]. However, there are three diff erent kind of land uses that are the most common on the island. The biggest category is the non-irrigated arable [F3.21]* The in every geological zone occurring land, which can be found all over the island. sclerophyllous vegetati on. The second biggest form of landuse in Cyprus is sclerophyllous vegetati on, located on the slopes Troodos Terrane of the two mountain ranges. The coniferous The Troodos area mostly consists of forest is the third biggest land use form in sclerophyllous vegetati on[F3.21] and coniferous Cyprus, and this category can be mostly found forest. in the higher mountain areas of Troodos and Kyrenia. Within the geological zones certain Mamonia Terrane landuses are more common [F3.20]. This geological zone is quite diverse in its landuse. It consists mostly of sclerophyllous Kyrenia Terrane vegetati on [F3.21], vineyards, conti nuous On the mountain range the most common and disconti nuous urban fabric, and complex landuses are sclerophyllous vegetati on [F3.21] culti vati on patt erns. and coniferous forest. In the lower areas towards the south, lots of non-irrigated arable Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession land can be found. In the northern coast area, In the western part of this terrane, lots of non- conti nuous and disconti nuous urban fabric is irrigated arable land can be found, while in common. the eastern part of this terrane sclerophyllous

[F3.19] Landuse per theme.

41 27% 23% 41% 59% 73% 77%

30% 33%

70% 100% 67%

[F3.22] Division of rural and urban living, per administrati ve district. vegetati on [F3.21] is the most common land Housing use. Furthermore, two big areas of conti nuous Due to a census (Appendix 3s-I) being held and disconti nuous urban fabric can be found, in 2001 and in 2011, the development of the namely Limassol and Nicosia. But also some housing in Cyprus can be discussed. In 2001 areas of agriculture with natural vegetati on, as well as in 2011, most people lived in a two- complex culti vati on patt erns, fruit trees, and person household. Household size is decreasing berry plantati ons are spread out over this though, with an average household size of 3.06 geological zone. persons in 2001, and 2.76 persons in 2011 [F3.23]. Typically Cypriots live in a conventi onal Dwelling living quarter (99.5%), mostly in singles houses The, in six administrati ve districts divided, island or apartments [F3.24]. with in total 840,407 inhabitants, is urbanising. Around 2005, Cyprus was, with 2.61%, the second highest performing European country in urban growth (Tosics, n.d.). The majority (67%) of the people on the island live in an urban setti ng [F3.22] (Appendix 3s-I). [F3.23] Average household size.

[F3.20]* Landuse per geological zone.

42 [F3.24] Types of conventi onal living quarters Cypriots live in.

Water are available on the island [F3.26]. As already menti oned earlier, Cyprus is dealing with water scarcity. Cyprus has e few natural Surface water lakes and only some rivers that fl ow all year A big part of the cultural water process in Cyprus round, but these sources are not suffi cient for or are the dams and reservoirs, called surface suitable as domesti c, irrigati on and infi ltrati on water. The fi rst dam (an earth-fi ll dam) in Cyprus water. In this paragraph the Cypriot water needs was built at Kouklia in 1900, and between 1945 and where it comes from, are discussed. Also, and 1958, 15 more dams were built of which the potenti al of stormwater harvesti ng as a 13 are gravity dams and two are earth-fi ll dams. more sustainable water resource is discussed. Aft er the establishment of the Cyprus Republic in 1974, more dams were constructed. The Water input reservoirs are mainly fi lled by the infl ow of water Cyprus loses a lot of its natural water when from rivers, which takes place during the winter. no acti ons are taken [F3.25]. This is why the The reservoirs and storage basins are structured Cypriots adapted the natural water system with the objecti ve to provide water for drinking into a system that meets their water demand. or irrigati on, and have the possibility to dry out Meanwhile also other sources than stormwater and they oft en do in reality. Each dam is under

Annual water supply Annual water supply 2 670 2 670 Balance ‘useable’ Evaporati on (86%) Balance ‘useable’ Evaporati on (86%) 370 2 300 370 2 300

Groundwater Surface water Groundwater Surface water 135 235 135 235 Recharge Recharge 45 45 Diversions 15 Dam releases Excess pumping 127 -29 Losses Losses 48 Sea 70 Sea

Pumping & springs 139 [F3.25] Water schemes: no acti on and cultural interventi on.

[F3.26] The water resources.

43 the supervision of the corresponding District Re-use Offi ce of the Water Development Department In Cyprus there are several wastewater in Cyprus, this District Offi ce is also responsible treatment plants of various sizes [F3.29]. for the maintenance of the dam (WDD, 2009a). Eliades (2010) describes that there are at least Of the 108 dams and ponds of Cyprus [F3.27], eight urban wastewater treatment plants with 35 are regarded as large dams [F3.28] with a capaciti es ranging from 2,100 to 400,000 3m per capacity of 281.1 hm3. Four of those large dams day, and six rural ones with capaciti es ranging are groundwater recharge and fl ood protecti on from 200 to 500 m3 per day. The recycled dams and there are 42 small dams with a water is mostly used for the irrigati on of crops capacity of 16.1 hm3 of which 32 are recharge (Iacovides, n.d.). and fl ood protecti on dams. Furthermore, there are 26 ponds with a capacity of 2.5 hm3 (INECO Cyprus, n.d.; WDD, 2009a).

Groundwater The groundwater bodies, discussed and showed in in the previous chapter, also form a source for drinking and irrigati on water.

Desalinati on In Cyprus desalinati on plants are seen as a necessity, because they cannot rely solely on [F3.28] One of the large dams: Kouris. stormwater. The fi rst one was built at the shore of Dhekelia in 1997 (Iacovides, n.d.) and fi ve others followed (Theopemptou, 2013).

These plants have to deal with two major negati ve aspects: costs and energy consumpti on. Desalinati on plants are a big investment, and cost a lot of money even when they are not operati ng. Besides this, a desalinati on plant uses 4.5 kWh to produce one m3 of freshwater. In 2012 this resulted in an energy consumpti on of 4% of the total energy consumpti on that year (Theopemptou, 2013). [F3.29]* Wastewater treatment plant near Limassol.

[F3.27] Locati on of the dams.

44 Water use The main water users in Cyprus are agriculture and the households [F3.30] (Appendix 3s-I).

[F3.30] Water use by category.

Households (Appendix 3c-I). The households in Cyprus use the most water for fl ushing the toilet, and bathing or showering Stormwater harvesti ng potenti al [F3.31] (WDD, 2002). In Cyprus 48 million m3 of stormwater is lost to the sea [F3.25]. With this amount of water the inhabitants of Cyprus could have irrigated their gardens, washed their car and clean outdoor spaces, and fl ushed their toilets in 2003 and sti ll there would be 14,442,000 m3 water left (Appendix 3c-I). Furthermore, Cyprus is no stranger to harvesti ng stormwater (see infobox 3.1).

As menti oned in the previous chapter Cyprus [F3.31]* Average household’s water consumpti on. has problems with the conditi on of their groundwater bodies. Opti mally 48 million3 m Interesti ng to see is the diff erence between less groundwater needs to be pumped up if Cyprus (water scarcity) and the Netherlands stormwater is harvested in a more effi cient (water abundance), regarding water use way. Also, harvesti ng the stormwater from per inhabitant and the water price. In the urban areas could reduce urban fl oods and the Netherlands the inhabitants use less water amount of pollutants going into the sea. than the inhabitants of Cyprus, also the use is increasing in Cyprus whereas it is declining in the Netherlands [F3.32] (Appendix 3c-I). The water prices (without taxes and fi xed charges) have decreased in the Netherlands and increased in Cyprus, but striking is the diff erence in water price in Cyprus between 2007 and 2011 [F3.33]

[F3.32] Water use in m3 per inhabitant per year. [F3.33] Water price in € per m3.

45 INFOBOX 3.1: Cyprus and stormwater harvesti ng

The dams and reservoirs the Cypriots created on their island are of course a form of stormwater harvesti ng. But the fi rst dam was built in 1900 (WDD, 2009), so how did they get the water they needed before that ti me? They also harvested rainwater, just in a diff erent way [F3.34].

[F3.34]* Historical images of stormwater harvesti ng. In the period of Frankish and Veneti an rule, during the Middle Ages (1192-1571), the walled towns in Cyprus collected the rainwater channelling it, and stored it underground (WDD, 2003). Remains of this can sti ll be found. The cisterns used for underground storage are a traditi on in a lot of Cypriot villages, and there is willpower to re-invent them again (Theopemptou, 2013).

In comparison to the dams and reservoirs that Cyprus has, this ancient way of harvesti ng stormwater seems very outdated and superfl uous. Theopemptou (2013, p.32) does not agree and states: “Water projects do not always have to be big and of nati onal scale. Any alternati ve source of water however small and humble, can contribute to a greener and friendlier surrounding and a bett er quality of life!”

Lofou A specifi c example of a village that used to rely on rainwater harvesti ng is [F3.35]. This old isolated village got its name from its locati on, the hills (CCL, n.d.). In this village stormwater has been collected on the roofs of buildings and retained in underground laying cisterns (Theopemptou, 2013).

[F3.35] Lofou.

46 Waste to electricity (1950s, capacity: 460 megawatt ), Moni (1960s, Although the problems this thesis is dealing capacity: 270 megawatt ), and Vasilikos (2000s, with are water and waste, this paragraph will capacity: 868 megawatt ) (EAC, n.d.). mostly be about electricity. The reason for this is that with the organic waste energy is going to be produced, and in Cyprus energy is mostly consumed in the form of electricity (47.4%) [F3.36] (Appendix 3s-I).

[F3.37] The electricity resources.

Wind The fi rst wind park in Cyprus was constructed in 2010, today there are 5 of them [F3.38] with a total capacity of 146,700 kilowatt (Appendix 3s-I).

Solar In Cyprus they divide the photovoltaic [F3.36] Types of energy consumed. systems into two types: photovoltaic parks and photovoltaic units on public buildings/on Electricity input schools/for the military. The fi rst now has 1,694 Cyprus generates its own electricity. In 2003 this systems with a total capacity of 30,026 kilowatt , was only done with oil, but now also renewable and the latt er now has 57 systems with a total energy sources [F3.37] (solar, wind, biomass, capacity of 758 kilowatt (Appendix 3s-I). etc.) are used. Cyprus depends on other countries for their oil, with more renewable Biomass energy sources they would become more At this moment biomass is mostly processed by independent (Kythreotou, Tassou & Florides, farmers in Cyprus. The fi rst biomass unit was 2012). built in 2007 and currently there are 13 biomass plants on the island [F3.38] with a total capacity Fossil fuels of 9,714 kilowatt (Appendix 3s-I). Cyprus currently has three ‘regular’ energy plants [F3.38] which run on crude oil, and are Electricity use in charge of the Electricity Authority of Cyprus. The produced electricity in Cyprus is used These power stati ons are located at Dhekelia by several categories of which households

[F3.38] Locati on of electricity sources.

47 and commercial/public use are the biggest Organic waste potenti al consumers [F3.39] (Appendix 3s-I). As menti oned before Cyprus is dealing with waste problems, but is currently busy with recycling plans. Although organic waste is not generally separated in Cyprus (Appendix 3i-V) the amounts produced do have potenti als.

With the 221,310 tons of organic waste that was available in 2007 (43% of total municipal waste) (Appendix 3s-I), 44.3 GWh electricity could have been generated. Looking at the [F3.39] Electricity use per category. carbon footprint, this could have saved 37,446

tons of CO2 (Appendix 3c-I). Households Electrical appliances and lighti ng consumes Eleft heriou (2007) states that 39% of the the most electricity in households [F3.40] municipal solid waste in Cyprus contains food (Appendix 3s-I). residues, besides this 14% is yard trimmings. Together this makes 53% (instead of 43% calculated before), which means more than half of the municipal solid waste in Cyprus is organic. With this percentage, the amount of organic waste in Cyprus would not have been 221,310 tons of organic waste, but 271,461 tons of organic waste (Appendix 3c-I). Obviously with this bigger amount, more electricity can be

produced and a larger amount of CO2 emissions can be reduced. [F3.40] Average household’s electricity consumpti on. Unti l now Cyprus is not separati ng the organic waste stream, although other streams are Aft er comparing the water use and price in separated (see infobox 3.2). Cyprus and the Netherlands, the same is done for the electricity.

In the Netherlands the inhabitants use less electricity than the inhabitants of Cyprus, also the use is increasing in Cyprus whereas it is steady in the Netherlands [F3.41] (Appendix 3c- I). The electricity prices (including taxes) in the Netherlands are quite steady whereas they are increasing in Cyprus [F3.42] (Appendix 3c-I).

[F3.41] Electricity use in kWh per inhabitant per year. [F3.42] Electricity price € per kWh.

48 INFOBOX 3.2: Cyprus and waste separati on

As menti oned in the fi rst chapter of this part, there are some recycling programs on the island, of which GreenDot is the biggest player with a coverage of 85% of the populati on (Appendix 3i-V). GreenDot originally started with recycling industrial waste, but since 2007 they also focus on household waste (Appendix 3i-V). For households there are three waste streams to separate (GreenDot, n.d. a): • PMD stream: plasti c bott les, fl asks and PET, PE and HDPE jars, metal packaging (aluminium and steel) and paper based drink packages (tetra). • Paper stream: dry cardboard boxes and packaging paper containers, newspapers, magazines, offi ce paper and adverti sing leafl ets. • Glass stream: glass bott les, jars and other glass packaging of all colours. These three streams are seen as the most eff ecti ve way to separate waste, therefore GreenDot (n.d. a) states that their system is both eff ecti ve and effi cient.

On the 1st of february 2010 GreenDot started to collect the three streams of recyclables in Nicosia and Limassol, sharing this with the inhabitant through a informati on leafl et telling what goes in which stream [F3.43] (GreenDot, n.d. b).

[F3.43]* Three streams of recyclables in Nicosia and Limassol.

Organic waste As you can see, organics are not a waste stream at GreenDot. There are some pilots ongoing dealing with separati ng organic waste, for example by the company Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd. Their pilot’s results are as following (Appendix 3i-IX): • For the pilot 700 households declared willingness of parti cipati on, around 50% does really parti cipate. • The average weight of organic waste collected per household is 20 kg per week. • The incenti ve for collaborati on is the promise of cheaper electricity in the future. • There is some signs of Cypriots becoming more sustainable, so that also helps to get people parti cipati ng.

This pilot and assumpti ons from GreenDot (Appendix 3i-V) show that Cyprus is ready for another step in waste separati on, organic waste has too much potenti als to not be separated. Some details, like storage and collecti on, should be thought through though.

49 INTERMEZZO: interviews

The appendices with the code ‘3i’ refer to interviews. During the on-site research in Cyprus 13 unstructured, open-ended interviews (Kumar, 2005) were conducted, face-to-face or via email (Appendix 3i-I). The interviewees were approached through tips of other people or through interviewees of already conducted interviews, so-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005).

Coding The qualitative data gained from the 13 interviews is coded to sort and analyse their contents (Appendix 3i-XVI) (Creswell, 2009). “Coding is the assigning of codes (that have been previously defined or operationalized in a codebook) to raw data. This allows researchers to engage in data reduction and simplification.” (Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011, p.138).

First, like Creswell (2009) suggests, categories and themes are made to connect the codes to. Also, these categories, as well as the themes, are linked to each other [T3.1]. Together the categories and themes make the codes (Appendix 3i-XV), for example, Energy (category) - Problem (theme). There are also five codes that are not connected to a theme, but are important subjects for this thesis within the categories, for example, Riversystem within the category Water.

[T3.1] Codes used for the analysis of the content of the interviews.

Categories Environment Water Energy Economy Social/General

Themes [F3.43]* Three streams of recyclables in Nicosia and Limassol. Habit/Approach X X X X X

Problem X X X X X

Awareness X X X

Change/Future X X X X X plan

Politics/Policy X X X X X

Loose codes

Biodiversity Riversystem Organic waste Foreigners Setting

X X X X X

50 3.4 Life on the island

Besides the elaborated natural and cultural landscape, this chapter focusses on the Cypriot ‘landscape’ of economy, politi cs, and social life.

Money matt ers in 2009, it did reach Cyprus, and once more in Cyprus always was an att racti ve base for 2012 when was hit. Due to the crisis diff erent quests and a good place for trade. in Greece, Cyprus’ debt became even bigger, Starti ng with their independence in 1960 Cyprus because they had invested money in Greece. had to deal with their economy themselves, but Cyprus is the fi ft h Eurozone government that the economy kept on depending on ‘foreigners’ has requested an economic bailout program (Appendix 3i-IV). Most of these foreigners work (Index Mundi, 2013). This New Cyprus Problem in the service sector, in which most of the gross has aff ected the locals a lot. Although Cyprus domesti c product (GDP) (2012: 82.3%) is earned is sti ll listed as a high-income economy (The [F3.44] (CIA, 2013). World Bank, n.d.), they are struggling aft er the crisis that hit them in 2012. Petroff (2013) states that there are average pay cuts of 25% and unemployment has increased with 40%. Also, the economy is expected to keep shrinking unti l 2015, with Cyprus being the only Eurozone country with a declining GDP [F3.45] in 2014.

[F3.44] Sectors and the GDP earned in them.

Economic development Since the was once ruling Cyprus (1878-1960) and two army bases are sti ll located there, there were quite some people from the United Kingdom who reti red here. Although living in Cyprus was cheap, it did give [F3.45] Declining GDP. the island some economic support. In the 1970s the tourist sector took off in the Mediterranean, Divided island and therefore also in Cyprus. This had more The current economic crisis is called the New impact on the island, because more hotels Cyprus Problem, but what is the actual Cyprus and holiday homes were being built. But, it Problem? Aft er becoming independent in was positi ve for the economy. Due to the 1960, the Turkish inhabitants took over a part disbandment of the Soviet Union, the Russians of Cyprus again in 1974. A neutral United came to the island. They came to Cyprus as Nati ons ‘Green Line’ is dividing the island in it was seen as a tax heaven, because then two now: the northern Muslim Turkish part, Cyprus as a nati on island had its own currency, and the southern Greek part [F3.46] (Alpar taxes, and policies. The Russians brought a Atun & Doratli, 2009). Two of the menti oned lot of money to the island and this changed administrati ve districts are divided by the Cyprus. Businesses were erupti ng everywhere, border: Nicosia and Famagusta. The capital city especially in the fi nancial sector and in real Nicosia is also divided, and is therefore the last estate. The economy was in bloom. Joining the divided city of Europe [F3.47] (Iacovides, n.d.). EU in 2003 did not change this, but joining the Besides the Green Line taking up an area of euro fi ve years later did. The prices went up, the island, there are also two Sovereign Base and this had a big impact on the local people. Areas of the United Kingdom (as menti oned in The Russian were rich enough to overcome this, the previous paragraph): Akroti ri and Dhekelia but the locals noti ced the costs rising 20 to 30% [F3.46] (Army, n.d.). (Appendix 3i-IV). First off , Cyprus did not show signs that the global crisis was aff ecti ng them like it aff ected other EU countries. But then, 51 Why menti on this ‘Green Party’ or Ecological and Environmental Movement? Clearly, this thesis tries to turn the environmental problems of water and waste into opportuniti es. Therefore, it is good to know in what directi on the environmental policies are going, and will go in the future. Theopemptou, former Commissioner of the Environment, states in an interview (Appendix 3i-XIV) that the Parliament knows there are environmental issues, because they have to keep to EU limits and regulati on now. The Cypriot government is getti ng bett er [F3.47] The Green Line through Nicosia. in making policies, but there tends to be a lot of loopholes in them. The EU Directi ves, regarding Environmental policies the environment, are well-known, but the The Greek southern part of Cyprus, the locati on translati on to nati onal legislati on is diffi cult. But, of this thesis, is under control of the Parliament there are certain people, like the Commissioner of Cyprus with the leading president Nicos of Environment, that keep on pushing on correct Anastasiades (since 24th of February 2013) environmental legislati on. Also, Cyprus has a (Department of IT Services, 2013). The House of strong non-integrated local authority level. The Representati ves of Cyprus (editi on 2011) has 56 Cypriot government is steering to a process with occupied seats, and interesti ng for this thesis: more transparency and parti cipati on (Costa, only one seat is occupied by the ‘Green Party’ n.d.). However, Hadjipanagi (Appendix 3i-VI) [F3.48] (NSD, 2011). thinks that the government is this too busy with the Cyprus Problem and the economic status, to deal with environment properly.

Finding actual environmental policies is hard though. Some policies on landscape, water, and energy are found, and shared here.

Landscape Seven points or ideas on landscape policy are shared by the Department of Town Planning and Housing (2008, p.5): 1. “Introducti on of landscape management [F3.48] Division of the seat in the House of concepts for sustainable development and Representati ves. quality of life. 2. Consolidati on of development tendencies

Kyrenia

Nicosia Famagusta

Dhekelia

Larnaca

Pafos Akroti ri Limassol

[F3.46] The Greenline dividing the island in two, and two sovereign bases: Akroti ri and Dhekelia.

52 and containment of urban sprawl. consumpti on by 2020. 3. Formulati on of an integrated nati onal policy on alternati ve forms of tourism. The Cypriot 4. Provision of measures and incenti ves for In 2011 southern Cyprus counted 840,407 sensible rural development. inhabitants, with most people aged between 5. Establishment of mechanisms for the 20 and 40 years (Appendix 3s-I). Most of these coordinati on of infrastructure and public people are Cypriot (79.4%) [F3.49] (Appendix works impacts on landscapes. 3s-I). More than half of the populati on aged 6. Creati on of a detailed inter-sectoral 15 and older have at least an upper secondary landscape database. educati on level, which results in a low share of 7. Promoti on of the idea of the illiterate people (1.3%) (Appendix 3s-I). Mediterranean basin as a unifying landscape.”

It seems that Cyprus is quite on top of its landscape policy, but less is true. In 2008 the Department of Town Planning and Housing stated what their fi rst steps would be. First of all, Cyprus should identi fy and assess its landscapes, and think about tools for: protecti on, management and planning (Department of Town Planning and Housing, 2008). Can therefore be concluded that a landscape policy [F3.49] Nati onaliti es living in southern Cyprus. is something new for the island? Their characteristi cs Water A foreigner living in Cyprus states that the Greek In the 1960s Cyprus’ mott o on stormwater was Cypriot is a nice person, but they do tend to be ‘Not a drop in the ocean!’, due to this many hot-blooded (Appendix 3i-IV). They are a very dams were built and Cyprus became one of masculine folk, who like nice cars (and driving the countries in the world with the most dam them to anywhere), houses, shooti ng, etcetera. development (Iacovides, n.d.). Currently, their They are protecti ve and sort of self-centred. mott o seems to have turned 180 degrees, as their new mott o says: ‘Not dependent on A Cypriot said that because Cyprus is a small rainfall anymore!’, which means the creati on of island they are prejudiced and think they desalinati on units (Kotsila, 2010; WDD, 2010). are the centre of the world (Appendix 3i-VI). Many people conquered and exploited Cyprus, Furthermore, the Water Frame Directi ve therefore, they also tend to be suspicious 2000/60/EC (WFD) demands Cyprus to focus on nowadays. They do not feel a lot for new ideas, “the preventi on of further deteriorati on of all and examples and experiences need to be set water and the achievement of a ‘good status’ by before it will be copied. In other words, they the end of 2015” (WDD, n.d. b). like to mimic the acti ons of their neighbours, friends, family, etcetera. Cypriots are also Energy hospitable. Their family is very important for In 2008, the percentage energy from renewable them, and they like eati ng and drinking together. sources (RES) was 3.1% and with a target of Cypriots do like spending their money on nice 13% in 2020, Cyprus sti ll has a long way to go things (for their children), like cars. Because of (Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos & Pentalioti s, 2011). the situati on created in 1974, a lot of people lost many belongings, and now they want their The government Cyprus therefore came up children to have a bett er and richer life. with the following nati onal targets (Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos & Pentalioti s, 2011, p.3292): View on environment and landscape • 6% indicati ve target for the electricity design producti on from RES by 2010. In three interviews the environmental lens • 2.5% indicati ve target for biofuels in of the Cypriot was discussed (Appendix 3i-IV; overall transport petrol and diesel Appendix 3i-VI; Appendix 3i-XIV) and the stories producti on by 2010. told are quite similar. Due to the history of others • 10% (above requirements) indicati ve conquering Cyprus, the Cypriot now thinks that target for energy saving by 2016. they are fi nally enti tled to what the island has • 13% compulsory target for RES to off er, and therefore very much lives in the contributi on to the fi nal energy present. Consequently, environmental problems consumpti on by 2020. (in the future) are not a hot item. Family, • 10% compulsory target of biofuels share income and business, and health care, are more in the overall transport petrol and diesel important aspects in life than the environment.

53 Environment does not seem a priority on the educati on, for example recycling at elementary island, although they are noti cing the eff ects of schools. Also environmental centres are opened climate change. The only way to get the Cypriot for the educati on of, for example teachers. interested in environmental issues is if they gain something from it personally, if they can earn Landscape design was only discussed in one or save money with it. The only environmental interview (Appendix 3i-X), but not a lot was said aspect the Cypriot acknowledges is the fact that about it (see infobox 3.3). The reason for this water is scarce on the island, but this does not is that design is something new in Cyprus, and necessarily mean that everyone handles it in a new things in Cyprus needs ti me and pati ence sparingly way. Theopemptou (Appendix 3i-XIV) for it to become a habit. But, the current and Hadjipanagi (Appendix 3i-VI) state that Commissioner of the Environment did state the younger generati on is getti ng a litt le bett er that this might be the right ti me to show what though. The environment gets more att enti on in a design can do.

INFOBOX 3.3: Cyprus and landscape design

Clearly landscape design can be found on the island, it might just not be that obvious. Besides the two urban parks present in Limassol and Nicosia, cultural elements in the landscape can tell something about what colour, lines, textures, forms, and scales (design elements) are commonly used in Cyprus and thus probably what the Cypriots like. To be able to make the illustrati ve design in this thesis fi tti ng in the (urban) landscape and the inhabitants appreciati ve towards it, a design language for Cyprus is generated. In this design language the fi ndings for colour, textures, and scales are described in word and showed with photographs. The fi ndings for lines and forms are taken together and are also translated into symbols.

Design language Observati ons have taught that the colour used in ‘design’ are quite neutral. A lot of earthy grey and brown shades are used, alongside the pale greens and yellows of the vegetati on [F3.50]. The pops of colour can primary be found in the fl owers and fruits of vegetati on. The textures and materials the Cypriots use are wood, stones/rocks from the mountains, stucco, concrete, and glass [F3.51]. The scale of designed landscape in Cyprus in quite uniform and small scale [F3.52]. In urban forms like Limassol or Nicosia some higher buildings can be found, but no shocking skyscrapers.

[F3.50] Use of colours. [F3.51] Use of textures and materials. [F3.52] Use of scale.

The fi rst lines and shapes are found in Cyprus’ cultural landscape design, which are the terraces [F3.53], and plantati ons [F3.54]. The terraces consist of evenly spread steps following the organic lines of a mountain slope. The plantati ons are more straight-forward with trees planted in lines or grids. In urban (park) design in Cyprus other lines and shapes are found, namely the crossing units [F3.55], and the altering of the natural [F3.56]. In parks in Nicosia and Limassol, rati onal and organic units are used crossing each other. In the urban form natural parts, for example riverbeds, are altered in a way making them more rati onal and less place consuming.

[F3.53] Lines and shapes in Cypriot terraces. [F3.54] Lines and shapes in Cypriot plantati ons.

[F3.55] Lines and shapes in Cypriot parks. [F3.56] Lines and shapes of altering the natural in Cypriot urban areas.

54 3.5 City of attraction and distraction

The ti tle of this chapter is derived from an interview conducted in Cyprus (Appendix 3i-IV), and describes the agglomerati on Limassol. At the end of 2011 Greater Limassol had around 180,000 inhabitants (Appendix 3s-I), and consists of 8 municipaliti es or communiti es: Limassol, , , Meso Geitonia, Ayios Athanasios, Germasogeia, Moutt agiaka, and Ayios Tychonas [F3.57].

Moutt agiaka 2,939 Ayios Ayios Athanasios Tychonas Pano 14,347 3,455 Polemidia 3,470 Germasogeia Meso 13,421 Geitonia 14,477

Kato Polemidia 22,369 Limassol 101,000

[F3.57] Current Greater Limassol and the amount of inhabitants.

Development Logically, when the acreage of a city increases [F3.58] so does the number of inhabitants [F3.59], and vice versa. Limassol as well as the nearby villages expanded, and they grew 1883 1927 together into Greater Limassol.

Current urban development The development of Greater Limassol brings us to the present day. The fabric of the city nowadays is discussed in four themes: 1937 1947 infrastructure, buildings, water, and vegetati on [F3.60]. Also the ‘pearls’ in and around Limassol are discussed.

Infrastructure 1957 1965 Besides the highway running through Limassol, there are also B-roads (regional roads) [F3.61] in the city. These B-roads are always two-way traffi c roads and oft en have double lanes. Furthermore, there are bigger city roads, mostly two-way traffi c roads, and smaller ones 1981 which are oft en one-way traffi c roads. [F3.58] The increasing acreage of the city Limassol.

55 Ayios [F3.59] The increasing number of inhabitants of Limassol. Tychonas 3,455 areas where a lot of hotels, restaurants and Infrastructure tourist shops can be found. In the old town, (touristi c) shops, restaurants, and some other businesses can be found. Furthermore, there is a lot of industry where the new harbour is located, and also some industry in other areas in in the city. In the areas in between the B-roads and bigger city roads, people tend to live in houses oft en not more than three stories high.

Buildings

Water

[F3.61] B-road with higher building with commercial functi on in Limassol.

Water There is almost no surface water in the urban area of Limassol. There are three ephemeral Vegetati on rivers ‘running’ through the city: Garyllis (Polemidia dam), Vathias (no dam) [F3.62], and Germasogeia (Germasogeia dam). Along these rivers there is a high risk of fl oods when stormwater is available (Appendix 3i-XI).

[F3.60] The urban fabric.

Buildings Along the B-roads and bigger city roads, higher buildings with commercial functi ons can be found [F3.61]. Someti mes these buildings are only used by businesses, and someti mes there are apartments above shops, restaurants or other businesses. Along the coast there are [F3.62] Vathias river.

56 Vegetati on scenical and cultural ‘pearls’ [F3.64], locati ons Although there are oft en single trees in the of signifi cance to the islands appearance and urban streets of Limassol, there is not a lot culture, for example: Akroti ri salt lake, the of surface vegetati on. Larger amounts of citrus plantati ons (westwards), and the Troodos vegetati on can mostly be found along the mountain range (northwards). These pearls can coast boulevard, some parks, and along also be found within the city, for example: the one of the three rivers (Germasogeia). The old harbour, the botanic garden, and several following species are observed as street trees churches. oft en occurring in the urban area of Limassol: Cupressus sempervirens, Citrus sinensis, Stormwater characteristi cs Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Ficus benjamina Greater Limassol has one organisati on which [F3.63]. is responsible for the stormwater drainage system (separate system from wastewater), namely the Sewerage Board of Limassol - Amathus (Appendix 3i-III). This organisati on is very acti ve and tries to look for soluti ons to create bett er circumstances for stormwater in Greater Limassol, for example by creati ng stormwater lagoons (unti l now only an idea) (Christou, 2012). Currently, the stormwater is led to the sea via the dry rivers and drains [F3.65], but more detailed data on the system is not available.

[F3.63] Citrus sinensis as street trees. Quanti ty Christou (2012) states that rainfall intensiti es Pearls in and around Limassol are increasing in Limassol, and the risk of fl oods As a coast town, Limassol is obviously bordered occurring will grow. Furthermore, the drains in by the sea. Located northwards of the Akroti ri the city will not be suffi cient in the future. He bay, Limassol has more to off er than the states that around 21,000,000 m3 of stormwater Mediterranean sea. Limassol is surrounded by is lost to the sea in Limassol every year. This

1 2 3 4 5

16 6

1 2

15 7 16 7

11-15 10 9 8 3 14 8 4 6

5

13 12 11 10 9

[F3.64]* Pearls in and around Limassol.

57 [F3.65] A drain ending on the beach. [F3.67] Soapy water being discharged amount of stormwater is produced by the on First off all, the current characteristi cs of waste average 407.5 mm (1991-2005) precipitati on collecti on. In Limassol, large street containers [F3.66] that falls in Limassol (Meteological are used where inhabitants can throw their Service, n.d. a). non-plasti c, non-paper, and non-glass waste in. Observati on showed that these containers Quality oft en do not have an intended locati on, they just What the exact quality of the urban stormwater linger on the sidewalks. Furthermore, there are of Limassolis, is not clear. At some heavy rain two problems with the containers. People tend occasions, stormwater gets into the wastewater to leave them open [F3.68], so the abundance cycle ending in the wastewater treatment plant, of stray cats make a mess looking for food. instead of going to the sea. When this happens Besides these open container causing horrible diff erent pollutants than with solely wastewater odours, the containers someti mes cannot be can be measured at the plant. The stormwater closed at all due to too much waste. quality is said not to be that high (Appendix 3i-III). Besides this, observati ons made clear that soapy water from (dish)washing machines on balconies is discharged on the streets via the drainpipes [F3.67].

Urban (organic) waste characteristi cs As organic waste is not separated in Limassol, not much can be said directly on the urban organic waste. To give some informati on on waste in Limassol, two aspects will be discussed [F3.68] An open container, lingering on the sidewalk. though.

[F3.66] Average precipitati on per month in Limassol.

58 The second aspect that is discussed is the organic waste potential of the households in Limassol. Limassol could have produced 10 of electricity per year from its approximately 50,000 tons of urban organic waste (Appendix 3c-II).

Human comfort The comfort people experience whilst being outside is of importance when designing an urban landscape where people can recreate etcetera (see chapter 4.3). Three things are looked at: temperature, wind and humindity.

Only in May and October the temperature is comfortable in Limassol [T3.2]. In November until April it feels cool, and in the summer months June, July, August and October it feels warm. Especially July and August are uncomfortable due to high dew points.

[T3.2] Human comfort in Limassol. January February March April May June July August September October November December

Air temperature C + feel 13 13 15 18 22 26 28 28 26 23 19 15 (1) cool cool cool cool com- warm warm warm warm com- cool cool fort fort

Wind speed + direction 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 (1)(2) block block block block free free free free free free block block

Humidity + dew point C 60- 58- 55- 58- 55- 57- 57- 57- 55- 52- 56- 60- (3)(4)(5) 77% 73% 69% 68% 68% 70% 72% 74% 69% 69% 73% 80% 4-9 4-10 5-11 7-14 11-17 14-21 17-24 17-24 13-21 10-18 7-14 5-11 com- com- com- com- com- com- un- un- com- com- com- com- fort fort fort fort fort fort comf. comf. fort fort fort fort

(1) = (Haby, n.d. a) | (2) = (Windfinder, n.d.) | (3) = (Haby, n.d. b) | (4) = (Meteorological Service, n.d. b) | (5) = Weatherspark, n.d.)

59 INTERMEZZO: questionnaire

A questionnaire was made with general questions (Q1-6), and questions about water (Q7-10) and energy (Q11-14) use in households. This English questionnaire was translated into Greek for better understanding under the Greek Cypriots.

Goal, distribution and response The goal of this questionnaire is to find out what the opinions (and habits) are of Cypriots and foreigners who live in Limassol (for at least 6 months a year). The initial idea was to distribute the questionnaire on the street, at different locations and at several time slots. Whilst trying this, it became clear that this is quite difficult in Cyprus. People tend to be in their cars or in restaurants/bars/shops, not ‘loose’ on the street. Therefore, the questionnaire was digitalised and put online using Qualtrics. com, to distribute the questionnaire via email and Facebook. People were reached using contact persons on the island. So-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005) made sure the questionnaire reached 122 people, of which 33 living in Limassol [T3.3] (Appendix 3q-I).

[T3.3] Respondents from Limassol and Nicosia. Limassol Nicosia TOTAL Cypriots 27 53 80

Foreigners 6 10 16

TOTAL 33 63 96

60 The inhabitants’ thoughts change, only if people are willing to adapt their This paragraph discusses the results of the habits. 33 questionnaires filled in by inhabitants of Limassol. It should be noted that these results Most Cypriots accept alterations on their houses are probably biased (Appendix 3q-I), but for stormwater harvesting, and most Cypriots the single (Appendix 3q-II) and cross results would like to have direct benefits from this (less (Appendix 3q-III) are interesting to compare and want indirect benefits). All foreigners accept share anyway. alterations on their houses for stormwater harvesting, not everyone wants direct benefits Green in- and outside limassol (e.g. receiving water for gardening) but all In Limassol most Cypriots have a garden and would like to have indirect benefits (e.g. greener a balcony, where foreigners often only have a neighbourhood). Most Cypriots are prepared to balcony. Both state that plants are the main separate organic waste, but they do like to have component of their outside space. Observation (in)direct benefits from it (more indirect, than has learned though that a lot of gardens have direct). All foreigners are prepared to separate some plants, but are mostly paved. organic waste, a minority would like to have direct benefits (e.g. gas for cooking) but most Furthermore, both Cypriots as the foreigners would like indirect benefits (e.g. cleaner air). say there is public green in the proximity of their homes. The researchers of this thesis are surprised by this opinion, and believe that the Cypriots and foreigners might have a different definition of public green, because not a lot of usable surface green was observed. Cypriots and the foreigners like meeting people in public green and find public green important, but when free for most of the day Limassol is left to visit nature outside the city to do so. Interesting is that both Cypriots and the foreigners would like to visit nature more often. Observation shows that both the public green in Limassol, as well as nearby nature is not used very much during weekdays and –nights. Also, only approximately half of both Cypriots and foreigners go outside when the weather is hot.

Awareness in Limassol Cypriots believe that economy is more important subject than nature or culture at the moment, they would like to see that nature becomes the most important subject in the future though. There was not enough response from foreigners to draw a conclusion from them.

How aware are Cypriots of their water and energy use habits? Hadjipanagi states that Cypriots are very aware of the water they use (Appendix 3i-VI). The questionnaires state differently when findings on water and energy are compared to actual statistics from Cyprus. To make a long story short, almost no Cypriots or foreigners’ opinion on what units in their households uses the most and the least water and energy, corresponds to the statistics of Cyprus on these subjects. Interesting to share is that both Cypriots and foreigners had different opinions on the consumption, and also it sometimes differed between housing types.

Alterations on their homes A conclusion that can be made from the previous findings is that the environmental awareness is not very high after all. But, the future may bring 61 3.6 Room for intervention

In this thesis the design locati on is not chosen solely based on the researchers’ opinion. The locati on with the most potenti als for the steps of the stormwater harvesti ng and re-use, and energy producti on from urban organic waste processes (thus where there is room for interventi on)is selected by conducti ng a suitability study.

A suitability study of Limassol is tested upon its suitability for the Land suitability is defi ned as “the fi tness ofa stormwater harvesti ng and re-use, and energy given type of land for a specifi ed kind of land producti on from urban organic waste processes. use” (FAO, 1976 cited in Bouma, Storrvogel & Sonneveld, 2011, p.34-2). This defi niti on of land Structure suitability is mainly based upon the suitability First, the objecti ve part of the suitability study is of a specifi c soil type for a specifi c agricultural conducted, then the subjecti ve part, and fi nally land use. However, in this thesis, the urban land objecti ve and subjecti ve are combined[F3.69] .

Objecti ve Subjecti ve Water Water & Energy combined Floods

Subjecti ve Quanti ty combined

Energy Awareness

Biodiversity

Objecti ve combined with subjecti ve Objecti ve Subjecti ve Objecti ve and subjecti ve combined

+ =

[F3.69] Structure of the suitability study.

[F3.70] Urban landscape units of Limassol.

62 Objecti ve For the objecti ve part urban landscape units in three categories (urban, peri-urban, and water) [F3.70] are used to evaluate if that locati on is suitable for a certain step in the processes (Appendix 3e-I).

The steps important within the process of stormwater harvesti ng and re-use are: harvesti ng, detenti on, treatment, and retenti on. The suitability of these process steps in a certain urban landscape unit is shown by the [F3.73] Combined objecti ve suitability of Limassol. colour. Where green stands for most suitable, red stands for least suitable [F3.71]. Subjecti ve Besides the objecti ve suitability, the researchers of this thesis also found some informati on they found important to incorporate: data on fl ood risk, stormwater quanti ty, the urban density, and biodiversity (Appendix 3e-II). These four aspects are combined into the subjecti ve suitability of Limassol [F3.74].

[F3.71] Objecti ve stormwater suitability of Limassol.

For energy producti on from organic waste the steps are: urban organic waste availability (not a real step, but used instead of harvesti ng, because harvesti ng waste can be done everywhere in the city, but the availability can diff er), storage, pre-treatment, and digesti on [F3.74] Subjecti ve suitability of Limassol. [F3.72]. Clearly, the ephemeral riverbeds of Limassol are subjecti vely seen as an suitable locati on. But not only subjecti vely, as Levick et al. (2008) state that ephemeral rivers can play a signifi cant role in stormwater harvesti ng (in (semi-)arid regions), especially when their watersheds are taken into account.

Choosing a locati on The last step of the suitability study is to combine the objecti ve and the subjecti ve suitability [F3.75]. The area of the most west [F3.72] Objecti ve urban organic waste suitability of laying ephemeral river in Limassol, the Garyllis Limassol. river, is seen as most suitable locati on for interventi on. Combining water and energy A locati on is wanted where both the suitability of stormwater and urban organic waste is as high as possible. When combining the suitability map for stormwater with the suitability map for urban organic waste, it is chosen to let the one for stormwater weight heavier than the one for urban organic waste. The reason for this is that waste is prett y much available everywhere, whereas stormwater is dealing with gravity, therefore it is draw to certain points [F3.73].

[F3.75] The locati on with the most potenti als.

63 3.7 Watershed in distress

The suitability study helped with fi nding the watershed in need of help. This chapter discusses this watershed of the Garyllis river.

Development In 1965 the Polemidia dam (earthfi ll) was The original Garyllis river of approximately created [F3.77]. This dam’s purpose is retaining 50 km long with a watershed area of 103 km2 irrigati on water, and has a reservoir surface of (WDD, n.d. c), starts in the Troodos mountain 110,000 m2 (WDD, 2009b). The Garyllis river range and ends in Akroti ri Bay [F3.76]. downstream of this dam is approximately 9.6 km long, and lies completely in the borders of Three branches and a dam Greater Limassol. The dam is in hands of the This river underwent quite some changes Water Development Department, but is not [F3.76], starti ng with additi onal branches in acti vely managed. When the dam overfl ows, approximately 1900 (Appendix 3i-XI). which it does approximately once every ten years (Appendix 3i-XIII), this water reaches the city through the western branch [F3.76], due to a wall created in the original branch [F3.78].

Before 1900

[F3.77] The Polemidia dam.

1900

[F3.78] The wall between the west branch and the 1965 original branch.

Today

[F3.76] Development of the Garyllis river. [F3.79] The dumpsite near the Polemidia dam.

64 Current state and use transformati on of the old city centre, and the WWD (2010) states that the (ecological) status, plans for the multi functi onal seaside park) costs as well as the potenti als of the Garyllis river 22 to 24 million Euro of which 85% is paid with are poor. Furthermore, as already menti oned EU funds (Hassapi, 2008). So, what are the in the previous chapter, the area of the Garyllis characteristi cs of this, not so cheap, linear park? river is dealing with high fl ood risks (WHO, 2010). Additi onally, the water coming from the Positi ve and negati ve aspects of the park Polemidia dam is polluted, because the area design around the dam is used as dumpsite [F3.79] Although there is a design for this watershed (Appendix 3i-V; Appendix 3i-XIII). already, an illustrati ve design is sti ll made for this locati on, to show how it could have been done Garyllis Linear Park diff erently. To not wipe away the current ideas Besides all the negati ve statements given on the totally, the objecti ves (Limassol Municipality, current state and use of the Garyllis river, there n.d. a; Limassol Municipality, n.d. b) and the are also some more positi ve developments drawings [F3.80] of the plan are analysed to ongoing. Currently, the Garyllis Linear Park is fi nd the positi ve aspects[T3.4] and the negati ve created downstream of the dam [F3.80]. The aspects [T3.5] of this project. development of this park (together with the

[F3.80]* Locati on of Garyllis Linear Park, with images how it should look like in the future.

[T3.4] Positi ve aspects of the project. Positi ve aspects Reason “Constructi on of a cycling and pedestrian path” There are almost no cycling paths in Limassol, a positi ve development for slow traffi c. “Renovati on of the existi ng bridges and Quite some bridges make sure that everyone can get where they want constructi on of new wooden ones in various to go. points around the park. These bridges will enable all pedestrians or cyclists to move across the banks of the river” “Installati on of lighti ng giving a welcoming air to Safety and management is important. the park so that it can also be used during the evenings”

65 [T3.5] Negative aspects of the project. Negative aspects Reason and what is learned from it “The works currently taking place, aim at the Plans show no riverbed, as there is always water in the renders. Water is reformation of the present unattended riverbed scarce in Cyprus, therefore the riverbed should be designed just as nicely of the Garyllis river” as the sides. “Arrangement of small squares and playgrounds At first sight this objective seems positive, but all activities are intended in various places, which will be suitable for and there is no room for unintended activities. Also, most activity sites public gatherings and social events, based on consist of concrete without vegetation therefore lacking human comfort. the existing width of the bank of the river. These The park needs places for unintended activities, without using concrete areas shall also be used as areas for rest by the all the time. pedestrians and visitors” “Planting of trees” Nothing is wrong about planting trees of course, but the fact that mostly exotic species are planted is not so positive for the ecology of Cyprus. Therefore, besides exotic also native species should be planted. “Construction of walls where necessary” The use of concrete walls in a park that is already quite enclosed, seem to only make it feel more enclosed. Openness is also attractive, this should be kept in mind. “Pedestrian crossings for the safe access of the Crossings are of course important for safety, but in this design they tend public to and from the various traffic points” to be the points where the path of the park is lost. These crossings should also function as clear entrees to the park. “Preservation of the morphology of the natural Natural surroundings and a natural flow are not created by concrete. surroundings and the physiognomy of the bank Furthermore, a less smooth surface can help to slow down the stormwater of the river without constraining the natural in the river. flow of the river” “Visual and functional linking of the river to the Many parts of the river within the linear park are tunnelled. Therefore, domestic areas it runs through” the river is not only not visible but cannot function optimally. Of course tunnelling is needed at some locations, but more visible river is more linking the river to its surroundings. “The Garyllis River is known as an important The plans of the linear park will bring benefits, but more benefits can be geophysical natural point. Its reformation not taken. The park can have more functions than in this project. The scarce only as a pedestrian’s path and a cyclist’s path space should be used as best as it can be used. A performing landscape but also as a linear park will benefit both the would bring much more benefits. surrounding housing areas and the broader river area” “It will be widely used by school and university The school and university students using the park for transportation is students and generally by many young people” one thing. It would be even better if the park would play an actual role in their education. “It will create and develop the cyclist and Yes, the paths in the park create a different route. But when the path is pedestrian paths of the city, aiming at attracting taken, the only safe and pleasant way back is the same route. Therefore, visitors and tourists to enjoy a new, different the paths of the path should be part of a bigger network of paths. route” “Finally, it will greatly contribute to the Yes, the new park could “bring a new wind of change”, but this could be reformation of an abandoned, unappreciated exploited better. A performing landscape seems more positive. and misunderstood area and it will bring a new wind of change to the neighbourhoods which have only a few parks”

66 3.8 Little Garyllis

In the previous chapter it became clear that the downstream Garyllis river consists of two parts nowadays. The water bearing western branch and the ‘Y’-shaped remnant of the original branch and the dug one from around 1900. This ‘Y’-shaped part, by the researchers of this thesis named Litt le Garyllis, was according to the suitability study the most suitable for and in need of interventi on. Therefore, further focus in laid on this sub-watershed.

Mise en scène Roads, paths and bridges The borders and elevati on of the Litt le Garyllis Within the borders of Litt le Garyllis roads for watershed are calculated by Eliades of The fast traffi c are forming a sort of grid inthe Cyprus Insti tute [F3.81] (Appendix 3c-III). He newer northern part of the watershed, and states that this urban watershed is heavily more organic shapes in the older southern part modifi ed, and that the borders are defi ned by [F3.83]. Slow traffi c can fi nd its place on the manmade diversions and pipe networks. narrow sidewalks along roads, or on the already constructed paths in the linear park. Bridges for The watershed of Litt le Garyllis is located within mixed traffi c, fast traffi c, and slow traffi c cross the boundaries of the municipality of Limassol, the riverbed. near the old city centre. The southern part actually lays within the old town, therefore many pearls are located in or in the proximity of the watershed [F3.82].

36.8 m 32.3 m

27.8 m

23.4 m

18.8 m

14.4 m

9.9 m

5.4 m

[F3.81] The borders and elevati on of Litt le Garyllis.

67 Buildings and empty plots brought to the river via underground pipes. The spaces between the roads are mostly fi lled Some of these inlets of the stormwater drainage by plots, whether with or without buildings. In system into the river could be located [F3.86], the north more higher buildings can be found but there are probably more (especially in the in the grids, and in the south a bigger amount eastern branch of the Litt le Garyllis, where none of lower buildings can be found placed more were found by the researchers). Furthermore, organically [F3.84]. Quite some empty plots some stormwater will reach the river by surface defi ne the appearance of the watershed. runoff (see infobox 3.4 for quanti ti ve data). There are no planning laws on how long these Christou (2012) and own assumpti ons point out plots can be left empty, therefore there is no there are three criti cal zones in Litt le Garyllis guaranty that they will ever be fi lled (Appendix when it comes to stormwater. At these locati ons 3i-XI). Currently, a lot of empty plots are used high amounts of water are let into the riverbed in a negati ve way, for example as dump site, or a bott leneck is created by the tunnelling. for storage, or for parking. The organic waste derived from the Litt le Garyllis households has Public and private green potenti als to produce biogas (see infobox 3.5). Some shrubs and trees can be found on private grounds, but most vegetati on is public. Some Faciliti es streets have a few trees in them, but most green In the watershed of Litt le Garyllis some faciliti es can be found in and near the riverbed where can be found: schools (e.g. the Limassol most water is available. When maintaining this Technical School), sport and play, restaurants, public green organic waste is produced, and and sanitary faciliti es [F3.85]. this, just like the organic waste from the Litt le Garyllis households, has potenti al to produce Stormwater biogas (see infobox 3.5). As already stated, detailed data on the stormwater drainage system of Limassol is More specifi c informati on on the vegetati on in lacking. Therefore, some assumpti ons have to and near the Garyllis river can be found in the be made for Litt le Garyllis, to be able to design next paragraph. at this locati on. These assumpti ons are that the stormwater is collected on the streets, and

15

13 13

OLD CITY CENTRE 9 15

8 9

8

[F3.82] The surroundings of Litt le Garyllis.

68 [F3.83] Roads, paths and bridges of Litt le Garyllis.

[F3.84] Building size and the locati on of the empty plots.

69 [F3.85] Available faciliti es.

[F3.86] Inlets of stormwater into the river and criti cal zones.

70 INFOBOX 3.4: stormwater of Litt le Garyllis

The calculati ons of Eliades (Appendix 3c-III) are used to recalculate (Appendix 3c-III) the stormwater characteristi cs of the watershed. Two aspects are looked at: the watershed’s mean runoff (m3/month) [T3.6], and how many days per year the watershed has to deal with a certain amount of rainfall (so-called peak fl ows) [T3.7] (Appendix 3c-III).

[T3.6] The watershed’s mean runoff (m3/month). Month Precipitati on in mm Runoff in mm Runoff inm3 January 83.76 51.82 55,592.41 February 72.43 44.05 47,256.77 March 41.09 23.59 25,307.31 April 15.99 7.58 8,131.81 May 5.64 2.56 2,747.44 June 0.59 0.23 246.74 July 0.67 0.42 450.58 August 0.00 0.00 0.00 September 2.27 1.32 1,416.09 October 21.23 12.61 13,527.99 November 56.33 36.91 39,596.99 December 88.08 57.41 61,589.35 TOTAL 388.08 238.50 255,862.39

[T3.7] Mean amount of days per year with a certain amount of rainfall. Amount of precipitati on in mm / day Amount of days Mean amount of (1980-2010) days per year 2 - 9.9 718 23.16 10 - 17.9 226 7.29 18 - 25.9 84 2.71 26 - 33.9 38 1.23 34 - 41.9 22 0.71 42 - 49.9 14 0.45 50 - 57.9 5 0.16 58 - 65.9 1 0.03 66 - 73.9 1 0.03 74 - 81.9 1 0.03

INFOBOX 3.5: urban organic waste of Litt le Garyllis

Two existi ng sources and one opti onal source of urban organic waste can be found inthe watershed. The households as well as the public green produce organic waste, and the empty plots could potenti ally do the same when planted with vegetati on, and maintained [T3.8] (Appendix 3c-III).

[T3.8] Urban organic waste availability. Source Potenti al amount of Biogas yield in m3 organic waste Households 987,413 89,741 Park 195,757 13,708 Empty plots 95,922 6,717

71 Ambiance of the river Eight aspects Multi ple locati ons along the Litt le Garyllis have For the analysis of the ambiance of the river, eight a diff erent atmosphere, the ambiance changes aspects are taken into account, namely: type of along the river. Therefore, these ambiances are riverbed, use of riverbanks, multi -functi onality analysed. It should be taken into account though of the riverbed, accessibility of the riverbed and that the riverbed and riverbanks are currently riverbanks, vegetati on, spaciousness, legibility, under constructi on due to the creati on of the and safety (Appendix 3e-II). linear park. The analysis of the river’s ambiance is a snapshot, thus although the future can be promising the current situati on is evaluated.

[F3.87] Natural riverbed.

[F3.88] Semi-solid riverbed.

[F3.89] Solid riverbed.

[F3.90] Tunnelled riverbed.

72 Type of riverbed Use of riverbanks The natural riverbed of the Litt le Garyllis The riverbanks are used in four diff erent ways. consists of natural (sediment) stones [F3.87]. The parts of the linear park where there is only a Someti mes the riverbed is adjusted by people path for cycling and walking is called boulevard making it semi-solid (oft en with natural in this thesis. This boulevard is combined with materials) [F3.88] or solid (concrete) [F3.89]. It a more spacious park [F3.91] or with private also occurs that there is no riverbed at all, here grounds [F3.92]. At the end of the river, near the river is tunnelled [F3.90]. the old harbour, there is no boulevard. Here the use of the riverbanks is private and road [F3.93].

[F3.91] Riverbanks: boulevard/park.

[F3.92] Riverbanks: boulevard/private.

[F3.93] Riverbanks: private/road

[F3.94] Riverbanks: private.

73 At the beginning of the most eastern branch the only use of the riverbanks is private grounds [F3.94].

Multi -functi onality of the riverbed Besides being a riverbed the Litt le Garyllis someti mes functi ons as dumpsite [F3.94], schoolyard for the Logos School [F3.95], or garden [F3.96].

[F3.95] Riverbed as dumpsite.

[F3.96] Riverbed as schoolyard.

[F3.97] Riverbed as garden.

74 Accessibility of the riverbed and riverbanks The boulevard of the linear park can be accessed at many places. Because one can actually get on the boulevard without any eff ort, it is not very clear that one has actually entered the linear park.

For the riverbed accessibility fi ve opti ons are chosen: low [F3.98] – medium/low – medium [F3.99] – medium/high – high [F3.100]. The riverbed is accessible when there is not too much vegetati on blocking the way and the banks are not too steep.

[F3.98] Low accessibility of the riverbed.

[F3.99] Medium accessibility of the riverbed.

[F3.100] High accessibility of the riverbed.

75 Vegetati on In case of vegetati on there are six opti ons for vegetati on in the riverbed and on the riverbanks at Litt le Garyllis: none [F3.101], in: no / banks: some trees/shrubs [F3.102], in: no / banks: lots of trees/shrubs [F3.103], in: grass / banks: some trees/shrubs [F3.104], in + banks: some trees/ shrubs [F3.105], and in + banks: lots of trees/ shrubs [F3.106].

[F3.101] No vegetati on.

[F3.102] In: no / banks: some trees/shrubs.

[F3.103] In: no / banks: lots of trees/shrubs.

[F3.104] In: grass / banks: some trees/shrubs.

76 Spaciousness Oft en the space around the river is enclosed due to buildings [F3.107], but someti mes it is more spacious [F3.108].

[F3.105] In + banks: some trees/shrubs.

[F3.106] In + banks: lots of trees /shrubs.

[F3.107] Enclosed.

[F3.108] Spacious.

77 Legibility Safety For legibility there are the same fi ve opti ons: low For the safety along the river again fi ve [F3.109] – medium/low – medium [F3.110] – opti ons are chosen: low [F3.111] – medium/ medium/high – high. For the legibility to be high low – medium [F3.112] – medium/high – there should not be too much (unorganised) high [F3.113]. The safety was esti mated by vegetati on, the path should not go too far from looking at the availability of street lighti ng, the the river, the river should not be too shallow, organisati on of the vegetati on (density), the and the river should not be fenced at places feeling of being locked-in (availability of exits), where there is no danger. and the type of use along the riverbanks (e.g. parking, high walls).

[F3.109] Low legibility.

[F3.110] Medium legibility.

[F3.111] Low safety.

[F3.112] Medium safety.

78 [F3.113] High safety.

SWOT Every ti me one of these eight aspect changes a sub-area within Litt le Garyllis is created (Appendix 3e-II). According a SWOT analysis the sub-areas are assigned as currently having strengths and weaknesses, and for the future opportuniti es and threats [F3.114] (Appendix 3e-II). This is done to fi nd the sub-areas within the Litt le Garyllis watershed that need extra att enti on.

[F3.114] Strengths, weaknesses, opportuniti es and threats.

79 3.9 Points of attention

This chapter summarises the information that is important for the next part of this thesis. This is done per chapter, discussing the issue shortly, and providing the page number where the information was given first.

3.1 Mediterranean Cyprus ambiance of the river. • Cyprus has many more environmental • Some sub-areas have more opportunities problems than only water and waste. for change and others are more in need to be changed. 3.2 Green mountains and dry plains • Soils is Cyprus are often shallow and not so fertile. • River system of mostly ephemeral rivers. • A lot of calcareous soils, make it not wise to let stormwater infiltrate in urban areas after treatment.

3.3 Altered land • Urbanisation is high in Cyprus, cities (thus Limassol as well) might expand in the future.

3.4 Life on the island • A lot of cars on the island. • There was no Cypriot design language, but used colours, lines, textures, forms, and scales could be used to create one.

3.5 City of attraction and distraction • The pearls in and around Limassol should be exploited more. For example, in a survey the salt lake is said to be known by 71.2% of the respondents, but only 29.2% has every visited the salt lake (Birol, Koundouri & Koundouris, n.d.). • Something should be done about the state and locations of the street (waste) containers.

3.6 Room for intervention • The area of the Garyllis river is dealing with both flash as well as urban floods.

3.7 Watershed in distress • Besides the dam cutting the Garyllis river in two, the downstream part again consist of two parts of which the west branch is water bearing. • River is dry most of the year, thus riverbed is visible.

3.8 Little Garyllis • Three water critical zones can be found in Little Garyllis. • The empty plots have a potential to be used differently. • Especially the spaciousness changes the 80 81 82 NB. It should be clear that during the design process the cooperation potential, which is going to be discussed in chapter 4.1, was researched before visiting Cyprus and therefore before the conduct of all the analyses found in Part 3 as well. Also the toolboxes in chapter 4.2 were developed before going to Cyprus. As should become clear, the analyses shared in Part 3 were done to make sieving the toolboxes possible. These results can also be found in chapter 4.2. What happened hereafter can be found in chapter 4.3 and 4.4.

83 4.1 The cooperation of the two processes

The researchers thought that the two processes of urban stormwater harvesti ng and re-use, and energy producti on from urban organic waste have a cooperati on potenti al.

The processes fi ltrati on trenches or basins”, and they “are In this paragraph the processes are specifi ed, designed to remove fi ne suspended solids and and the steps within the processes are shared dissolved pollutants”. A biofi lter system exists to fi nd links between the two processes. of a soil-based fi lter media [F4.1]. An eff ecti ve fi lter media is fi ne sand or sandy loam, because Stormwater harvesti ng and re-use according to Brati eres et al (2008, p.3931) “they According to Chanan et al. (2010, p.2855) provide adequate support for plant growth, and stormwater harvesti ng is defi ned as “the display minimal leaching”. This soil-based fi lter practi ce of collecti ng water from surfaces on media needs to be planted with species which which rain falls, and storage of this water for maximise nutrient removal. Wetland-type later use”. Mitchell et al. (2007) and Abdulla biofi ltrati on systems have proved to remove & Al-Shareef (2009) describe the steps to be pollutants such as nitrate (N) and phosphorus taken in the process: (P) from stormwater runoff . The outcome of the 1. Harvesti ng study of Brati eres et al. (2008) shows that the 2. Detenti on (see infobox 4.1) presence of vegetati on has large eff ect on the 3. Treatment removal of nitrate (NOx) and total nitrogen (TN). 4. Retenti on (see infobox 4.1) However, plant species for a biofi lter should not 5. Re-use only be chosen on their treatment performance, but also, according to Read et al. (2008, p.894) Between these steps a conveyance system of “on their capacity to survive in potenti ally gutt ers, pipes and/or channels is needed for stressful growth conditi ons. Plants must be able transportati on. to survive the intermitt ent wetti ng and drying regime”. In the case of this thesis, whilst using natural processes, eff orts will be made to fi nd INFOBOX 4.1: Detenti on versus suitable nati ve species for this purpose. Besides retenti on removing nutrients from stormwater runoff , a biofi lter can also improve the urban landscape In this thesis the terms detenti on and (Read et al., 2008). Underneath the vegetated retenti on are used. To prevent confusion the fi lter media a perforated pipe should be diff erence is explained in here. For storing installed for collecti ng the treated water, when it dirty water, which sti ll needs to go through is retained culturally (not naturally in an aquifer) the natural treatment, the term detenti on is (Brati eres et al., 2008; Read et al., 2008). When used. For the storage of treated water, the retaining water, electricity is needed for it to be end product, the term retenti on is used. pumped up again when needed.

Biofi ltrati on as treatment As explained in chapter 1.2, the lens of the researchers includes fi nding soluti ons in natural processes. Therefore, because urban stormwater is polluted (Niemczynowicz, 1999), a natural system is used for the third step in the process: the treatment. The system used in this thesis is the biofi lter system.

Due to rapid urbanisati on, the biofi ltrati on treatment technology is increasingly used [F4.1]* Secti on of a biofi ltrati on system. (Brati eres et al., 2008; Read et al., 2008). The reason for this is the fl exibility of the technology The study of Brati eres et al. (2008) shows in terms of size, locati on, confi gurati on, and that the depth of the fi lter media [F4.1] does appearance (Brati eres et al., 2008). These not signifi cantly infl uence the removal of biofi lter systems are, according to Hatt , Deleti c nutrients. Brati eres et al. (2008) studied three & Fletcher (2007, p.201) defi ned as “vegetated diff erent fi lter areas, namely 1%, 2% and 4%

84 of the catchment area. The results of the tests showed that the fi lter area should be at least 2% of the catchment area [F4.2], because the performance increases with increasing fi lter area (Brati eres et al., 2008).

[F4.2] Filter area should at least be 2% of the catchment area. [F4.3]* Visualisati on of the design of The Water Square. Reference project: Waterplein, Rott erdam In the northern part of Rott erdam ‘Het Waterplein’ (‘The Water Square’) [F4.3] is designed and built by DE URBANISTEN. This water square is an example of the detenti on step in the process.

There are three diff erent basins to collect rain water on the Benthemplein, namely two shallow basins and one deeper basin (De urbanisten, n.d.). In case of heavy rain, the water will be transported from the immediate surroundings [F4.4] Picture of the current state of The Water and then it will be collected in the two shallow Square. basins of the Benthemplein. The transportati on will take place through large stainless steel can be used all year long. On the other hand, gutt ers which are running across the squares. the square is quite open, mostly made out of Whenever it is raining longer, the water will concrete and there is litt le green. This ensures also be collected from the larger area around stormwater runoff instead of infi ltrati on. This the square and transported into the deepest is a pity, because urban greening is also a basin (De urbanisten, n.d.; Rott erdam climate form of stormwater harvesti ng and detenti on. initi ati ve, n.d.). When it is dry again, the water Furthermore, green features, as will discussed will be drained off and the square can be used in Part 4, can ensure higher human comfort in for all kind of acti viti es. Furthermore, the square citi es. This will defi nitely get more att enti on in has many diff erences in height, so it is possible this thesis than is the case at The Water Square. to sit almost everywhere. The three basins off er many opportuniti es for sports and play Energry producti on from urban organic (Rott erdam climate initi ati ve, n.d.). The deepest waste basin is designed as a sports fi eld as well as a To produce energy from urban organic waste theatre (De urbanisten, n.d.). The areas that two processes can be chosen: biochemical are designed to fl ood are painted in diff erent (natural) or thermochemical (chemical). shades of blue and all the transport gutt ers Besides the wish to involve natural processes in are made of shiny stainless steel. Furthermore, the soluti ons, literature agrees that in the case the square is planted with high grasses and of this thesis a biochemical process would be colourful fl owers and existi ng large trees are the bett er choice. Foust et al. (2009) state that included in the design. economically and environmentally it does not matt er greatly which process is chosen. But, Das When visiti ng this square, the building was sti ll & Veziroǧlu (2001) state that natural producti on ongoing [F4.4]. Therefore, it was quite hard to processes (biochemical) are thought to be more imagine what the fi nal result would look like. environmental friendly and use less energy (Das However, some parts of the design stood out, & Veziroǧlu, 2001). Therefore, as the researchers for example, the multi -functi onality of deepest want to shorten the distance between waste basin as it can be used as sports fi eld, as well producti on and waste processing, the social as detenti on basin. This ensures that the square constraints of the locati on of the digester might

85 be less of a problem when choosing the natural molecules of the organic waste biogas and process over the chemical opti on. compost is produced. Also, dirty water is a by-product of this process (Basu, Biochemical anaerobic digesti on 2010; Swillgasser, n.d.). The biogas can be There are four steps in the process of urban transformed into electricity and heat, or organic waste to energy in the case of green gas (Agentschap NL, n.d). biochemical anaerobic digesti on: 1. Collecti on: Virgin feedstock oft en is just Reference project: Swillgasser, Cuijk available certain ti mes of the year (for An example of an anaerobic digester is the example the availability of potato in the Swillgasser. Hotel Van Der Valk in Cuijk is testi ng autumn), therefore a lot needs to be this waste to energy producti on unit since 2010. transported in once and over a greater The Swillgasser turns the food waste (swill) distance. Nevertheless, urban organic from the hotel kitchen into biogas, water and waste is everywhere and always available, compost [F4.5]. All three products can be re- therefore transportati on is more frequent, used for 100%. A Cradle to Cradle soluti on to over a shorter distance, and on a smaller eliminate waste on the spot (Swillgasser, n.d.). scale (Veal, n.d.). 2. Pre-treatment and storage: The size and The Swillgasser is an anaerobic digester, which shape of this storage space depends on is absolutely air sealed. Therefore, there should the type of feedstock and the way it is be no smell nuisance. Also, the bacteria used in collected (and pre-treated) (Veal, n.d.). the process are bred especially for this purpose, Again there is probably a diff erence to make sure the diff erent types of organic between virgin and waste feedstock. Virgin waste are processed. This process only takes a feedstock is available on large scale but few days (Swillgasser, n.d.). The Swillgasser, in less frequently, therefore it needs more this arrangement, can be useful when at least storage space than the always available 100 m3 organic waste is available per year, with a waste feedstock. Feedstock can be stored maximum of 150 m3 organic waste per year. The before or aft er pre-treatment (making the digester is small in size, it fi ts in a 20 ft container feedstock smaller) and wet storage has [F4.6] (Swillgasser, n.d.; Appendix 4i-I). more successful results than dry storage with certain feedstocks (Hett enhaus, n.d.). 3. Conversion: The organic waste is mixed with water and bacteria, which use the oxygen in the waste to break it down (Basu, 2010; Swillgasser, n.d.). 4. Product: During the breaking down of the

[F4.5]* The process of the Swillgasser.

86 [F4.6] The 20 ft container in which the Swillgasser is located.

Because the Swillgasser is an on-the-spot soluti on, it is an interesti ng unit for this thesis. Also because the researchers want to situate the unit within the urban area, the idea that it is used in a hotel is positi ve. During the visit to and tour through the Swillgasser, by Wouter Achterkamp (Appendix 4i-I), the most important aspect learned was that it is only obligatory to keep the top and one meter buff er around the unit free for eventual explosion hazard. But, no actual nuisance is experienced from the biogas unit and it is totally safe. Also alternati ve feedstock than the now used swill can be processed. In the case of urban organic waste it would be slightly more woody material, and this could slow down the process considerably and reduce the amount of biogas produced [F4.7] (Appendix 4i-I). The water used by the Swillgasser is slightly contaminated at the end of the process, but clean enough to be cleaned in an aerobic treatment plant or wastewater wetland (Appendix 4i-I).

[F4.7]* Biogas yield of diff erent feedstock.

87 The potenti al The conducted research confi rmed the propositi on of the researchers. The two processes do have links [F4.8], therefore they could cooperate.

[F4.8] The cooperati on between the stormwater harvesti ng and re-use process, and the energy producti on from organic waste process.

88 4.2 First sieve: toolbox

The fi rst idea was to create a toolbox enabling to design with the two processes. This was not very benefi cial for the design, but it did give some interesti ng results for the research

The toolbox(es) The sieving The toolbox for the two processes actually To fi nd fi tti ng design opti ons for a certain consists of two toolboxes, for each of the locati on (in this case Limassol, Cyprus), the processes one. opti ons were sieved following ten phases: 1. Choose a city with the water and waste The making problems described in part 1. The literature reviewed to understand the two 2. Defi ne the region this city is dealing with. processes, and to fi nd links where they could 3. Analyse the natural landscape of this cooperate, was also used to identi fy the several region. opti ons within a process step. These opti ons 4. Analyse the cultural landscape of this form the toolbox for stormwater harvesti ng and region. re-use [F4.9], and for energy producti on from 5. Analyse the economic, politi cal and social urban organic waste [F4.10]. Three scale levels ‘landscape’ of this region. are taken into account: household (small), 6. Zoom in to the city, and analyse the urban street (medium) and watershed (large), to make structures. it widely implementable. 7. Conduct a suitability study to fi nd suitable

HARVESTING DETENTION AND DELAY TREATMENT RETENTION CONSUMER TRANSPORTATION

SMALL SCALE Roof Green roof Pond Green roof Tank Family Gully Infi ltrati on underground

household Balcony Tank above Verti cal biofi lter Tank above Public building Pipe above By foot ground ground ground

Garden Tank Aquifer Pipe underground underground

MEDIUM SCALE Street Pond Small obstacles Verti cal biofi lter Tank Public green Gutt er Infi ltrati on underground

street Public green Shaded pond Horizontal Tank above Several Pipe above Small scale biofi lter ground households ground service

Swale Aquifer Pipe underground

LARGE SCALE Riverbed and Bypass Small obstacles Verti cal biofi lter Tank Neighbourhood Gutt er Infi ltrati on sides underground

watershed Reservoir Dam Horizontal biofi lter Tank above Public green Pipe above Big scale service ground ground

Public green Weir Aquifer Pipe underground

[F4.9] Toolbox for stormwater harvesti ng and re-use.

89 locati ons. opti ons remained aft er sieving. 8. Choose a locati on. • DESIGN OPTIONS: A lot of them are not 9. Analyse this locati on in further detail, (directly) designable (oft en technical and including SWOT analysis. not scenical). 10. Filter the design opti ons. Besides the analyses, also interviews and Positi ve aspects questi onnaires were used to help fi lter the The sieving did also result in two positi ve design opti ons. aspects: • LOCATION: The advantage of fi nding a Designing with the results suitable locati on during the sieving. The sieving of the toolboxes (for input see Part • ANALYSES: The intensive analyses 3) for the chosen locati on in Limassol, and conducted ensured that the researchers trying to design with them aft erwards, gave gained a tremendous amount of some interesti ng (negati ve and positi ve) results. knowledge about Cyprus and especially Limassol. This knowledge is (partly) shared Issues in the previous part, and chapter 3.9 sums The issues that came up are the following: up the most important and/or striking • SCALE LEVELS: As a landscape architect points learned. the small and medium scale levels used, are less interesti ng than the most extensive scale level (watershed), because only recommendati ons can be made. Furthermore, there could have been even more extensive scale levels: city level and regional level. • SIEVING: The sieve was to fi ne, nearly all

FEEDSTOCK STORAGE PRE-TREATMENT DIGESTER PRODUCT CONSUMER TRANSPORTATION

SMALL SCALE Kitchen waste House container By hand Inside house Electricity Compost Family By foot

household Garden waste Processor Near house Gas Heat Public building

Fuel

MEDIUM SCALE Public green Street container Processor End of the street Electricity Compost Public green Small scale service

street Underground Chopper Gas Heat Several Network/grid container households

Fuel

LARGE SCALE Riverbed and Storage unit Processor On its own Electricity Compost Public green Big scale service sides

watershed Public green Chopper Gas Heat Neighbourhood Network/grid

Fuel

[F4.10] Toolbox for energy producti on from urban organic waste.

90 A bigger role for the consumer the fi rst step (harvesti ng/feedstock), the last When drawing lines from diff erent steps in the step (consumer), and in the transportati on processes that can ‘feed’ each other [F4.8], between steps [F4.11]. The most interesti ng links can be made between the processes. match found, is the one of the consumer. The These links are less obvious when looking at consumer could play a bigger role, when chosen the toolboxes (only large scale, as the small public green as consumer it can also play a role and medium scale are found to be hard to in harvesti ng and as feedstock. design as a landscape architect) for the two processes. But some matches can be found in

FEEDSTOCK STORAGE PRE-TREATMENT DIGESTER PRODUCT CONSUMER TRANSPORTATION

Riverbed and Public green Storage unit Processor Chopper On its own Electricity Gas Fuel Compost Heat Public green Neigh- Big scale Network/ sides bourhood service grid

HARVESTING Riverbed and Riverbed and sides sides

Reservoir

Public green Public green

DETENTION Bypass AND DELAY

Dam

Weir

Small obstacles

TREATMENT Verti cal biofi lter

Horizontal biofi lter

RETENTION Tank underground

Tank above ground

Aquifer

CONSUMER Neigh- Neigh- bourhood bourhood

Public green Public green

TRANS- Gutt er PORTATION

Pipe above ground

Pipe underground

Infi ltrati on

Big scale Big scale service service

[F4.11] Matches between the toolboxes.

91 4.3 Strengthening role of the urban park

The consumer could play a bigger role in the cooperati on between the stormwater harvesti ng and re-use process, and the energy producti on from urban organic waste process.

Green infrastructure organic waste and irrigati on water. As described in in chapter 1.2, green infrastructure involves a network of vegetati on Furthermore, a park can functi on educati onal with multi ple purposes. An urban park can be and for the creati on of environmental awareness the performing urban landscape needed for the through experience (see chapter 1.2). placement of the processes of stormwater harvesti ng and re-use, and energy producti on The new propositi on, therefore, is that the from urban organic waste will give the park design of an urban park can play an important several purposes, and it will help in closing role in strengthening the cooperati on of the city cycles [F4.12]. Besides this an urban park processes of the stormwater harvesti ng and att racts visitors, this means it can functi on as energy producti on from urban organic waste, medium to create environmental awareness. and in creati ng environmental awareness. The urban park will functi on as main consumer: the treated water can be used as irrigati on Urban parks water, the compost from the energy producti on Before going on with the research, the concept as ferti liser, and the electricity and/or green of urban parks will be explained a litt le more. gas for street lightning, pumping the water, maintenance, and/or road transport of urban The two main questi ons here to be answered

[F4.12] How an urban park can help and in closing city cycles.

92 are: choices need to be supported by thorough • What is an urban park and what is it used and logical reasoning (do not forget the for? infl uence of natural forces such as wind • How is an urban park designed? and sunlight) • Design must be for people: create for Park meaning and use human benefi t and comfort (see infobox The Oxford dicti onary states that a park is “a 4.2) large public garden or area of land used for • Both functi on and aestheti cs must be recreati on. Hayward and Weitzet (1984 cited in sati sfi ed: balance between costs and McCormack et al., 2010, p.712) state that urban human values “parks off er a unique setti ng within the urban landscape, providing opportuniti es for physical Aestheti c considerati ons acti vity, enjoyment of nature, social interacti on, • Establish a substanti al experience: and escape”. Due to a frequency analysis by acknowledge the eff ects and dominance Chiesura (2004) the role of the urban park of lines, forms, textures, and colours (also becomes a litt le more clear. Most people go of enclosure) to an urban park to relax or to feel freedom. • Establish an appropriate experience: the This to compensate the stress of daily life and ‘why’ should be clear, it should suit to the to regenerate. Furthermore, urban parks are personality of space, personality of user, used for escaping the city, for example, the personality of functi on, and to scale sounds. Finally, the urban park is also used to re-strengthen spiritually. Functi onal considerati ons • Sati sfy technical requirements: test Designing a park locati on for size, quanti ti es, orientati on to The guidelines for designing urban parks shared the natural forces, and operati ng needs here are derived from Rutledge’s Anatomy of a (e.g. management) Park (1971). Rutledge’s eight elaborated design • Meet needs for lowest possible cost: principles do have some overlap with what is keep costs as low as possible, also taking discussed in chapter 1.2 on the performing maintenance and lifespan into account urban landscape. • Provide for supervision ease: create do’s instead of don’ts, create fl owing Umbrella considerati ons circulati on, design for safety, and • Everything must have a purpose: all discourage unwanted behaviour

INFOBOX 4.2: human comfort

Outdoor human comfort is of importance (Cohen, Potchter & Matzarakis, 2013). In designing an urban park choosing the vegetati on is important, because it can help in creati ng a higher human comfort regarding sun and wind (Rutledge, 1971; Forsyth, Musacchio & Fitzgerald, 2005; Mahmoud, 2011; Cohen, Potchter & Matzarakis, 2012). When talking about sun and human comfort it is mostly about thermal comfort, and vegetati on can create shade for cooling or a backdrop for warming [F4.13]. Wind also has an thermal role: vegetati on can guide winds, where more wind feels cooler and less wind feels warmer. Besides the thermal component, wind also has an carrying role: wind brings odours, noise, and polluti on [F4.13] (Rutledge, 2971; CROW, 2012).

GENERAL THERMAL COMFORT AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION WITH VEGETATION WIND Summer (when ‘hot’) Winter (when ‘cold’)

Broad leaves + waxy/ Movement of the wind Free wind Blocked wind leathery leaves + needles 60% density of the crown

Trees best in line with under- growth (crowns meet 60%)

SUN Blocked sun Refl ected sun [F4.13]* Create human comfort: the use of vegetati on for sun and wind regulati on.

93 4.4 Second sieve: design explorations

After dealing with a malfunctioning first sieve, the issues and other findings are used to come up with a better working second sieve.

Using the issues through designing) will be used (see Part 5) The three issues that came up after sieving to create a fitting design of an urban park in with the toolboxes: scale levels, sieving and Limassol. toolbox elements, are used to the researchers’ advantage in designing an urban park for Design options Limassol, Cyprus. The third issue was that a lot of design options were not (directly) designable. Therefore, Scale levels the steps of the two processes, are looked at The most extensive scale level (watershed) of the in a different way: what can and needs to be toolboxes is used to make the performing urban designed? These designable features of the park design. Attention will be given to detailling, processes and of urban parks, can be used to but also the even more extensive scale levels design with in the design explorations. (city/regional scale) are of importance. Stormwater harvesting and re-use Sieving In chapter 4.1 the stormwater harvesting and Sieving by doing analyses, and using interviews re-use process was discussed shortly. In this and questionnaires did not work out too well. paragraph the designable features of this A second sieve of design explorations (research process are elaborated in eight steps [T4.1]

[T4.1] Designable features for the stormwater harvesting and re-use process. Steps Explanation Harvesting Stormwater can be harvested from four types of surfaces: impervious private (e.g. roofs), pervious private (e.g. vegetated gardens), impervious public (e.g. roads), and pervious public (e.g. grass field). The only thing that can be done for all these surfaces, is to give it a certain slope. In this way the water can be collected for further transportation. Transport 1 + delay The first transportation makes sure that the stormwater is brought to the detention facilities. This transportation can be done through: pipes, gutters, swales, and streams. During heavy precipitation the stormwater might needs to be delayed, so it does not enter the detention facilities all at once. First of all, the journey of the water can be lengthened, and secondly, the water can have to deal with resistance during its journey. Detention To prevent floods and create a buffer for treatment, the water is detained. This can be done near the collection site or at a collection point more at the end of the catchment area. The facilities used for this can be a (open, potentially shaded) pond or a closed tank. When a pond is used the design principles for mosquito control (infobox 4.3) should be taken into account, because of the open water. Transport 2 + delay The second transportation has the same characteristics as the first transportation.

Treatment When using the biofiltration system to treat the stormwater, there are two options: vertical and horizontal. When using a vertical biofilter the treated water is infiltrated and is kept in an aquifer potentially for re-use. In this case the treated water needs to be directly used in the urban park, therefore the horizontal biofilter is used. In this case the treatment facilities have an impermeable layer underneath to prevent the treated water to infiltrate. Transport 3 The third transportation consists of drainpipes that collect the treated water at the bottom of the horizontal biofilter, and bring this water to the retention facility. Retention Airtight and (sun)lightless underground cisterns or tanks above ground are used to store the treated water in (see infobox 4.4).

Transport 4 The last transportation is needed for the treated water to reach its destination. In this case the urban park and the digester are the consumers of the treated water. Therefore, pipes for irrigation [F4.13]* Create human comfort: the use of vegetation for sun and wind regulation. are needed, and/or paths when irrigation is done by hand.

94 (Webster & Day, 1993; CSIRO, 2006; Göbel et al., 2007; Hatt et al. 2007; Brati eres et al., 2008; Abdulla & Al-Shareef, 2009).

INFOBOX 4.3: mosquito control

When dealing with open water, there is a chance mosquitos lay their eggs in it, and form a nuisance. Therefore some design principles for mosquito control [F4.14] are shared in this infobox (Hermens, Van der Salm & Van der Zwet, 2010).

Flowing water Minimize shallow depths

Min. 1’ Min. 4’

Design slopes Maximum width

Max. 50’

Min. 2.5:1 Max. 4:1

Include mechanical aerators Submerged drain pipes

wrong right

Prevent isolated small pools Max. 3’ of slope vegetati on

wrong right Max. 3’

Provide rock layer Infi ltrate within 48 hours

[F4.14] Design principles for mosquito control.

INFOBOX 4.4: water preservati on

When preserving water for re-use there is no nuisance of mosquitos, because the water is kept in a closed tank to keep it clean. There is another problem to deal with though: algae. When water is stored, stands sti ll, and there is a high concentrati on of nitrates and phosphates, algae may form which is bad for human health (LG Sound, n.d.). Ways to reduce or get rid of algae include: airti ght seal (Zagermann, Huchzermeyer & Rath, n.d.), no (sun)light (Practi cal Fishkeeping, 2011), no nutrients in the water to feed on, or even ultrasonic vibrati ons (LG Sound, n.d.).

95 Energy production from urban organic waste Urban parks Besides the previous stormwater harvesting Urban parks consist of more clearly designable and re-use process, the energy production features than the two processes. In this thesis from urban organic waste process also has the design features for urban parks are divided some designable features. Although less than in eight themes and discussed shortly [T4.3] the previous process, these features are also (Rutledge, 1971; Gehl, 1996 cited in Carmona elaborated in six steps [T4.2] (Swillgasser, n.d.; et al., 2010); McCormarck, 2010). Veal, n.d.; El Bassam, 1998).

[T4.2] Designable features for the energy production from urban organic waste process. Steps Explanation Harvesting After collection of the urban organic waste by the households and the maintainer of urban green, the waste is brought to a container. This container is positioned in the streetscape, for all people accessible. Besides the design of the container itself, the location of the container can also be designed. Transport 1 The waste needs to be transported from the container to the pre-treatment and storage facilities. This can be done by sustainable vehicles, using the existing roads. At the location of the pre- treatment and storage an ‘inlet port’ is needed. Pre-treatment + The pre-treatment and storage takes place in a built unit, for example a container or an actual storage building. Transport 2 When the pre-treatment and storage are located within the same built unit as the digester this transportation does not really exist. When dealing with two separate built units though, within the urban park, the paths need to be used for transportation. Again an ‘inlet port’ is needed. Digester The digester is also located in a built unit, just like the pre-treatment and storage. right Transport 3 Finally, the products of the process need to be distributed. The electricity and gas can go into the network, or gas can be picked-up at site. When this is the case, a pick-up point needs to be designed. The compost available from the process, is used in the park. For this distribution the paths are used.

[T4.3] Designable features for urban parks. Theme Explanation Parking A park needs one or more areas where cars can be parked. If there is a bicycle path running through the park, bicycle parking is needed at locations where people might want to have a stop. Entrees The park should have clear boundaries and entrees. Paths Paths bring people from one site to another in the park, preferably through walking or cycling.

Activities In this thesis two types of activities are distinguished: intentional and unintentional activities. With intentional activities is meant, that the location is designed for a certain activity, for examplea playground for children. Sites for unintentional activities can also be designed, but not for a specific type of activity, for example a grass field where one can play football, sunbath, etcetera. Seating It is pleasant for people to be able to sit on arranged seating in a park. In this thesis two types of seating are discussed. Seating is sometimes needed for the activity itself, for example to eat. Otherwise seating can be used to look at something (e.g. during resting), for example a grandstand at a football game. Open water An optional feature in an urban park is open water. Open water can come in many forms, and three categories are formulated in this design research. First of all, streams (channels, rivers, etcetera) can flow through the park. Secondly, a pond (or lake) can be situated within the park. Finally, the park can contain water elements (waterfalls, fountains, etcetera). Management + safety The management and safety of a park is important for people to feel pleasant there. In this thesis lighting, railings, bins, and sanitary facilities are of importance.

Vegetation Vegetation is divided into three categories in this thesis: trees, shrubs, and grasses. Trees are aesthetically important, but also play a big role in creating human comfort in the park. Alterations with shrubs and grasses can give the park’s vegetation more variety.

96 Exploring the possibilities that some adjustments were needed on the In this paragraph an explanation is given on Four Fanaria scale level, which were conducted how the design explorations in this thesis were in the fifth phase. In the final phase the Little conducted. Also, an example is given on two Garyllis design was adjusted again with this different scale levels. Finally, the conclusion input. for this thesis is drawn, based on the design explorations executed by the researchers. All in all, this iterative design process with design explorations resulted in the most optimal Design explorations design, technically as well as aesthetically, on In Part 2 the structure of this thesis was shared. three scale levels. The three ways of combining research with design were discussed, and it was made clear Examples that this design research would use toolboxes In this report one example of a design to conduct ‘research for design’. After the experiment on the Little Garyllis scale level and toolbox sieving, it became clear that ‘research one example on the Four Fanaria scale level will for design’ would not be sufficient to come to a be given. In Appendix 4e-I and Appendix 4e-II design. Therefore, ‘research through designing’ two more examples for both scale levels are is applied to be able to create a performing shared. urban park. Little Garyllis Research through designing is stated to be On this scale level the researchers of this thesis the most important form of research for tried to, inter alia, place the designable features design-related professions like architecture of the stormwater harvesting and re-use and city planning. It is a form of prospective, process. When using a biofilter as treatment, exploratory, and crosslinking research its size should be 2% of the watershed surface (Rotterdamse Academie van Bouwkunst, n.d.). (see chapter 4.1). Therefore, the biofilter Design explorations are used for testing spaces surface needed in this watershed has a size of and/or composition elements (designable 21,455.97 m2 (Appendix 4c-I). It turned out to be features). Within these explorations themes impossible to treat the stormwater in one place can be followed. During every step, options in the watershed, because of the lack of large are created and the effects are evaluated surface areas (downstream) [F4.15]. Therefore, (Steenbergen, Meeks & Nijhuis, 2008). Both several locations for water detention, treatment creating only a few options, as well as creating and retention were appointed. This resulted in a large amount of options are weak strategies four sub-watersheds within the Little Garyllis leading to poor design solutions. When creating watershed [F4.16]. too little options, the designer becomes too fixated too quickly on the solutions. When creating too many options, the designer loses too much time on organising the options which could have been used for evaluating (Cross, 2006). Therefore, in this thesis an amount of three to five options are used to reveal spatial potency. Drawing plays a crucial role in in this process (Steenbergen, Meeks & Nijhuis, 2008).

Approach The first phase in the design explorations was to place and globally scale and shape the designable features on the Little Garyllis watershed scale level. Once this was done the second phase, the elaboration of the design on a larger scale, was started: Four Fanaria. On this scale level a more in-depth design was made. The designable features were already placed and globally scaled and shaped on the Little Garyllis scale level. However, on the Four Fanaria scale level this was further optimised technically and aesthetically. Thereafter, in the third phase, the Little Garyllis design was adjusted with the help of the explorations on the Four Fanaria scale level. Zooming in even further, detailed elaborations of the Four Fanaria design were made in the fourth phase. These details showed 97 [F4.15] A locati on large enough to conduct all the treatment is not available.

[F4.16] The four created sub-watersheds within the Litt le Garyllis watershed.

98 Four Fanaria the digester for the experience) is enough. This location near the old city centre, is the 7. Urban organic waste harvesting: To location chosen for the digester on the Little make the effort for people as little as Garyllis scale level. Reasons for this are the possible (maximum of 50 m distance), proximity of a water retention facility and urban organic waste can be left behind the proximity of the old city centre, which at several harvesting locations on empty means that it is close enough for people to get plots, spacious streetscape or areas for attracted to come visit and therefore create multifunctional use (car parks, sports environmental awareness (Lehmann, Lane fields, etcetera). Keller & Farley, 2008). 8. Urban park: Some urban park features are present throughout the whole park, other Several options for locating and designing a are often clustered at locations where a lot place for this digester have been tested and is happening (stormwater detention and reviewed. Locating the digester in the east treatment). created more opportunities for the design around the building [F4.17], but turned out not There are several reasons why, in the case of this being the most logical place for experiencing location, this order was followed. Apparently, the cooperation between the processes as it the placing and globally scaling and shaping goes against the natural elevation and flow of of the designable features of the stormwater the water (which is needed in the digester). The harvesting and re-use process has a priority location in the lower part of the area turned out over doing this for the designable features the be the most logical and best location for the of the energy production from urban organic digester [F4.18], with a design based on existing waste process and of an urban park. There (sight)lines from the surrounding buildings. are two reasons for this. Firstly, the designable features of the stormwater harvesting and re- Findings use process are the most space consuming, and The following findings play a role in justifying therefore not a lot of options where available. the design as it can be found in Part 5. Secondly, the Little Garyllis watershed is dealing with a 1% slope, and therefore the stormwater Order will always flow naturally towards the sea. When The first finding has to do with the order of natural processes need to be experienced, it is placing and globally scaling and shaping of not wise to go against this flow. The designable the designable features. This was done in the features which can be found in urban parks following sequence: are placed and globally scaled and shaped last, 1. Treatment: One treatment location was because they often react on the designable not possible because of the size, therefore features of the two processes. four locations of adequate size (which simultaneously were the water problem Joint effort of function and appearance zones) were chosen, creating four sub- In chapter 1.3 the concept of an performing watersheds. landscape is shared, a landscape in which both 2. Retention: One retention site was not function and appearance is of importance. In possible because of the size, therefore this chapter it became clear that function and every treatment location also functions as appearance should form a joint effort, none of retention site. them was superior, and together they should 3. Digester: Several digesters in the Little strive for the most optimal solution. During Garyllis watershed are not viable, the design explorations is became clear that, therefore one digester is located in sub- although it was not ‘form follows function’, watershed 3 where it is near to the old city function slightly had the upper hand at the centre. beginning. After this aesthetics became more 4. Detention: One detention site within every significant, getting everything important to sub-watershed was not possible due to be experienced as nicely as possible. In the size, therefore several sites (empty plots last phase function and appearance where and areas for multifunctional use (car optimised together. parks, sports fields, etcetera) near the river and spacious parts in the park) are used to detain water. 5. Delay: Elements to delay the water are located before most of the ‘entrees’ of the detention and treatment sites for safety, also to slow it down for the experience. 6. Pre-treatment and storage: The Little Garyllis watershed is not that big, thus one pre-treatment and storage location (near

99 [F4.17] Opti ons for locati ng the digester in the east.

[F4.18] The most logical and best locati on for the digester.

100 101 102 103 5.1 Design inspiration

The fi rst chapter of the envisioning part of this thesis will discuss the starti ng point, with four inspiring principles which lead to the concept and the design style.

Four inspiring principles Connecti on Based upon analyses of the formati on of Cyprus The aim of the current design for Litt le Garyllis and Limassol, the history and characteristi cs is to att ract visitors and tourists to enjoy a of the Litt le Garyllis watershed and the new and diff erent route along the Garyllis current design for the Garyllis Linear Park, the river (Limassol Municipality, n.d. a; Limassol researchers of this thesis disti nguished four Municipality n.d. b). As menti oned before, this principles which they fi nd important to include route is only linear, so the only safe and pleasant in the design. way back is the same route. Therefore, creati ng connecti ons between the linear routes in the design is important for this thesis. Furthermore, it is ensured that the Litt le Garyllis Performing Park is part of a larger network of walking and cycling paths [F5.1].

[F5.1] The connecti on principle.

104 Naturalness Identi ty During the analysis of the existi ng vegetati on During the analysis of the history of the Garyllis in the Litt le Garyllis watershed, it became clear river, it became clear that the western river that most trees could be found close to the branch is the original (predominantly natural) river. Quite logical, because this is the place and the other two are dug around 1900 where most of the scarce water is collected. (therefore manmade). For the experience In the design for Litt le Garyllis, this natural link and understanding the identi ty of the Garyllis, between water and vegetati on is more clearly it is important to tell the historical story of expressed, to emphasis the existi ng naturalness this watershed by giving the original branch a in an urban context [F5.2]. natural appearance and the manmade branch a more cultural appearance. In the end both Experience branches should form an uniform urban park, The main goal of this thesis is to show how a but the appearance of the two branches will performing urban park can be designed, in slightly diff er due to vegetati on and material which the processes of stormwater harvesti ng choice [F5.4]. and re-use, and energy producti on from urban organic waste can cooperate. It is important for people to understand this by experiencing the cooperati ng processes, to also create environmental awareness. This should not be only a visual experience, but also by hearing, feeling and smelling it. Paths through the urban park play a big role in guiding people through this experience [F5.3].

[F5.2] The naturalness principle.

105 [F5.3] The experience principle.

[F5.4] The identi ty principle.

106 Concept and design style General This paragraph shares the concept and design For the general design style the design language style. The concept is the rough design of Litt le (see infobox 3.3) is used. Also observati ons from Garyllis Performing Park, and the design style the Pedieos Park in Nicosia are used to come includes the guidelines the researchers followed up with a general design style for this design. during designing. Important is to use materials and vegetati on common for the island. The concept By using the four principles described in The general ‘rules’ followed are: the previous paragraph, the design concept • The main path (3.5 m wide) is shared by can be created [F5.5]. The concept shows a pedestrians and cyclists, and is made of park with lots of vegetati on close to the river loam or wood. branches. The western river branch has a • The riverbed always has a natural natural appearance and the eastern branch appearance: semi-solid with natural has a more cultural appearance. Within the stones. park the processes of stormwater harvesti ng • All benches are made in the same style and re-use, and energy producti on from urban with metal and wood, but diff erent designs organic waste are percepti ble. The combinati on are possible. of these elements form a park that is accessible • A set of bins, railings and lighti ng is used at many spots and it is possible to walk or cycle throughout the park, where possible several routes through the park. This concept clustered together. will be further elaborated into a design for Litt le • Natural rocks from the mountains are used Garyllis. as water delaying elements. • Wood is used for all weirs. The design style • All water treatment basins have a concrete As menti oned the design style consists of the base. guidelines used to elaborate the concept into a • Place specifi c vegetati on on locati ons more detailed design. The design style can be where it can increase human comfort. disti nguished into a general design style for the • When using very wild natural vegetati on, whole park, and a more specifi c design style per make sure it is ‘framed’. river branch (natural/manmade). • Where water stands sti ll for a while

[F5.5] The concept.

107 (detention, delay, treatment, retention), more and specific vegetation is located. • At the area(s) of energy production where compost is generated, lush flowering grasses, plants and/or bushes are placed.

Specific The slight difference between the appearances of the two river branches, natural and manmade, is expressed by the choice of vegetation, materials and constructions. Also, the riverbed plays a role in articulating the differences between the branches[T5.1] .

[T5.1] The guidelines for the different river branches. Natural Manmade

Vegetation Mainly indigenous or Mainly exotic, endemic species adventive or cultivated species Materials Mainly natural rocks, Mainly wood, stones, coarse-filled concrete, sleek-filled gabions gabions Constructions Concrete is covered Concrete is visible, with natural rocks - use of wood organic shapes constructions like pergola’s - rational shapes Riverbed Slopes of 45˚ or less: Slopes of more than natural, with stones 45˚: with stones, or coarse-filled sleek-filled gabions or gabions concrete

108 5.2 Little Garyllis Performing Park

The design exploration, together with the concept and the design style resulted in the final design of Little Garyllis Performing Park. First the design will be discussed, and then the atmosphere of the different sub-watersheds will be shared.

A green oasis Little Garyllis Performing Park turns the surroundings of the Garyllis river into a green oasis [F5.6]. Three connections between the two river branches with a slightly different identity, ensure that several routes can be walked or cycled. Connections to the larger network (see chapter 5.4), make sure that even bigger routes can be followed and that the park is not isolated.

Furthermore, the tunnelled river has been restored where enough space was available, so that the ‘backbone’ of the Little Garyllis Performing Park may be experienced as much as possible. Also, where possible connecting empty plots and multifunctional areas (car parks, sports fields, etcetera) are incorporated in the park playing their roles in the processes.

109 [F5.6] Litt le Garyllis Performing Park.

110 Stormwater harvesti ng and re-use process The designable features of seven of the eight steps of the stormwater harvesti ng and re- use process can be found in the design of Litt le Garyllis Performing Park [F5.7]. The fi rst step ‘harvesti ng’ is not included, because only suggesti ons can be made for this step.

Treatments Through the design explorati ons it became clear that four sub-watersheds, with four treatment sites needed to be created. These treatment faciliti es with several concrete basins use biofi lters to clear the polluted stormwater. Three of these treatments are located on sites which are currently dealing with water quanti ty problems, therefore problems are turned into opportuniti es. Water is let into these treatments with (solar powered) weirs. Before and aft er every weir the riverbed should be reinforced, to prevent erosion.

Detenti ons In total 12 detenti on sites are located, which can hold up to 51,000 m3 of stormwater (peak precipitati on of 57.9 mm per day) (Appendix 5c-I). This means that when looking at the stormwater peaks of the last 30 years, these detenti on sites would only be insuffi cient once every ten years. Three of these detenti on sites can be used as car park, seven are located within the riverbed, and two are used diff erently. Weirs (possibly solar powered) are also used to let water in and out of these detenti ons.

Retenti ons Airti ght and (sun)lightless underground cisterns are located underneath the four treatment faciliti es, to retain the treated water. These cisterns can hold all the excess water treated in the wet winter period, to be used for park irrigati on in the dry summer period, and the energy producti on process throughout the year.

Transports + delays The fi rst transportati on to the detenti on sites is done by the existi ng stormwater drainage system discharging its water into the Garyllis river. The riverbed is also used for the second transport to the treatment sites. Several locati ons in the riverbed have water delaying natural rocks, to make sure that the stormwater does not enter detenti ons or treatment sites with high speed. Furthermore, the third transport is not directly visible to the eye, as the drainpipes bringing the water to the cisterns for retenti on are incorporated in the treatment facility. Finally, during the last transportati on pipes bring the treated water to a collecti on point. When used for irrigati on, small electric vehicles are fi lled to irrigate the park.

111 [F5.7] The stormwater harvesti ng and re-use process in the park.

112 Energy producti on from urban organic waste process The designable features of fi ve of the six steps of the energy producti on from urban organic waste process can be found in the design of Litt le Garyllis Performing Park[F5.8] . The fourth step ‘transport 2’ is not included, because pre- treatment and storage are located within the built unit of the digester.

Pre-treatment, storage and digester For an easier experience of the process of urban organic waste to energy, the pre-treatment, storage and digester are located in one built unit located in sub-watershed 3. This unit is big enough to turn 27% (300,000 kg) of the urban organic waste of Litt le Garyllis watershed into 56.76 MWh electricity a year (no gas on this locati on due to the absence of a gas network) (Appendix 5c-I). This electricity can be used for lighti ng, maintaining and irrigati ng the park. The park can also use the compost produced in the energy producti on from urban organic waste process. The reason for not processing all the waste at this locati on is the size of the built unit and the legislati on connected to large renewable energy source units within the built environment (Appendix 3i-VIII). For creati ng environmental awareness the digester should be close to people (see chapter 3.4), but for social acceptance there should be no nuisance. Therefore, this digester is a kind of show digester, and the remaining 73% of the waste is processed elsewhere in the recreati onal network (see chapter 5.4).

Harvesti ng Containers in 46 locati ons make sure no one has to walk more than 100 m to deposit their organic waste. These containers are located on empty plots, spacious streetscapes, and multi functi onal areas (car parks, sports fi elds, etcetera). Trees or other vegetati on is added on these locati ons to create a more appealing site, than just a waste container. This will also help in creati ng human comfort on locati on.

Transports For the fi rst transport an inlet port needs to available at the site of the built unit with the pre-treatment, storage and digester. The second and fi nal transport is feeding the electricity to the existi ng network, and using small electric vehicles for distributi on the compost through the park using the park paths.

113 [F5.8] The energy producti on from urban organic waste process in the park.

114 Urban park white, yellow, green, orange, red, brown and All designable features of urban parks can be black. found in the design of Litt le Garyllis Performing Park [F5.9].

Parking There are fi ve car parks available near the park. Furthermore, it is custom in Cyprus to park along streets were possible. Besides this there is a possibility to park bikes near the digester, where also a new locati on will be created for ‘Nextbike bicycle rental’ which is already available on several other locati ons in Limassol.

Entries and paths An ongoing 3.5 m wide path for pedestrians and cyclists can be found in the park, with clear entrances at signifi cant locati on.

Acti viti es Both intenti onal and unintenti onal acti viti es are disti nguished in the park.

Seati ng At interesti ng locati ons, such as treatment sites, there is the opportunity to sit down. As Cypriots like to eat together, also picknick tables will be placed throughout the park.

Open water In the case of this urban park, the Garyllis river is the back-bone of the park. The riverbed is designed with great care (see Appendix 5e-I for slope types), because the river is not oft en fi lled with water. The outer bends are oft en made of cascading gabions, for: strength, character (inspired by the terraced landscape), the idea of a full river (because oft en only a litt le water is running through there), and/or for seati ng.

Management + safety Throughout the park lighti ng, railings and bins can be found, where possible clustered (see chapter 5.3). Also, three sanitary faciliti es are located, including one at the site of the digester.

Vegetati on The trees and shrubs used in the Litt le Garyllis Performing Park thrive on elevati ons beneath 100 m and can already be found on the island (besides some of the species in the biofi lters). The species in this park are chosen for one or more specifi c roles they can play (see Appendix 5i-II). They can be positi ve for human comfort, have a role in fi ltering stormwater (with the capacity to be able to survive very wet and very dry seasons (Read et al., 2008), have aestheti c values, or help in telling a certain story. It is noted that certain roles are only played in certain seasons.

Furthermore, the trees and shrubs are chosen for the fl ower and seed/fruit colour scheme of:

115 [F5.9] The urban park features.

116 The atmosphere Four atmospheric visualisati ons will show how the ambiance diff ers in the four sub-watersheds, and therefore between the two river branches [F5.10].

Sub-watershed 1 Through this sub-watershed the original Garyllis river branch fl ows, therefore the atmosphere is as natural as possible. Stones drape the unnatural concrete base of the treatment facility, and trees and bushes (mostly indigenous or endemic) are mixed and scatt ered [F5.11].

Sub-watershed 2 This sub-watershed is located where the branch was dug around 1900. For the atmosphere this means that the design is slightly more rati onal. Concrete is used for the riverbed and pergolas are used to neatly guide vegetati on (mostly exoti c, adventi ve or culti vated) in narrow places [F5.12].

Sub-watershed 3 The third sub-watershed is interesti ng, because here the original and the manmade river branches meet. Therefore, the atmosphere is a mixed with, for example, rati onal and freely scatt ered vegetati on of all sorts (see chapter 5.3) [F5.13].

Sub-watershed 4 Finally, through the fourth sub-watershed the original branch fl ows again, thus the atmosphere becomes more natural again. Not as natural as the fi rst sub-watershed though, because of the locati on near the cultural old city centre. Therefore, vegetati on (mostly indigenous or endemic) is spread more freely, but the concrete base of the treatment facility is not covered up, for example [F5.14].

117 details Four Fanaria

[F5.10] Litt le Garyllis Performing Park with the locati ons of the four atmospheric visualisati ons.

118 [F5.11] The stormwater treatment facility in sub-watershed 1, and the current state of this locati on.

[F5.12] The use of pergolas to create a greener atmosphere where there is litt le space in sub watershed 2, and the current state of this locati on.

119 [F5.13] One of the detenti on sites of sub-watershed 3 which is a multi functi onal football fi eld with seati ng arrangement, and the current state of this locati on.

[F5.14] Delaying the water, for which throughout the park natural rocks are used, in sub-watershed 4, and the current state of this locati on.

120 5.3 Four Fanaria

This chapter zooms in on the area of the Four Fanaria bridge [F5.15]. Looking at the Little Garyllis Performing park on a larger scale, this shows how the cooperation of the stormwater harvesting and re-use, and the energy production from urban organic waste processes can be experienced in the design of the park.

The experience The role of the vegetation Hopefully it is clear by now, the experience The vegetation is of great importance in Little is important in a performing urban park. Garyllis Performing Park. As already mentioned Therefore, this paragraph tells the stories of the in the previous chapter, species are chosen for a two processes, but first some other elements certain role they play. important for the experience are discussed. In the area of Four Fanaria these roles are as The role of the paths following: As mentioned in chapter 1.2, paths are • Deciduous trees that provide shade in the important for the experience as they navigate summer, but let sun through in the winter: people to certain parts of the park, for example e.g. Gleditsia Triacanthos. the Little Garyllis Performing Park Infopoint and • Evergreen trees and shrubs that block sanitary facilities located in the energy building. wind from the east, to create a more pleasant time in the winter (the west is left Throughout the park two types of paths can more open for free wind in the summer): be distinguished: one for both pedestrians and e.g. Juniperus phoenicea. cyclists, the other only for pedestrians. • Deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs that help to reduce air pollution, especially The pedestrian and cycling paths along roadsides: e.g. Sambucus nigra. Throughout the park a 3.5 m wide loam path • Trees and shrubs with aesthetic values: is designed for pedestrians and cyclists to share e.g. Albizia julibrissin for the flowers, or [F5.44]. This loam path becomes a wooden Vitex agnus-castus for the smell. bridge crossing the treatment facility on an • Trees and shrubs that tell a story, e.g. even (ground) level [F5.45], with railings almost Ficus carica telling there is water present, everywhere because of the dangerous height the Citrus sinensis sharing something on differences [F5.46]. This wooden path allows culture. the pedestrians and cyclists on there to have • And finally, a mix of species for the views from above into the treatment basins. filtering of the stormwater, e.g. Phragmites Australis. The pedestrian paths There is also a loam pedestrian path with a width of 2.5 m in the Four Fanaria area [F5.47]. This path runs parallel to the river on the opposite site of the treatment facility, giving the pedestrians the opportunity to experience the river and to enjoy the view from along the treatment facility.

To go into the second and third treatment basin, wooden steps can be taken to go onto the wooden 1.5 m wide pedestrian paths [F5.48], these have railings when crossing the river and at the steps [F5.49]. These wooden pedestrian paths in the treatment basins makes the experience of the biofilter more intense, and also the height differences between the basins can be experienced through the steps that have to be taken [F5.24].

121 [F5.15] Four Fanaria bridge, the locati on of the third treatment facility.

122 The narrati ves of processes First of all, this sub-paragraph shares the stories of the two processes separately, and then how they are consolidated in the design.

Stormwater harvesti ng and re-use First the story of the stormwater harvesti ng and re-use process is presented, starti ng with the detenti on site nearest to treatment facility 3. Several schools are located in the Litt le Garyllis watershed, including the Technical School. Their football fi eld is used as detenti on site in sub- [F5.19] Water entering the treatment basin through a watershed 3 [F5.16]. gutt er with ‘batt lements’.

[F5.16] The football fi eld of the Technical School [F5.20] Plants cleaning the water. functi oning as a detenti on site. The collecti on of the treated stormwater cannot The experience of the detenti on site is quite be seen directly, but for the experience a strip of simple when there is water in it, because it is gravel indicates where the drainpipes collecti ng not possible to play football. When the water is the water are located [F5.21]. released from this detenti on site, natural rocks in the riverbed ensure that the water is slowed down towards the weir [F5.17].

[F5.21] Gravel showing invisible drainage. [F5.17] Natural rocks delaying the water before reaching the weir. This consecuti on from gutt er to drainpipes is repeated for the second and third treatment This can be experienced by hearing and seeing basin. The drainpipes of the fi rst basin deposit the water. At the weir it is decided if water is the water into the gutt er of the second let into the treatment facility or if it should stay treatment basin, and the drainpipes of the in the riverbed and run towards the sea when second into the gutt er of the third [F5.22]. the capacity of the facility is reached [F5.18]. This is visible of course. When water enters the treatment facility it runs through a gutt er with ‘batt lements’ [F5.19], because of the pressure litt le waterfall can be seen and heard. This water fl ows through the plants where it disappears in the fi lter [F5.20], but the plants can be seen and smelled. For a bett er experience, diff erent species are used within one treatment basin, creati ng several more comprehensible sizes ‘fake’ basins of gabions within one treatment basin (see Appendix 4e-II) [F5.22] Water entering the next treatment basin’s gutt er.

This litt le waterfall created can of course be seen and heard. These three treatment basins are necessary to have a large enough surface for the water to be treated enough. Although [F5.18] Weir guiding the water. the Litt le Garyllis watershed has a slope of 1%

123 towards the sea, this means that quite some height diff erences are present [F5.24]. When the treated water enters the retenti on site underneath the basins [F5.23] the story of stormwater harvesti ng and re-use ends for now [F5.25].

[F5.23] Retaining the treated water.

124 A

[F5.24] Secti on of the three treatment basins and their height diff erences.

125 A

A’

[F5.25] Overview of the stormwater harvesti ng and re-use process. A’

126 Energy producti on from urban organic waste The story of the process of energy producti on from urban organic waste is next. The urban organic waste is harvested at multi ple locati ons in the watershed [F5.26], which can be seen and hopefully not smelled.

[F5.29] Also the digester within the building can be seen. The biogas created during anaerobic digesti on is transformed into electricity by a turbine behind the glass façade [F5.30], and the other product – compost – is stored at the ‘end’ of the glass façade [F5.31]. With this also the story of the energy producti on from urban organic [F5.26] Urban organic waste harvesti ng at an empty waste process ends for now [F5.32]. Maybe the plot. Technical School (see stormwater story) can play a role in the management of the digester With electric vehicles this waste is brought and generator. to the inlet port at the back of the energy building to be offl oaded [F5.27], because of the orientati on of the building it’s backside can sti ll be seen. Aft er this, the urban organic waste is pre-treated and stored for further use, which can be seen behind the ‘beginning’ of the glass façade of the energy building [F5.28].

[F5.30] The turbine creati ng energy can again be seen working in the building.

[F5.27] Sustainable vehicle bringing the urban organic waste to the energy building, parked in the inlet port.

[F5.31] At the ‘end’ of the building the other product of this process, compost, is stored.

[F5.28] Pre-treatment and storage, which can be seen through the ‘beginning’ of the glass front of the building.

Further along this glass façade the digester can be seen [F5.29].

127 [F5.32] Overview of the energy producti on from urban organic waste process.

128 The cooperati on between the two processes During the anaerobic digesti on of the waste to energy process 105 m3 water is needed per year, and also the used water is discharged (Appendix 5c-II). The treated water from the water process is suitable to use, therefore a visual water pipe comes up from the retenti on and enters the digester [F5.33]. Also a pipe with used water goes back to the fi rst treatment basin to be treated again. [F5.35] The use of the compost in the park, distributed by electric vehicles.

These vehicles can of course be seen, but the presence of water, electricity and compost can also be experienced diff erently. The electricity leaving the building can be seen at night, when a large amount of LEDs in front of the energy building show for what the electricity can be used for: the park’s lighti ng [F5.36]. On the remaining 39.36 MWh electricity of the show digester, 27% of the lighti ng of the park could work for a year (Appendix 5c-II). [F5.33] The use of the treated water in the energy building, and the discharge of used water into the treatment facility.

Besides this direct link between the two processes, there are other points of cooperati on. In chapter 4.2 and chapter 4.3 it became clear that the two processes could especially cooperate in design when having a mutual consumer: an urban park. The Litt le Garyllis [F5.36] Showing of electricity leaving the energy Performing Park gives input for the waste to building, by using a chain of LEDs to the park lighti ng energy process of course, but it also gets back in front of the energy building. from both water and energy processes. The treated water can be retrieved at the energy building by electric vehicles for irrigati on[F5.34] , because there is enough treated stormwater to irrigate the enti re park and to use otherwise (Appendix 5c-II).

[F5.37] Emphasise on the presence of water and compost at the Four Fanaria locati on, by more lush fl owering plants in this part of the park.

[F5.34] The use of the treated water through electric The occurrence of water and compost can be vehicles irrigati ng the park. experienced by the choice of lush fl owering vegetati on at Four Fanaria [F5.37]. With this Of the electricity produced at the show digester the experience of the cooperati on between the an amount of 17.4 MWh per year is used by two processes, with the strengthening role of the digester itself (Appendix 5c-II). The rest of an urban park, should be clear [F5.38]. the electricity could, for example, be used by the menti oned electric vehicles which will also distribute the compost throughout the park [F5.35].

129 [F5.38] Overview of the cooperati on of the processes, with the urban park playing the strengthening role.

130 Experience the experience and the energy building before going down into This paragraph gives a sneak preview on what the second treatment basin [F5.40]. The third this experience looks like. Four visualisati ons, visualisati on demonstrates what pedestrians give an idea on how Litt le Garyllis Performing can see when they have entered the third Park can be experienced every season. The treatment basin, walking between the plants of fi rst visualisati on shows an overview of how it the biofi lter [F5.41]. The last visualisati on shares looks when crossing the treatment site, at the the view when standing at the river and looking fi rst treatment basin, on the pedestrian and at this third treatment basin, experiencing the cycling path [F5.39]. The second visualisati on height diff erences [F5.42]. visualises how pedestrians can see the river

SPRING

SUMMER

[F5.39] Crossing the fi rst basin of the treatment facility, the loam pedestrian and cycling path becomes a wooden bridge enabling an overview over all treatment basins.

131 AUTUMN

WINTER

132 SPRING

SUMMER

[F5.40] The northern pedestrian bridge allows people walking along the treatment site to enter the second treatment basin, giving them a view of the river and the energy building.

133 AUTUMN

WINTER

134 SPRING

SUMMER

[F5.41] For full experience pedestrians can enter the two of three treatment basins, giving them the chance to walk between the plants of the biofi lter.

135 AUTUMN

WINTER

136 SPRING

SUMMER

[F5.42] Sitti ng (on gabion steps) or walking along the river (on the pedestrian path) gives the opportunity to take in the view from along the treatment site, experiencing the height diff erences.

137 AUTUMN

WINTER

138 Technical design Paths This paragraph gives some technical informati on, The technical details of the paths described in like measurements and used materials [F5.43]. the fi rst paragraph can be found here [F5.44]- [F5.49].

ground level 15 cm 45 cm 30 cm

path loam: 350 cm concrete: 15 cm loam: 320 cm concrete: 15 cm A A’

[F5.44] Secti on of the pedestrian and cycling path, of loam.

4 cm ground level 8 cm20 cm 8 cm20 8 cm 20 cm 62 cm 62 cm 30 cm 30 cm

path wood: 350 cm wearer: 40 cm wood: 250 cm wearer: 40 cm B 10 cm 10 cm B’ 22 cm 22 cm 3 cm 3 cm

[F5.45] Secti on of the pedestrian and cycling path, of wood without railings.

139 E’

E

F

F’ H’ C’ C

G’ G B’ H B

A’ A D’ D

[F5.43] Detailed map of the area around the energy building.

140 100 cm

ground level 4 cm 8 cm 494 cm 292 cm 40 cm 20 cm 30 cm

path wood: 350 cm pole: 7 cm pole: 7 cm

rail: 3 cm rail: 3 cm C C’ 10 cm

[F5.46] Secti on of the pedestrian and cycling path, of wood with railings.

141 ground level 10 cm 30 cm 20 cm

path loam: 250 cm concrete: 15 cm loam: 220 cm concrete: 15 cm D concrete wall: 20 cm D’

[F5.47] Secti on of the pedestrian path, of loam.

142 ground level 3 cm 6 cm 44 cm 143 cm 30 cm 20 cm 40 cm

path wood: 150 cm wearer: 20 cm wood: 100 cm wearer: 20 cm E 5 cm 5 cm E’ 18 cm 2 cm

[F5.48] Secti on of the pedestrian path, of wood without railings.

143 100 cm

ground level 313 cm 213 cm

path wood: 150 cm pole: 7 cm pole: 7 cm F rail: 3 cm rail: 3 cm F’ 10 cm

[F5.49] Secti on of the pedestrian path, of wood with railings.

144 Around the third basin Some technical details regarding the river, the energy building, and some features located around the third basin can be found here.

River The river has cascading gabions on one side, inspired by the Cypriot terraced landscape. The other side is more natural [F5.50]. 150 cm 390 cm 150 cm 40 cm 20 cm 30 cm

gabions: 150 cm river: 450 cm concrete: 15 cm G gabion: 50 cm gabion: 50 cm gabion: 50 cm riverbed: 296 cm

[F5.50] Secti on showing the relati onship between the river and the third treatment basin.

145 ground level

river: 450 cm riverbed: 296 cm slope: 154 cm basin border concrete: 50 cm G’

146 250 cm 50 cm 690 cm 300 cm 60 cm 30 cm

‘square’: 700 cm path loam: 220 cm H concrete: 15 cm concrete: 15 cm trimmed grass: 450 cm

[F5.51] Secti on showing the relati onship between the energy building and the third treatment basin.

147 Building At the end of the third treatment basin the energy building is positi oned, with the opportunity for seati ng in front of it[F5.51] .

ground level

‘square’: 700 cm basin border concrete: 50 cm gravel with drainpipes: 100 cm trimmed grass: 450 cm concrete: 10 cm H’

148 500 cm 250 cm 33 cm 5 cm

seati ng wood: 300 cm tree crown: 500 cm

[F5.52] Detail of the round benches in front of the energy building.

149 Some features The seati ng in front of the energy building [F5.52], and a cluster of fence, lighti ng and bin is shared here [F5.53]. 48 cm 229 cm 80 cm 3 cm

bin metal: 40 cm lighti ng pole metal: 10 cm 6 cm 6 cm [F5.53] Detail of the clustering of fence, lighti ng and bin.

150 5.4 Limassol Network

In chapter 5.1 it became clear that Litt le Garyllis Performing Park should be part of a larger network of walking and cycling paths. In this chapter the western part of this larger Limassol Network is discussed.

Connecti ng pearls The someti mes neglected pearls in and around Limassol, menti oned in chapter 3.5, will get more att enti on with the Limassol Network connecti ng them with pedestrian and cycling routes [F5.54]. The inhabitants and visitors of Limassol can experience Limassol and its close surroundings whilst walking and cycling. A great opportunity for sightseeing, especially for the tourists of the cruise ships entering the port of Limassol or of other boats in the Old Harbour (which are two of the pearls connected).

Type of route The network will consist of four diff erent types of routes. A pedestrian route in the Old City Centre and of course in Litt le Garyllis Performing Park [F5.55], and three types of cycling routes connecti ng the more scenical pearls [F5.56]- [F5.58].

[F5.54] Four types of routes connecti ng the pearls.

151 [F5.55] Pedestrian route in the old city centre, for example guided by coloured paving stone.

[F5.56] Cycling route with fast traffi c, for example guided by coloured poles.

[F5.57] Cycling route alongside fast traffi c, for example guided by coloured border.

[F5.58] Solo cycling route, for example guided by coloured signs on trees.

152 Slopes and distances In Cyprus they are not very used to cycling yet. To ensure that people know what they may expect, routes can be planned with informati on on the elevati ons and distances [F5.59].

[F5.59] Variety of slopes and distances to choose.

153 New pearls Besides connecti ng existi ng pearls, there are also opportuniti es for new pearls to develop along the Limassol Network [F5.60]. In chapter 5.2 it becomes clear that the digester located in the Litt le Garyllis watershed will only process 27% of the watershed’s urban organic waste. The remaining 73% of the waste can be digested on a diff erent locati on on the edge of the city: an urban organic waste farm.

When using an anaerobic digester, this new pearl could produce biogas for 150.14 MWh of electricity or 45,040.75 kg green gas from the remaining 73% of the watershed’s urban organic waste. When also the organic waste of the rest of the households of Greater Limassol would be processed 10.16 GWh electricity or 934,855.30 kg green gas could be produced in total (Appendix 5c-III).

The park could of course use extra electricity from this urban organic waste farm, as the show digester cannot produce enough for all the lighti ng and electric vehicles. But another great consumer for the produced electricity of green gas would be cars. The car-loving Cypriots could easily drive electric or on green gas on this (small) island, saving them 50% or more of the costs (driving electric) than when using petrol (Appendix 5c-III).

[F5.60] Locati ons with opportuniti es for new pearls, for example an energy farm.

154 155 156 157 6.1 Discussion and conclusion

By discussing the results and giving the final conclusion this thesis will come to an end.

Results slight upper hand over appearance. In chapter The findings of this design research are the 1.2 it is stated that there should be a joint effort answer to the main research question, as stated between function and appearance, and none in chapter 2.3: should prevail when designing a performing urban landscape. But, the processes should function for them to be experienced. When What are the characteristics of designing a dealing with gravity and limitated space, in the performing urban landscape that: case of Limassol, not a lot of functional options were possible. Therefore, the functionality in 1. plays a strengthening role in the general should be correct before looking at the cooperation of the stormwater re-use aesthetics. and urban organic waste to energy processes to close city cycles, The aim of the toolboxes was that it would be more replicable for other cities with and similar problems, but were not successful for design purposes. The more fortunate design 2. is simultaneously a medium for explorations are not as re-usable copy-paste, creating environmental awareness? but do give interesting results that can be used when designing a performing urban park for other urban areas. The final design of Little To find an answer toolboxes (as a result of Garyllis Performing Park, shared in Part 5, is an ‘research for design’) were primarily developed example of how a not yet existing performing to design with (after sieving). This rather linear urban park would function and look like. way of designing turned out to be insufficient. This first sieve was unfruitful and designing with Relevance it impossible, although some interesting results The knowledge gap described in chapter 2.1, were found. The most pronounced findings discusses the only three attempts to design where that: 1) not all design options where with the concept of urban metabolism. They are designable, and 2) there should be a common all very technical though, including buildings, consumer. transportation and energy systems. None of these attempts used green infrastructure as Although the first sieving was not that fruitful a means to change the metabolism. It seems for design purposes, it was the way that needed urban metabolism is seen as a technical topic, as to be walked to come to the second round of mainly students of technical disciplines engage sieving. Learning once again that the design in it. But, it seems that landscape architects are process just is not linear, but iterative. For this able to play a significant role in changing the second sieving the urban park was chosen as urban metabolism, especially when landscape is the main consumer for the product of both also used for creating environmental awareness. processes, and design explorations helped to place and globally scale all designable features, Limitations and make everything aesthetically appealing for Every research has its limitations, and this the experience in the park. Two major findings design research certainly has some as well. were done: 1) there was an order in placing and globally scaling and shaping of the designable The first limitation discussed here is, is the use features, and 2) function did slightly have a of the toolboxes. Although the results of the first upper hand over appearance. In the case of sieve could be used during the second sieve, Limassol (Cyprus), the placing and globally the toolboxes used up a lot of precious time. scaling and shaping had the hierarchy of: first Especially, in coming up with an alternative to water, then waste to energy, and finally the be able to design anyway. Furthermore what designable features of urban parks. The slope was seen as the most extensive scale level in the on which Limassol is positioned had a role in toolboxes, watershed level, is actually not that this, and making use of the natural flow of the extensive. When designing a sustainable city, stormwater towards the sea. This also explains one watershed will not do the trick. However, the second point a little of function having a a beginning was made with the Little Garyllis 158 watershed, creating a setting people can get Final words used to. The amount of people living in cities will almost double between now and 2050. It is of utmost The third limitation involves the way the importance to make urban areas and the people analyses were conducted. The analyses were living in them more sustainable. In this thesis initially executed to sieve the toolboxes. During the increasing role of the landscape architect the use of the analyses in the design exploration in urban design has been outlined. Is the tide some were found insufficient. The stay in Cyprus turning, will landscape architects be the most would have been organised differently knowing important players in designing cities? One thing design explorations would be necessary to should be clear by now: when a performing come up with a design, and maybe a second urban landscape needs to be designed, visit would have been wise. Also, the original the interdisciplinary landscape architect is idea was to sieve the toolboxes for both the indispensable. cities Limassol as Nicosia, to be able to compare the results. In the end, this was labour intensive and a lot of analyses conducted for Nicosia were left unused. The time and effort spend on Nicosia could have been spent on the analyses of Limassol, or on the design. Further identified limitations in the analyses were, for example, the chance the questionnaires and interviews were biased through the use of snowballing and probably because of social desirability. Also, the interviews were not really structured, and therefore hard to compare. Furthermore, residents should have played a larger role in the analyses, for example during the SWOT. Now the SWOT is based on the opinion of the researchers, but to ensure acceptance it would have been better to consult the residents for their opinions. They are the ones that should use the park, and therefore be content with the design.

The last limitation shared here is the one of ‘success’. The Little Garyllis Performing Park should both close city cycles and therefore make a start in changing the metabolism, as well as create environmental awareness. The changed metabolism’s, in this case the cooperation of two processes, success rate can be calculated according to the design on paper. With a unexecuted design its success can still be determined. This is not the case for documenting the effects on people’s environmental awareness. It does not seem possible to estimate the impact on environmental awareness with only a design on paper.

Recommendations for further research Surely a lot more research needs to be done in creating a circular metabolism, and especially in how the landscape can be a medium for creating environmental awareness. It would be very interesting if a city would develop and create a performing urban landscape, and a longitudinal ‘research on design’ could be conducted. This seems the only way the ‘landscape as medium’ part can be assessed.

159 160 List of figures

[F1.2]* • Adapted from Meijer et al., 2011

[F1.5]* • Adapted from Van Ruijven, 2010

[F3.2]* • Adapted from Peel, Finlayson & McMahou, 2007

[F3.4]* • Adapted from WDD, n.d. a

[F3.6]* • Adapted from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/gsd/gsd.nsf/ All/43CA34467BC412EAC2256FB3003528 7E/$file/GeologicalMapOfCyprus_250k_ en.jpg?OpenElement • Adapted from Hadjioaraskevas, 2005

[F3.7]* • Derived from http://clyde1998.deviantart.com/art/Cyprus-2012-The-Coast-and-Kyrenia- Mountains -310652831

[F3.10]* • Derived from http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/52874808.jpg

[F3.12]* • Adapted from http://www.cyprusgeology.org/english/images/2_F12.htm

[F3.18]* • Derived from http://www.picstopin.com/2093/pinus-nigra-j-f-arnold-subsp-pallasiana- lamb-holmboe-dipartimento-di-/http:%7C%7 Cdbiodbs*univ*trieste*it%7Cquint%7Ccarso %7Cfoto%7C TSB62422*jpg/ • Derived from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juniperus_foetidissima,_ Alada%C4%9Flar_Mountains_1.jpg • Derived from http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B- B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80% D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5 • Derived from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/fd/fd.nsf/ All/88FD99B0E2B20D9FC22577A700351C18 ?OpenDocument • Derived from http://floramostara.se/GOLOSJEMENJACE/EPHEDRACEAE/Ephedra%20 fragilis%20Desf.%20ssp.%20campylopoda%20(C.%20A.%20Mayer)%20Asch.%20et%20Graeb. html • Derived from http://naturalezanaturalmente.blogspot.nl/2010/08/osyris-alba-l-santalaceae. html • Derived from http://www.natureofcyprus.org/detailinfo.aspx?cid=5&recid=205&rowid=51& • rowcount=1&pageindex=10&pagesize=5 • Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/2645774 • Derived from http://sagebud.com/syrian-mesquite-prosopis-farcta/ • Derived from http://www.teline.fr/eng/Photographs/All-Families/Rhamnaceae/Ziziphus-lotus • Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/55013220\ • Derived from http://www.west-crete.com/dailypics/crete-2010/4-25-10.php • Derived from http://geordstoree.com/photos/trees-hedgerows-foliage/ • Derived from http://www.visoflora.com/photos-nature/photo-mon-figuier-ficus-carica.html • Derived from http://www.wellgrowhorti.com/Page/LandscapePlants/ShrubImageList/ Shrub%20Images%20N.htm • Derived from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phragmites_australis-2009_09_09_01. JPG • Derived from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorium_spinosum • Derived from http://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id179640/ • Derived from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarisken • Derived from http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=thread&t=1329 • Derived from http://www.visoflora.com/photos-nature/photo-obione-faux-pourpier-1- halimione-po.html • Derived from http://www.teline.fr/eng/Photographs/All-Families// Arthrocnemum-macrostachyum • Derived from http://www.riomoros.com/2012/11/la-bufalaga-thymelaea-hirsuta.html • Derived from http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocnemum_strobilaceum

161 [F3.19]* • Adapted from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/wdd.nsf/all/ BC9D5276341051AFC2257987002F1BDE/$file/Ekthesi_prosdiorismou.pdf?openelement

[F3.20]* • Adapted from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/wdd.nsf/all/ BC9D5276341051AFC2257987002F1BDE/$file/Ekthesi_prosdiorismou.pdf?openelement

[F3.21]* • Derived from http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/newcaledonia/image/1643_34.jpg

[F3.29]* • Derived from http://www.cybarco.com/uploads/images/3t3n6.jpg

[F3.31]* • Adapted from WDD, 2002

[F3.34]* • Derived from http://arid.chemeng.ntua.gr/Project/Uploads/CyprusConf/Closing_Session/PDF/ Iacovides_I.-The_Cyprus_experience_in_planning_water_resources_management-Past_and_ future.pdf

[F3.43]* • Derived from http://www.greendot.com.cy/cmslikethis/uploadedContent/downloadsFiles/ InformativeBooklet(Limassol)1304600004.pdf

[F3.64]* • Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/52928420 • Derived from http://kibrisdogusinsaat.com/tr/dogus-insaat-neden-guzelyurt- • Derived from http://cyprusbirdingtours.com/birdwatching-in-cyprus/passage-migrants/ • Derived from http://andydyke.wordpress.com/2010/01/09/a-few-days-away/ • Derived from http://www.aloizou.com.cy/newsletter/Issue57July2014.htm • Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/user/2115910?with_photo_id=23760330 • Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/67502702

[F3.80]* • Derived from Limassol Municipality, n.d. b

[F4.1]* • Adapted from Bratieres et al., 2008

[F4.3]* • Derived from De urbanisten, n.d.

[F4.5]* • Adapted from Swillgasser, n.d.

[F4.7]* • Adapted from http://www.fibronot.nl/images/opbrengstschema-biogas.jpg

[F4.13]* • Adapted from Van de Wetering, 2007

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172 173 APPENDICES

174 Content

In the text references to a certain appendix are given as: Appendix 2e-I. The first number tells to which part the appendix belongs, the following letter shares the category, and the roman number on the end tells which appendix it is within the category.

Part 1 177 c Calculations I Calculations chapter 1.3 179

Part 2 183 e Extra information I Methods, techniques and tactics 185

Part 3 191 c Calculations I Calculations chapter 3.3 193 II Calculations chapter 3.5 196 III Calculations chapter 3.8 197 e Extra information I Suitability study 206 II SWOT analysis 211 i Interviews I Characteristics 221 II Transcript Andreou 222 II Transcript Constandinides 223 IV Transcript Francis 226 V Transcript GreenDot 229 VI Transcript Hadjipanagi 233 VII Transcript Hellicar 236 VIII Transcript Kordatos 238 IX Transcript Nicolaidou 240 X Transcript Panayiotou 241 XI Transcript Sergides 242 XII Transcript TerraCypria 244 XIII Transcript The Cyprus Institute 246 XIV Transcript Theopemptou 247 XV Codebook 254 XVI Results per category 258 q Questionnaire I Characteristics 272 II Single results 277 III Cross results 283 s Statistics I Cyprus 293 II The Netherlands 305

Part 4 307 c Calculations I Calculations chapter 4.4 309 e Extra information I Design explorations Little Garyllis scale level 310 175 II Design explorations Four Fanaria scale level 313

i Interviews I Transcript Achterkamp 316 177

179 Part 5 319 c Calculations I Calculations chapter 5.2 321 183 II Calculations chapter 5.3 322 III Calculations chapter 5.4 324 185 e Extra information I Slope types 326 191 II Vegetation list 327

193 196 197

206 211

221 222 223 226 229 233 236 238 240 241 242 244 246 247 254 258

272 277 283

293 305

307

309

310 176 177 PART 1

178 c Calculations

I Calculations chapter 1.3

1. Percentage organic waste in the Netherlands 2. The different amounts of maintenance output of vegetation

Percentage1. Porganicercentage waste organicof municipal waste waste in in the the Netherlands Netherlands

Amount of organic waste in kg = 2,706,000,000 (1) = 30% Amount of waste in kg 9,043,000,000 (2)

(1) = (Platform Groene Grondstoffen, 2007; CBS, 2013a) (2) = (CBS, 2013a)

2. The different amounts of maintenance output of vegetation The different amounts of maintenance output of vegetation

kg dry Type of kg / ha / kg / m2 / % dry matter Citations / Calculations matter / ha / vegetation year year year Wood (1) (2) between (2, p.23) "Tolkamp et al. (2006) geven een 3,889 between between 0.67 35% and 58% variatie aan voor de bossen van 6,705 and and 1.65 Staatsbosbeheer van de bijgroei van 16,506 spilhout van gemiddeld 3,2 tot 9,6 m3/ha/jaar, met een gemiddelde van 7,5 m3/ha/jaar. De gemiddelde bijgroei van spilhout voro het totale Nederlandse bos bedraagt volgens de houtoogststatistiek (Dirkse, 2006) ca. 8 m3/ha/jaar, maar daarin zijn een aantal minder productieve bosvormen niet opgenomen. Als we uitgaan van deze gemiddelde bijgroei van spilhout van 7,5 m3/ha/jaar (waarbij Staatsboshebeer als representatief voor het Nederlandse bos (incl. areaaltoename tot 2020) bijna 2,7 miljoen m3 spilhout per jaar. Een m3 hout bevat gemiddeld 0,52 ton ds (droge stof) biomassa, zodat de biomassabijgroei ca. 1,4 miljoen ton ds spilhout per jaar bedraagt." (Calculation: 1,400,000 * 7.5 / 2,700,000 = 3,889)

(2, p.23) "De productie van hout uit 4,183 landschapselementen (spilhout en tak- en tophout) wordt geschat op 8 m2/ha/jaar (bijgroeigegevens Staatsbosbeheer naar Tolkamp et al, 2004). De totale productie bedraagt daarmee ca. 76.500 m3/jaar, ofwel ca. 40.000 ton ds biomassa per jaar." (Calculation: 40.000 * 8 / 76.500 = 4.183)

(3) (Calculation: 121433000 (98.075 ton 5,250 179 ds spilhout + 23.358 ton ds takhout) / 23131 (ha bos met een oppervlakte van kleiner dan 0,5 ha) = 5250)

(3) (Calculation: 17996000 (9.906 ton ds 5,777 spilhout + 8.090 ton ds hakhout en struiken) / 3115 (ha houtwal) = 5777) The different amounts of maintenance output of vegetation

kg dry Type of kg / ha / kg / m2 / % dry matter Citations / Calculations matter / ha / vegetation year year year Wood (1) (2) between (2, p.23) "Tolkamp et al. (2006) geven een 3,889 between between 0.67 35% and 58% variatie aan voor de bossen van 6,705 and and 1.65 Staatsbosbeheer van de bijgroei van 16,506 spilhout van gemiddeld 3,2 tot 9,6 m3/ha/jaar, met een gemiddelde van 7,5 m3/ha/jaar. De gemiddelde bijgroei van spilhout voro het totale Nederlandse bos bedraagt volgens de houtoogststatistiek (Dirkse, 2006) ca. 8 m3/ha/jaar, maar daarin zijn een aantal minder productieve bosvormen niet opgenomen. Als we uitgaan van deze gemiddelde bijgroei van spilhout van 7,5 m3/ha/jaar (waarbij Staatsboshebeer als representatief voor het Nederlandse bos (incl. areaaltoename tot 2020) bijna 2,7 miljoen m3 spilhout per jaar. Een m3 hout bevat gemiddeld 0,52 ton ds (droge stof) biomassa, zodat de biomassabijgroei ca. 1,4 miljoen ton ds spilhout per jaar bedraagt." (Calculation: 1,400,000 * 7.5 / 2,700,000 = 3,889)

(2, p.23) "De productie van hout uit 4,183 landschapselementen (spilhout en tak- en tophout) wordt geschat op 8 m2/ha/jaar (bijgroeigegevens Staatsbosbeheer naar Tolkamp et al, 2004). De totale productie bedraagt daarmee ca. 76.500 m3/jaar, ofwel ca. 40.000 ton ds biomassa per jaar." (Calculation: 40.000 * 8 / 76.500 = 4.183)

(3) (Calculation: 121433000 (98.075 ton 5,250 ds spilhout + 23.358 ton ds takhout) / 23131 (ha bos met een oppervlakte van kleiner dan 0,5 ha) = 5250)

(3) (Calculation: 17996000 (9.906 ton ds 5,777 spilhout + 8.090 ton ds hakhout en struiken) / 3115 (ha houtwal) = 5777)

Grass (5) (6) (1, p.14) "De spreiding van biomassa van between between between 0.25 between 20% graslanden met een natuurdoelstelling 1,000 and 2,500 and and 4 and 40% varieert hier van 1-5 ton droge stof per 8,000 40,000 hectare. Dit wordt ondermeer bevestigd door Vermeer (1985) en het begrazingsmodel van Lotz en Poortier (1983) gepubliceerd in Beije et al. (1994). De jaarlijkse opbrengst van maaisel van natuurlijk beheerde graslanden en bermen wordt geschat op resp. 2 en 5 ton droge stof per ha per jaar in Kuiper en Caron (2003). Uit uitgebreid Vlaams onderzoek (Anonimus, 1998) blijkt dat de biomassaproductie van grassen in bermen varieert tussen de 3 en 8 ton droge stof per ha (zie tabel 3)."

(2, p.29) "Waneer wordt gestopt met between bemesting en er een beheer van maaien 1,000 and en afvoeren wordt toegepast, daalt die 5,200 productie en kan afnemen tot 1 tot 5 ton ds per ha per jaar (verschillende bronnen in Tolkamp et al, 2006), afhankelijk van het bodemtype. De totale en gemiddelde productie van de graslanden is door Tolkamp et al. berekend op 5,2 ton ds biomassa per ha per jaar."

Reed (4) can be (1, p.14) "Afhankelijk van het toegepaste between between between 1.43 35%, but not beheer (plantdichtheid, nat of droof 5,500 and 14,286 and and 7.14 stated as branden), aantastingen door insecten en 17,500 71,429 ‘truth’ de uitputting van nutriënten bedraagt de bovengrondse biomassaproductie 5.5 - 17.5 ton/ha/jr (Van der Toorn, 1982; Mook, 1982). Echter volgens de meeste onderzoekers op het gebied van riet is het onwaarschijnlijk dat de oogstbare hoeveelheid aan biomassa beduidend hoger zal liggen dan 10 ton ds/ha/jaar (NRLO, 1982)."

(2, p.28) "Het productieniveau van riet van 6,600 productierietland wordt geschat op 6,6 ton ds biomassa per ha per jaar (gegevens Tolkamp et al, 2006)."

180 (4, p.18) "Grandiek et al (2007) en De Blaeij between en Reinhard (2008) gaan uit van een 5,000 and opbrengst van 25 ton droge stof per ha 25,000 per jaar, wat nogal hoog is vergeleken met buitenlandse bronnen: Hansson en Fredriksson (2004) gaan uit van 10 ton droge stof per ha, en ook andere buitenlandse bronnen noemen opbrengsten in een range van 10 tot 15 ton. Ook Van Herk en Koning (2009) noemen opbrengsten van 5 tot 15 ton droge stof per hectare."

Heather No data (1, p.24) "De gemiddelde jaarlijkse between between between 0.13 found, drogestof opbrengst van heide binnen de 2,600 and 1,250 and and 2.25 estimation of doeltypen varieert van 2.6 ton 9,000 22,500 40% is used (ds/ha/jaar) voor heide in duinvalleien tot (heather is 9 ton voor het doeltype “Open water dry plant) multifunctioneel”."

(2, p.31) "De jaarlijkse productie van een between 500 hectare heide is sterk afhankelijk van het and 5,000 stadium waarin de heide zich bevindt. De bovengrondse bijgroei van biomassa bedraagt, afhankelijk van de bodem en het ontwikkelingsstadium van de heide 0,5 - 5 ton ds biomassa per jaar. Tolkamp et al (2006) schatten de biomassaproductie op gemiddeld 2,15 ton ds biomassa per ha per jaar op basis van Diemont (1997)."

(3, p.72) "Op basis van de aanname dat 3,2 50% heide is vergraste en 50% niet is vergraste velden gaat met een gemiddelde droge-stof-opbrengst van 3,2 ton ds/ha/jaar."

(1) = (Tolkamp et al., 2006) (2) = (Spijker et al., 2007) (3) = (De Vries et al., 2008) (4) = (Daatselaar, Hoogendam & Poppe, 2009) (5) = (Klein Teeselink, n.d.) (6) = (Anonymous, n.d.)

181 182 183 PART 2

184 e Extra information

I Methods, techniques and tactics

Sub research question Strategy Method, techniques and tactic

What are the cooperation potentials Qualitative LITERATURE STUDY for the stormwater re-use and urban Collection techniques: organic waste to energy processes? articles, scientific books, researches, websites Collection tactics: scientific databases, Google Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts, making literature tree Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker Qualitative Reference study: LITERATURE STUDY Collection techniques: websites Collection tactics: Google Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts, making literature tree Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker Qualitative Reference study: FIELDWORK Collection techniques: satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site Collection tactics: Google Earth, senses and camera Analysis techniques: matrix comparing design features in Dutch cities with the cities of interest Analysis tactics: paper and pens Qualitative Reference study: INTERVIEW Collection techniques: open-ended, unstructured Collection tactics: in person: notes, email: text (tables) Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker What design options can be Qualitative LITERATURE STUDY distinguished for every step in the Collection techniques: stormwater re-use process? articles, scientific books, researches, websites Collection tactics: scientific databases, Google Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts, making literature tree Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker

185 Qualitative Reference study: LITERATURE STUDY Collection techniques: websites Collection tactics: Google Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts, making literature tree Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker Qualitative Reference study: FIELDWORK Collection techniques: satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site Collection tactics: Google Earth, senses and camera Analysis techniques: matrix comparing design features in Dutch cities with the cities of interest Analysis tactics: paper and pens

What design options can be Qualitative LITERATURE STUDY distinguished for every step in the Collection techniques: urban organic waste to energy articles, scientific books, researches, websites process? Collection tactics: scientific databases, Google Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts, making literature tree Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker Qualitative Reference study: LITERATURE STUDY Collection techniques: websites Collection tactics: Google Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts, making literature tree Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker Qualitative Reference study: FIELDWORK Collection techniques: satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site Collection tactics: Google Earth, senses and camera Analysis techniques: matrix comparing design features in Dutch cities with the cities of interest Analysis tactics: paper and pens Qualitative Reference study: INTERVIEW Collection techniques: open-ended, unstructured Collection tactics: in person: notes, email: text (tables) Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker

186 How can these design options per Qualitative Landscape and urban analysis: LITERATURE STUDY process step be applied in the design Collection techniques: of a performing urban landscape`in articles, books, researches, websites Limassol? Collection tactics: scientific databases, Google, contact persons Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts, making literature tree Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker Qualitative Landscape and urban analysis: MAP STUDY Collection techniques: websites, hardcopy Collection tactics: Google (Earth), contact persons Analysis techniques: listing and visualising relations (using integrated model of Duchhart) Analysis tactics: paper and pens, computer program: Illustrator Qualitative Landscape and urban analysis: FIELDWORK Collection techniques: satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site Collection tactics: Google Earth, senses and camera Analysis techniques: matrix comparing found data from literature and maps with reality (getting feeling for the island) Analysis tactics: paper and pens Quantitative Landscape and urban analysis: STATISTICAL STUDY Collection techniques: articles, websites, hardcopy Collection tactics: scientific databases, statistical databases, contact persons Analysis techniques: calculating needed information Analysis tactics: paper and pens, computer program: Excel Qualitative Landscape and urban analysis: INTERVIEWS Collection techniques: open-ended, unstructured Collection tactics: in person: notes or recorded, email: text (maps, tables) Analysis techniques: coding transcripts Analysis tactics: computer program: Word (digital marking) Quantitative Landscape and urban analysis: QUESTIONNAIRES (only urban) Collection techniques: Closed, structured (in English and Greek) Collection tactics: Online (Qualtrics) via snowballing Analysis techniques: single results and cross tables Analysis tactics: Computer program: SPSS

187 Qualitative Suitability study: LITERATURE STUDY Collection techniques: articles Collection tactics: scientific databases, contact persons Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts, making literature tree Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker Qualitative Suitability study: MAP STUDY Collection techniques: already collected Collection tactics: already collected Analysis techniques: listing and visualising relations Analysis tactics: paper and pens, computer program: Illustrator Qualitative Watershed analysis: LITERATURE STUDY Collection techniques: articles, websites Collection tactics: Google Analysis techniques: skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable parts, making literature tree Analysis tactics: hardcopy versions and marker Qualitative Watershed analysis: MAP STUDY Collection techniques: already collected Collection tactics: already collected Analysis techniques: listing and visualising relations Analysis tactics: paper and pens, computer program: Illustrator Qualitative Watershed analysis: FIELDWORK Collection techniques: satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site Collection tactics: Google Earth, senses and camera Analysis techniques: matrix comparing found data from literature and maps with reality (getting feeling for the watershed) Analysis tactics: paper and pens Qualitative Watershed analysis: REFERENCE STUDY Collection techniques: website Collection tactics: Google Analysis techniques: reality check, matrix with (un)usable design features Analysis tactics: paper and pens

188 Quantitative Watershed analysis: STATISTICAL STUDY Collection techniques: articles, websites, hardcopy Collection tactics: statistical databases, contact persons Analysis techniques: calculating needed information Analysis tactics: paper and pens, computer program: Excel Qualitative Watershed analysis: INTERVIEWS Collection techniques: open-ended, unstructured Collection tactics: in person: notes or recorded, email: text (maps, tables) Analysis techniques: coding transcripts Analysis tactics: computer program: Word (digital marking) Qualitative SWOT analysis: FIELDWORK Collection techniques: satellite images, notes observations and taking pictures on site Collection tactics: Google Earth, paper and pens, senses and camera Analysis techniques: listing and visualising relations Analysis tactics: computer program: Illustrator Qualitative Form analysis: FIELDWORK Collection techniques: satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site Collection tactics: Google Earth, paper and pens, senses and camera Analysis techniques: listing and visualising shapes Analysis tactics: paper and pens

189 190 191 PART 3

192 c Calculations

I Calculations chapter 3.3

1. Water use per inhabitant 2. Water price per m3 3. The stormwater potential Cyprus 4. Electricity use per inhabitant 5. Electricity price per kWh 6. The organic waste potential Cyprus

Water use1. perWater inhabitant use per inhabitant

The Netherlands 2003 2007 2011 Total water use households in m3 (1) 815,400,000 789,400,000 783,000,000 Number of inhabitants (2) 16,192,572 16,357,992 16,655,799 Water use in m3 / person / year 50.36 48.26 47.01 Water use in L / person / day 138 132 129

Cyprus 2003 2007 2011 Total water use households in m3 (3) 65,800,000 73,900,000 80,600,000 Number of inhabitants (3) 722,900 776,400 862,000 Water use in m3 / person / year 91.02 95.18 93.50 Water use in L / person / day 249 261 256

(1) = (CBS, 2013b) (2) = (CBS, 2013c) (3) = (Appendix 3s-I)

Water price2. Water per m3 price per m3

The Netherlands 2003 2007 2011 Amount of water in m3 (1) 138 81 54 Total costs in € (1) 173.35 100.11 66.60 Price in € / m3 1.26 1.24 1.23

Cyprus 2003 2007 2011 Variable costs in € / m3 (2) 0.17-0.31 0.19-0.34 0.48-0.77 Price in € / m3 0.24 0.27 0.62

(1) = (Appendix 3s-II) (2) = (Appendix 3s-I)

193 The stormwater3. The spotentialtormwater Cyprus potential Cyprus

m3 Amount of stormwater lost to the sea in m3 48,000,000 Amount of water used by households for irrigating garden (= 14%) (1) (2) 9,212,000 Amount of water used by households for cleaning outdoor (= 9%) (1) (2) 5,922,000 Amount of water used by households for flushing the toilet (=28%) (1) (2) 18,424,000 Stormwater excess 14,442,000

(1) = (WDD, 2002) (2) = (Appendix 3s-I)

Electricity4. use Electricity per inhabitant use per inhabitant

The Netherlands 2003 2007 2011 Total electricity use households in kWh (1) 23,300,000,000 24,261,000,000 23,628,000,000 Number of inhabitants (2) 16,192,572 16,357,992 16,655,799 Electricity use in kWh / person / year 1,438.9 1,483.1 1,418.6 Electricity use in kWh / person / day 3.9 4.1 3.9

Cyprus 2003 2007 2011 Total electricity use households in kWh (3) 1,295,000,000 1,608,000,000 1,723,000,000 Number of inhabitants (4) 722,900 776,400 862,000 Electricity use in kWh / person / year 1,791.4 2,071.1 1,998.8 Electricity use in kWh / person / day 4.9 5.7 5.5

(1) = (CBS, 2013d) (2) = (CBS, 2013c) (3) = (IEA, n.d. a; IEA, n.d. b; IEA, n.d. c) (4) = (Appendix 3s-I)

Electricity5. price Electricity per kWh price per kWh

The Netherlands 2003 2007 2011 Costs in € / kWh first period (1) 0.1758 0.2180 0.1740 Costs in € / kWh second period (1) 0.1781 : 0.1838 Price in € / kWh 0.18 0.22 0.17

Cyprus 2003 2007 2011 Costs in € / kWh first period (2) 0.1052 0.1376 0.2050 Costs in € / kWh second period (2) 0.1098 0.1339 0.2413 Price in € / kWh 0.11 0.14 0.22

(1) = (Appendix 3s-II) (2) = (Appendix 3s-I)

194 The organic6. The waste organic potential was Cypruste potential Cyprus

Total amount of municipal waste (2007) 512,190,000 Amount of organic waste (2007) in kg (1) 221,310,000 = 43% Electricity yield in kWh (2) 44,262,000

CO2 emissions in grams / fossil fuel kWh (3) 893 CO2 emissions in grams / biomass kWh (4) 47

Fossil fuel Biomass CO2 emissions 44,620,000 kWh in kg 39,525,966 2,080,314 CO2 emissions saved in kg 37,445,652

in kg Total amount of municipal waste (2007) 512,190,000 Amount of organic municipal waste from food residues (39%) 199,754,100 Amount of organic municipal waste from yard trimmings (14%) 71,706,600 = 53% Total amount of organic municipal waste 271,460,700

(1) = (Appendix 3s-I) (2) = infobox 1.2 (3) = (Fridleifsson et al., 2008) (4) = It is often said that biomass energy production is carbon-neutral, but this does not seem correct (Perry, Klmes & Bulatov, 2008). In The UK carbon footprints of biomass energy production are found. These depends on the type of biomass used: “5 gCO2/kWh for high-density wood gasification to 93 gCO2/kWh for combustion of low- density miscantus” (Perry, Klemes & Bulatov, 2008, p.1491). Because organic waste is composed from different types of biomass, the average is taken (of the found 5 and 93) of 47 grams of CO2 carbon footprint for biomass energy production.

195 II Calculations chapter 3.5

Organic 1.household Organic waste household potential was Limassolte potential Limassol

2007 Amount of inhabitants Cyprus (1) 776,400 Amount of inhabitants Limassol (1) 180,000 = 22% Total amount of municipal organic waste in kg (1) 221,310,000 Amount of municipal organic waste Limassol in kg 48,688,200

2011 Amount of inhabitants Limassol (1) 180,000 Number of people in one household (1) 2.76 Number of households 65,217.4 Amount of organic waste / household / year (2) 780 Amount of organic waste Limassol in kg 50,869,565

Total amoung of organic waste Limassol in kg 50,000,000 Electricity yield in kWh (3) 10.000.000

(1) = (Appendix 3s-I) (2) = infobox 3.2 (15 kg per week is used for cities, instead of the 20 kg per week for rural areas) (3) = infobox 1.2

196 III Calculati ons chapter 3.8

1. Garyllis and Pedieos micro-watershed report Marinos Eliades, The Cyprus Insti tute 2. Litt le Garyllis watershed: recalculated runoff 3. Litt le Garyllis watershed: recalculated peak fl ow 4. Litt le Garyllis watershed: urban organic waste

1. Garyllis and Pedieos micro-watershed report Marinos Eliades, The Cyprus Insti tute

197 198 199 200 201 202 Little Garyllis2. Little watershed: Garyllis recalculated watershed: runoff recalculated runoff

Minimum runoff per month Month Precipitation in mm Runoff in mm Runoff in m3 January 9.4 4.64 4,977.78 February 12.1 3.52 3,776.25 March 0 0 0 April 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 June 0 0 0 July 0 0 0 August 0 0 0 September 0 0 0 October 0 0 0 November 0 0 0 December 8.4 2 2,145.60 TOTAL 29.9 10.16 10,899.63

Mean runoff per month Month Precipitation in mm Runoff in mm Runoff in m3 January 83.76 51.82 55,592.41 February 72.43 44.05 47,256.77 March 41.09 23.59 25,307.31 April 15.99 7.58 8,131.81 May 5.64 2.561 2,747.44 June 0.59 0.23 246.74 July 0.67 0.42 450.58 August 0 0 0 September 2.27 1.32 1,416.09 October 21.23 12.61 13,527.99 November 56.33 36.91 39,596.99 December 88.08 57.41 61,589.35 TOTAL 388.08 238.50 255,862.39

Maximum runoff per month Month Precipitation in mm Runoff in mm Runoff in m3 January 277.9 184.96 198,424.77 February 161 103.2 110,712.78 March 172.8 116.96 125,474.49 April 60.4 37.76 40,508.86 May 33.7 18.24 19,567.84 June 7.1 3.92 4,205.37 July 18.3 13.04 13,989.29 August 0 0 0 September 30.3 18.64 19,996.96 October 97.1 70.32 75,439.18 November 237.4 170.72 183,148.13 December 278.1 192.08 206,063.10 TOTAL 1374.10 929.84 997,530.77 Runoff in m3 Runoff in mm * surface of 1,072,798.3 / 1000

203 3. Little Garyllis watershed: recalculated peak flow

Little Garyllis watershed: recalculated peak flow

Amount of precipitation 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 in mm / day

2 - 9.9 34 27 30 33 24 21 26 24 38 18 12 23 14 10 - 17.9 5 13 3 9 9 10 8 8 8 5 5 13 9 18 - 25.9 4 7 4 3 4 2 2 3 7 3 2 3 0 26 - 33.9 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 5 2 0 1 6 1 34 - 41.9 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 42 - 49.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 50 - 57.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 58 - 65.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 - 73.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 - 81.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # of days 44 50 37 47 40 34 36 43 55 28 21 45 27

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

2 - 9.9 15 27 18 27 25 32 21 23 28 26 26 18 20 10 - 17.9 85767827877 11 6 18 - 25.9 1101422221554 26 - 33.9 0421000230001 34 - 41.9 0300011101030 42 - 49.9 0303000010000 50 - 57.9 1002000000100 58 - 65.9 0000000000000 66 - 73.9 0000000000000 74 - 81.9 0000000100000 # of days 25 43 27 40 36 43 26 36 42 35 39 37 31

Mean # of 06 07 08 09 2010 # of days days

2 - 9.9 23 16 15 18 16 718 23.16 10 - 17.9 5 10 3 11 3 226 7.29 18 - 25.9 0 4 1 5 0 84 2.71 26 - 33.9 0 2 0 1 1 38 1.23 34 - 41.9 1 1 1 2 0 22 0.71 42 - 49.9 0 0 0 2 0 14 0.45 50 - 57.9 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.16 58 - 65.9 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.03 66 - 73.9 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.03 74 - 81.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.03 # of days 29 33 20 39 22

204 Little Garyllis4. Little watershed: Garyllis watershed: urban organic urban waste organic waste

Households Estimate of acreage municipality Limassol in km 34 Amount of inhabitants municipality Limassol (1) 101,000 Estimate of acreage Little Garyllis in km 1.07 Amount of inhabitants Little Garyllis 3,179

Amount of inhabitants Little Garyllis 3,179 Number of people in one household (1) 2.76 Number of households 1152 Amount of organic waste / household / year (2) 780 Amount of household organic waste Little Garyllis in kg 897,413

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 89,741 Electricity yield in kWh (3) 179,482

Vegetation maintenance Estimate of acreage park in m2 89,285 Wood 25% (1.16 kg / m2) (4) 25,893 Grass 25% (2.13 kg /m2) (4) 47,544 Reed 25% (4.29 kg / m2) (4) 95,758 Heather 25% (1.19 kg / m2) (4) 26,562 Amount of vegetation output Little Garyllis Park 195,757

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 13,708 Electricity yield in kWh (3) 27,417

Empty plots Estimate of acreage empty plots in m2 43,750 Wood 25% (1.16 kg / m2) (4) 12,688 Grass 25% (2.13 kg /m2) (4) 23,297 Reed 25% (4.29 kg / m2) (4) 46,922 Heather 25% (1.19 kg / m2) (4) 13,016 Amount of vegetation output 95,922

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 6,717 Electricity yield in kWh (3) 13,434

(1) = (Appendix 3s-I) (2) = infobox 3.2 (15 kg per week is used for cities, instead of the 20 kg per week for rural areas) (3) = infobox 1.2 (4) = (Appendix 1c-I)

205 e Extra information

I Suitability study

SUITABILITY STUDY Table: suitability of steps in a certain urban landscape unit WATER

Harvesting Detention Treatment Retention

Urban Building density Low * *** *** *** Medium ** ** ** ** High *** * * * Vegetation Line ** ** * * Square *** *** *** *** Street *** ** ** ** Peri Agriculture * * * * Other *** *** *** *** Water Waterbed *** *** * * Waterbank *** *** *** ***

ENERGY Urban organic waste Storage Pre-treatment Digester availability Urban Building density Low * *** *** *** Medium ** ** ** ** High *** * * * Vegetation Line *** - - - Square *** *** *** *** Street - - - - Peri Agriculture * * * * Other * *** *** *** Water Waterbed ** - - - Waterbank *** *** *** ***

OBJECTIVE Table: objective suitability

WATER

Harvesting Detention Treatment Retention

Vegetation - square *** *** *** *** Peri-urban - other *** *** *** *** Waterbank *** *** *** *** Street *** ** ** ** Building density - medium ** ** ** ** Waterbed *** *** * * Building density - low * *** *** *** Vegetation - line ** ** * * Building density - high *** * * * Peri-urban - agriculture * * * *

206 ENERGY

Urban organic waste Storage Pre-treatment Digester availability

Vegetation - square *** *** *** *** Waterbank *** *** *** *** Building density - medium ** ** ** ** Building density - low * *** *** *** Peri-urban - other * *** *** *** Building density - high *** * * * Peri-urban - agriculture * * * * Vegetation - line *** - - - Waterbed ** - - -

WATER AND ENERGY Vegetation - square ******* Peri-urban - other ******* Waterbank ******* Building density - medium ****** Waterbed ***** Building density - low **** Vegetation - line *** Building density - high ** Peri-urban - agriculture * * = highest amount is green, lowest is red OBJECTIVE

WATER

Harvesting Detention Treatment Retention

Vegetation - square *** *** *** *** Peri-urban - other *** *** *** *** Waterbank *** *** *** *** Street *** ** ** ** Building density - medium ** ** ** ** Waterbed *** *** * * Building density - low * *** *** *** Vegetation - line ** ** * * Building density - high *** * * * Peri-urban - agriculture * * * *

ENERGY

Urban organic waste Storage Pre-treatment Digester availability

Vegetation - square *** *** *** *** Waterbank *** *** *** *** Building density - medium ** ** ** ** Building density - low * *** *** *** Peri-urban - other * *** *** *** Building density - high *** * * * Peri-urban - agriculture * * * * Vegetation - line *** - - - Waterbed ** - - -

WATER AND ENERGY Vegetation - square ******* Peri-urban - other ******* Waterbank ******* Building density - medium ****** Waterbed ***** Building density - low **** Vegetation - line *** Building density - high ** Peri-urban - agriculture * * = highest amount is green, lowest is red SUBJECTIVE Table: subjective suitability Limassol

Criteria Flood Flash and urban floods *** Flash floods ** No floods *

Quantity Dam overflows *** Dam ** No dam *

Awareness Building density - high *** Building density - medium ** Building density - low *

Biodiversity Little and potential *** Little and no potential ** Lots *

Suitability riverparts # Flood Quantity Awareness Biodiversity Garyllis 1 * ** * *** 2 * ** ** *** 3 *** ** ** *** 4 *** ** *** *** 207Vathias 5 *** * *** *** 6 *** * ** *** Germasogeia 7 * *** ** ** 8 * *** * **

Ranking # Garyllis 4 ******** 3 ******* Vathias 5 ****** 6 ***** Germasogeia 7 **** 8 *** Garyllis 2 ** 1 * SUBJECTIVE

Limassol

Criteria Flood Flash and urban floods *** Flash floods ** No floods *

Quantity Dam overflows *** Dam ** No dam *

Awareness Building density - high *** Building density - medium ** Building density - low *

Biodiversity Little and potential *** Little and no potential ** Lots *

Suitability riverparts # Flood Quantity Awareness Biodiversity Garyllis 1 * ** * *** 2 * ** ** *** 3 *** ** ** *** 4 *** ** *** *** Vathias 5 *** * *** *** 6 *** * ** *** Germasogeia 7 * *** ** ** 8 * *** * **

Ranking # Garyllis 4 ******** 3 ******* Vathias 5 ****** 6 ***** Germasogeia 7 **** 8 *** Garyllis 2 ** 1 *

Map: (subjecti ve) fl ood (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

208 Map: (subjecti ve) quanti ty (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

Map: (subjecti ve) awareness (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

209 SUBJECTIVE

Limassol Map: (subjecti ve) biodiversity (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable) Criteria Flood Flash and urban floods *** Flash floods ** No floods *

Quantity Dam overflows *** Dam ** No dam *

Awareness Building density - high *** Building density - medium ** Building density - low *

Biodiversity Little and potential *** Little and no potential ** Lots *

Suitability riverparts # Flood Quantity Awareness Biodiversity Garyllis 1 * ** * *** 2 * ** ** *** 3 *** ** ** *** 4 *** ** *** *** Vathias 5 *** * *** *** 6 *** * ** *** Germasogeia 7 * *** ** ** 8 * *** * ** Table: objecti ve and subjecti ve suitability combined Ranking # Garyllis 4 ******** 3 ******* Vathias 5 ****** 6 ***** Germasogeia 7 **** 8 *** Garyllis 2 ** 1 * Note: the more ‘*’ the more suitable it is.

210 II SWOT analysis

Map: type of riverbed

211 Map: use of the riverbanks

212 Map: multi -functi onality of the riverbed

213 Map: accessibility of the riverbed and the riverbanks

214 Map: vegetati on

215 Map: spaciousness

216 Map: legibility

217 Map: safety

218 Table: reasoning strengthopportunity - weakness/opportunity - strength/threat - weakness/threat

Strength & opportunity Weakness & opportunity Strength & threat Weakness & threat

2. + 3. This is a clear part of 1. The vegetation and 6a. This part of the riverbed 4. Here the riverbed is very the river, because of the dump material make this is used by a school as a shallow and it is very clear riverbed and part unclear and messy. playground, which is a nice enclosed by houses and vegetation on the sides. With some maintenance it variation. However, this is gardens at both sides. The relation with its would already become also a threat because it can Therefore, there are no or surroundings can be more clear and nice. be dangerous to play in a little opportunities for improved and it can be riverbed and it can also change. made more aesthetic. disrupt the natural flow.

18. The last visit-able part 5. The gardens of the 8. There is a park created in 7. In this part the river of the eastern river branch houses next to the river are this part, which is a disappears (is going is quite clear. The river is located at the same level as welcome variation of underground). Therefore, it visible, but the relation the river itself, which scenery. However, the river is unclear where the with its surroundings can makes it unclear that there is underground which boulevard continues. There be improved and it can be is a river. By creating a causes a lack of relation. are also no or little made more aesthetic. stronger relation between opportunities to improve the gardens and the river, this. this part can be made more clear.

27. The river has some 6. This is a messy part, 9. This is a strange situation more space here and is because of stuff which is with an alternation of solid visible, this is an area dumped in the riverbed riverbeds and tunnels. where interventions are and because the adjacent Furthermore, this is a very possible. Preferable houses use the riverbed unsafe part too. It is very increase the aesthetics. partly ad their garden. An narrow, which results in no opportunity would be to or little opportunities for create a more park like change. setting, because there is room for it and it would make it more clear (they are already busy with a sort of park).

10. + 11. Lots of concrete 13. + 14. This part of the constructions in the river is very solid and beginning and erosion enclosed by roads and further downstream. There houses. There is no is room for a nice park like vegetation and no room for setting, which would be an change. opportunity. 12. This is a very bare and 15. This is a strange part basic part of the river, with (corner) of the river. It is lots of concrete used and enclosed by a big road and there is no vegetation. With a big building, which makes some improvements like a it nearly invisible. There is adding vegetation to the no room for alternations. boulevard, this part could be more aesthetic.

219 16. There is a shallow 17. The last area of the riverbed which is not very eastern river branch where legible. However, there is there is no park, because room to make this part people's back gardens are more clear and nice. located in the riverbed.

19. This area does have a 24. + 25. Very narrow part riverbed, but it cannot be of the river (is also seen because of the large tunnelled), and due to the amount of trees. These housing there are not a lot trees are an opportunity of possibilities for change. through, as they are already mature. 20. + 21. + 22. + 23. The river is tunnelled here, and no relation to the river can be found. There is enough space to revive the river though. 26. Narrow part of the river, but there might be enough space to create more connection to the river.

28. Quite nice area, but not accessible at the moment.

220 i Interviews

I Characteristics

During our stay in Cyprus 13 unstructured, open-ended interviews (Kumar, 2005) were conducted, face-to-face or via email.

Interviewees All interviewees have given permission to use their names in this thesis.

Name Expertise / NGO / Institute Medium Evangelos Andreou Thesis on woody flora in Nicosia Email

Victoras Constandinides Senior Technician Sewerage Board of Limassol Amathus Face-to-face

Raymond Francis Raymond Francis Face-to-face

Kyriakos Parpounas & General manager and Technical manager at GreenDot Face-to-face Constantinos Savva

Stella Hadjipanagi Cypriot Face-to-face

MartinHellicar Birdlife Cyprus Email

Harris Kordatos Cyprus Energy Agency Face-to-face, Email

Maria Nicolaidou Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd. Email

Ioanna Panayiotou Commissioner of Environment Face-to-face

Christakis Sergides City planning, history of Limassol Face-to-face, Email

Lefkios Sergides & Anthina TerraCypria Face-to-face, Email Papatheodoulou

Adriana Bruggeman & Hydrology, The Cyprus Institute Face-to-face Katerina Charalambous

Charalambos Theopemptou Former Commissioner of Environment Face-to-face

Contact These interviewees were approached by us through tips of other people or through interviewees of already conducted interviews, so-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005). This approach was necessary because contacting people in Cyprus is hard without initial contact via someone else. Potential contacts (especially from municipalities) were often hesitant, because of the fact that foreign students want to look into things.

221 II Transcript Andreou

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Evangelos Andreou Thesis on woody flora in Nicosia

Medium: Email Location: - Date: 9 December 2013 Duration: -

Hello,

Unfortunately my Thesis is in Greek and I do not have much time to translate it now.

In few words, We recorded different kinds of woody flora one can meet in Nicosia, the ecology status of them and problems in several rows of trees on the sides of the roads.

The trees of the roadsides have been recorded and counted and the 10 most common are: Ficus microcarpa, Brachychiton diversifolius, Olea europaea, Washingtonia filifera, Schinus terebinthifolius, Tipuana tipu, Cupressus sempervirens, Cercis siliquastrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Casuarina cunninghamiana.

For other species we recognised them but not counted the total population of one each off different species. I hope I could help you more but I do not have know enough time. If you need more help send me an email.

Tell my regards to Athina and Lefkios

Evangelos

222 III Transcript Constandinides

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Victoras Constandinides Senior Technician Sewerage Board of Limassol Amathus

Medium: Face-to-face, recorded Location: Starbucks, Germasogeia, Limassol Date: 22 November 2013 Duration: approximately 15 minutes

Information before interview started: Google: Sustainable, Urban, Drainage, System, or SUDS, with Cyprus and you find a lot of information.

V = Victoras S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)

S: We were curious if the sewerage board is only responsible for Limassol or for the Greater Limassol.

V: It is responsible for the Greater Limassol and for the municipalities around Limassol, like Germasogeia, Agios Athanasios, , [...], Meso Geitonia, Polemidia. Around Limassol, all this area.

S: The stormwater collection system in Limassol, how old is that?

V: From the time that the town was constructed, especially from the old city there is a drainage system along the streets. You can find it, I mean it is very old.

S: And is it distributed everywhere or are there part that do not have stormwater drainage?

V: We do not collect the drainage water, it goes all into the sea. But, there are some new, that is to have some retentions ponds. One is going to be, there are some studies, one is going to be north of Limassol in [...] area. They are thinking to make it in a schoolyard, and below to have some special pipes and collect everywhere, the drainage water there. And then it will stay for some period and when the rain stops, it will allow it to go to the sea. But these are studies, they did not implement anything yet.

S: Okay, so you said the water all goes to the sea?

V: All of it yes, by gravity.

S: And can you tell something about the quality of the water, do you know if it is very much polluted because of the streets?

V: You know is Cyprus we do not have rain, too much rain. The first rain is very polluted, because it collects all the [...] toxics from the street, all these things. So, we see it is very polluted. We know it is very polluted, because some of it comes through the sewerage system and goes to the plant and we have seen increased levels so far. Especially [...], because of the car emissions. Because we have a period of, let say six months, we have rain. When the first rain is, all the pollutants on the street goes through the drainage to the sea.

S: Yes we saw it last week, with the sort of medium heavy rainfall. We saw like that the water was white brown with rubbish.

V: Yes, white, brown, dark, yes.

S: We saw some rivers here in Limassol, some dry rivers, and what is the role of them in the drainage system?

V: Ah, okay, So, in the mountains we have, Troodos mountain, it will snow in the winter period of 3 months and the snow melts it goes through these rivers downwards. There are a lot of dams, so we collect the water, but after the dams when we do not have overflow, it is dry. Or upwards, when there is no snow and no rain, again it is dry. So, these rivers are used to, when there is rain or snow, collection of the water in the dams.

S: Okay, and is the urban area connected to those rivers? Does the system end in the river and let the river take it to the sea or does the system itself take it to the sea?

223 V: Usually, most of the time we do not have an overflow because we have a shortage of water. Although there isthe Germasogeia dam, that if there is a good season, like let say I am not sure last year or the year before, we have overflow. It means that it does not go to the sea, because when it overflows it has, lets say, ten kilometers until it, so it goes down but almost never reaches the sea.

S: But, when it rains and the drainage system here collects the water, does the system itself take it to the sea or do you also sometimes have the system dump into the river? Like the drainage goes into the river and the river takes it.

V: The rivers are in the mountains, but there are some small rivers. And you can see, lets say 100 meters from here there is a kind of river. But this is connected to dam, Germasogeia dam, on the hill. So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is called something else. A river is always with water. These are called something else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going into this thing and to the sea.

S: So, also from the city, it goes in the river and then it goes to the sea?

V: Yes, we saw many times these rivers full of water. When, because, okay, some of it is collected in the streets, but a lot of it goes to these kind of rivers.

S: Okay! so, we were wondering if the Sewerage Board also has like maps of where this drainage is?

V: If you go to this thing, this, this, and this. And you, there are ... Because I was searching last night trying to find it local. There are two studies, one is the master plan of Limassol, with the drainage, the masterplan it is called, for the Sewerage Board of Limassol. And there are a lot of maps in it, it is Greek and English. There are texts in English and some of them are in Greek. If you can find someone to help you …

[Interuption]

V: But here you can find a lot a lot of information, with a lot of maps and in the masterplan there is information about the drainage system, policies, a lot of things.

S: I do not know, maybe you have something to tell about … You said you know a lot about biomass energy?

V: Biomass, I know everything. Because we have, in the plant, we have biogas production, because of the anaerobic sludge. It produces 2003 liters per day. From that we produce power. 4500 kWh a day. Which is 40% of the need of power of the plant. So we gain back 40% of the power. This in general. If you want to go more in detail I can.

S: What I think is interesting for us, we are actually looking into two kinds of things for biomass energy like as input. And that is maintenance, so maintenance of green in the streets. If they capture that and use it. And if organic waste has any potential. Because we heard, everyone is putting everything in one bin and if they would separate, then we could create a lot of biomass energy with the organic part of the waste.

V: We are trying to do.. they plan to collect the garbage. Produce biogas and then produce power. There are biomass units, especially farmers, but they have cows. So, they have their own. There are now about 20 units, they use electricity from manure from the cows or pigs. The plants, originally was Limassol the adapted methods and we got.. I worked for the environmental department of the government because of this new product, new idea. But now there is in Pafos also, they have a small unit and they are going to start also in Larnaca. A plant. And most of them, all of them, they are using the electricity for their own needs, because if you want to buy electricity it is very expensive, you like holland. It is for us like 22, 23, 24, 25 cents, so it is better to use it for yourself instead of buying electricity. Because if you want to sell the electricity it is only 11,5 cents. So, it is better to use it instead of selling it. That is the idea.

S: So these are more situated in the rural area, because of the farms? And they use it themselves?

V: Yes

S: Do you think there are opportunities within the city? For example, in the Netherlands people now start to have small digesters for an apartment block for example.

V: It is very difficult to have an intown digester. Some small companies we have. They have a small reactor, not a reactor but what you said. Electricity, but you do not have many. And then you need there own plant, which is not allowed in the city and it is very difficult. Better to, all the sewage go to the plants and we treat it there and produce there biogas. Now the new thing is photovoltaics. I do not know in the Netherlands, but in Germany I know they have a lot. In Greece they have a lot. In the Netherlands, I do not know.

224 S: We do not have sun.

V: Ha ha ha, in Germany the do not have either and they have a lot of solar panels.

S: They have a lot of subsidies for doing it and they do have more sun than we do I think. And more space, we are only a small country.

225 IV Transcript Francis

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Raymond Francis Foreigner living in Cyprus for 4 years

Medium: Face-to-face, recorded Location: Apartment, , Limassol Date: 18 November 2013 Duration: approximately 21 minutes

R = Raymond S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)

S: We would like to know what kind of people Cypriots are.

R: Cypriots are nice people, accept they have a history of home-grown Cypriot versus UK Cypriot. So, this all comes from history, from 1974, on the split. A lot of people ran away, trying to find a better living. Most of them, there are Cypriot all over the world, in , in America, in England, but the biggest concentration is probably in the UK. Because, they had an entitlement to go to the UK as Cyprus was a protective of the UK. It was made independent at this time the split happened between the Greek speaking and the Turkish speaking. Because, Cyprus, like many islands in the Mediterranean, they have been occupied over centuries by other nationalities: Turkish, French, English, Italian. And like most of these islands they have become very protective of their own culture and their way of life. But, it also makes them very much aware of how they have been exploited or how they are not been able to fulfill their own culture, because of you know being occupied by al these other people, or peoples. With regards to business, Cyprus unlike most of the islands in the Med, they are quite exceptional. Inasmuch that for many many years, up until them joining the EU, they were being looked at as being an offshore opportunity for business.Where most of the other islands in the Med, they belong to a nation. In other words, Crete belongs to Greece, Mallorca belongs to Spain, etcetera etcetera etcetera. But, Cyprus is an independent nation. So, that makes a big difference in what they can and cannot do. Up until joining the euro, they had their own currency, being the Cyprus Pound. That gave them flexibility, in other words, they could value their currency as they wanted on the open market. So, Cyprus has, shall we say, enjoyed to a certain extend an evolution from their independence. First of all, there was a very large expat, UK expat, present here. Because of the army bases, which still are UK terrain. In other words, it is owned by the UK. Both army and airforce, both here in Limassol and in Famagusta still belong to the UK. But you have a lot of people retiring from the army etcetera etcetera, and it was cheap to live here. It was cheap to have an apartment or a small house to retire to. The weather was good, they knew the island. So, there was a certain amount of economical support for the island. But it did not, it did not bubble. In other words, the economical levels remained steady. Because there was not enough English or others, actually residing here, or becoming pensioned here, or taking a second house here. It did not have a great impact on the island. Then of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started building up in the whole Med, more people traveling etcetera etcetera, throughout Europe, on holidays and this and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a little bit of an upside. Why, because they had their own currency, property was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. But then what happened is, you had the disbandment of . And Cyprus being a tax-heaven as such, its own currency, its own taxes, its own laws. There was a lot of money of different shades, of money, if you know what I mean by shades. I mean, good money, grey money, black money. Call it different shades of money, flowed into Cyprus and also through Cyprus. So, Nicosia was built on a basis of a financial centre, not a tourist centre, not a residence centre, but a financial centre. Many many banks here, all the banks, all the European banks were here processing these funds.

S: So if Nicosia is a financial centre, what is Limassol then?

R: It is commercial because of the port.

S: Port and tourists?

R: And tourists. Limassol is commercial. Many many banks here, because the expats from whatever country they are do not reside in Nicosia. Nicosia is not an attractive place to live, it is too hot, it is this and the other. There is no attraction and distraction. Whereas the coastal places, and Limassol being the major coastal resort, place to live, became also a type of secondary commercial entity. Banks etcetera etcetera, especially with the shipping. Shipping has always found a big place here, because it is a transit between the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Because it has also a free-port, it has ‘dwang vrij’. You understand ‘dwang vrij’, with other words, they have a zone in which goods can come in, be remixed, and go out without actually entering Cyprus. It is a toll-free area. It was very attractive. Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in, then you had two things which happened. You had the commercial banking which took off in a big way, but also you had property and prices of ground going up. And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account here, to have 226 a second residence here, etcetera etcetera. And that all came to an end, in one way, by Cyprus joining the euro, not by joining the EU, but by joining the euro. The cost of living for the locals went up by 20 or 30%. It did not mean that much for the Russians who had the big money, because it makes no difference they just had enough money. You can see all the buildings, all the property around, extravaganza. But, for the local people it was an opportunity. They started sending their children tom they could afford to send their children to better schooling. A lot of their children went to universities outside of Cyprus. But the problem is either they stayed abroad, or if they came back they all wanted to be managers. So, one of the problems with the level of education here, is that you have a mix of education and mentally. And this is a big problem in Cyprus. They have this external education, but this Mediterranean sort of ‘avrio, avrio’, you will get it done tomorrow. At the same time of course, when you have this explosion in economy, you have get a lot of misfits, a lot of people trying to make money on the back of other people. You get an inbalance. For example, if you take Holland, France, Germany, England. They have grown up over hundreds of years in their legislation and their controls on this and that. There is corruption everywhere. But, when a country grows up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So, it is manipulated. That manipulation is from top to bottom, through the banking, through economics, through who you know, who can sign, who can do this and who can do that. So, this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislation in place. It is coming, but it is still not there.

S: And what does this mean for the environment here?

R: What it means for the environment is that ... First of all, do they recognise an issue called environment? They know their island. They are very self-centred in one way. They are very nice people, but they are very protective. So they do not, they do not see a problem themselves in the environment. Are you with me? They do not necessarily identify with environmental issues. But if you take environment and you make that broader, just take nature itself. From the 750 000 inhabitants of Cyprus, Greek Cyprus, there are 100 000 gun licences. And the male population is cars, and shooting, it is very masculine, very macho tendency. You know, you do as I say and not as I do. You know. So, it is, the problem is it is a Mediterranean hot blooded existence. They are hot blooded, even the women. When they have an argument, they have an argument. But then it is forgotten tomorrow and they will have another argument about something else. You know, you have seen the Greek, the ‘Greek Fat Wedding’. A lot of people say it is just a film, but it is like that. It really is like that. And a lot of people do not understand it. They are very lovable, but very hot blooded. But when it comes to business and the environment. First of all come the family and the business. So, environment will always come second, or third, or fourth, or fifth. It is not on their list of priorities. Yes you will see it in the newspaper, yes you will have all this bla bla political spin, but at the end of the day what do they do about it? But, that is not necessarily only here. What is Greece dong about it, what is Spain doing about it? All of these Mediterranean countries, what is Turkey doing about it? You know, if you see the newspaper today, where they are saying that the acid factor in the seawater is increased to such an extend that twenty thirty species are dying per day in the sea. Just think about the pollution that is been dumped into the sea from countries like Turkey, who is not developed at all. Well, they are developed, but you will see what the developments are, but what is still going into the Med? It is the same as here. What is actually being processed from the sanitary and what is still going into the Med? Nobody knows. So, environment is, I do not think it is there on the top of their list. Economy is on the top of their list, employment is on the top of their list. But even when you come to look at medicare, there is no medicare here. Well, you have a general hospital and you have doctors. When you go to the doctor you have to pay. There is no central insurance system here. So, then you have to start listing your priorities in life. Priority is an income, medicare. So, environment comes right down the list. When in fact all the other things are not in place.

S: How do you think we can make environment go up in the list?

R: I think, the only way you can get environment going up in their list is by EU subsidies. In other words, if they do not have to pay for it they will definately get it done. But, if you expect them to pay for it, you are never going to get it done.

S: And if they can gain something from it?

R: What gain, what gain do you, what gain would you say they would get from it? What your values are, are not necessarily their values.

S: No, but if they can get something. Like they pay for water, if they use less water because of something we do, and therefore pay less money.

R: That is an equation. They are very much aware of the water problem in Cyprus. And I will point out, what you see in the bay there is not a boat, it is waterport. Three four year ago they had such a drought, that they had to tank in from Greece. These tankers offloaded in this waterport, which was then pumped up to go into the drinking water plant, not into the lake. But, then they found out that they build this thing and the actual pipeline was so 40 meters to short. So, five tankers went sour, the water went sour. You know, when water standing still in a container is only good for … So, they had to pump the water then into the lake. So that the lake would self process the water again. So, they could not pump it directly into the … You understand? So, it is not a priority with them. They are aware of the water problem, but it is not their, it is not a major issue for them. They do not think so. Until they do not have it and then they start complaining. But in fact, they could have done something about it years ago. But, there are a lot of countries that have similar problems. Not necessarily water, for

227 example waste disposal, which is an environmental issue. There are three major environmental issues: how you create energy, you water process, and your waste disposal process be it your toilet waste or your, lets say physical household waste. Here, they are still using landfill, which is again the EU rules. So, they are having to pay a fine every month, because they are using landfills. Now, several companies have proposed several types of alternatives. But it all comes to who is going to pay for it? Because, at the present moment they have a tax on the household for waste collection, which are the green bins on the street. People then put their plastic in and stuff and it goes to the landfill. They will not tolerate, because they do not have the income base, to for them now to start paying an extra 5 or 10 euros a month for the waste to be processed through a processing plant. You understand? So, it just goes into a landfill, and it is not like the landfill is now constructed in such a way you can tap it for gas and have a biogas. No, it is just landfill. So, what is more important, is the landfill issue a problem, greater than the waste of water problem, or the process of toilet waste, or the medicare system, or the education system? So, you have to try and find at what level they place. Water, as an example, or waste. You have to find out what is important to them first. And then, when it is important to everybody else, the only way it is going to be solved is by external funds coming in and financing this.

228 V Transcript GreenDot

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Kyriakos Parpounas & Constantinos Savva General manager and Technical manager at GreenDot

Medium: Face-to-face, recorded Location: Office of eenDot,Gr , Nicosia Date: 11 December 2013 Duration: approximately 35 minutes

G = GreenDot S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)

G: The main aspect of our work is packaging, packaging waste. We were formed by the industry in 2004. But actual operations, planning and operations, began mid 2005 and of course it was an outcome of the acceptance of Cyprus in the EU. So, since 2002 we have the legislation on responsibility of packaging. It was the, it was basically the transposition of European legislation to a local legal framework. And of course the industry had to decide what to do with packaging. Companies need to recover in Cyprus certain percentages of their packaging waste and they can either do it individually or join organisations, non-profit organisations, who then run the recycling systems for them. But, they are funded through them, through the packaging fees. The local commerce created GreenDot Cyprus. We were accredited in 2006. So, a few months ago we have ended our first term of accreditation. And now we are running on our second term of accreditation and we represent around 900 companies. And of course within these 900 companies, one can recognise all the big names acting in the local market. So, a big part of the market, they are registered with us, we represent them and we are collecting the packaging waste. Now to be able to recover and recycle packaging, based on the fact that recycling was not an issue or was a very small issue for some very few companies doing the collection of industrial packaging and recycling on why pay the recycling. A few year back we had to start everything, almost from scratch. So, we designed the collection shifts, we were consulted by the Belgian system Force Plus, at the time. So, we designed the systems and began corporations with local authorities to run recycling programs for the households. Of course, at the same time we ran recycling for the commercial and industrial sector. So, we recycle brown paper and things from the industry and from the trade sector. But, we also since 2007 we started our first house programs with five municipalities back then. Eventually we grew up to a system with geographical coverage and now we have 85% of the population, we cover almost all the municipalities and a number of communities. But what is left now is more rural, distant lets say from the city centre areas. Of course this system is the only on the market, so eventually we have to cover the whole of the island with a recycling system. And of course we have also the great part of the responsibility of the communication and sensi rationalisation of the population. We believe that we did a good job given the circumstances in about seven years time. We calculated that about half of the people in the area where we have the program, participate in our packaging recycling. And these are encouraging numbers, not only because it is something new for Cyprus, but also because the citizens do not have an obligation to participate. They do not have fines or anybody to put pressure to participate, and they also have an incentive, an financial incentive to do so because we do not have pay-and-throw systems for example. People are paying taxes, so in fact if you recycle you more or less are subsidising your neighbour who is not recycling. Of course, we have been shouting to the authorities all these years to do things about these issues, but as you notice governments are slow or have other things in mind. So, we still do not have all these supportive mechanisms that would help the programs grow. But, we are very satisfied with responses this far, we have problems with the authorities, but we are doing quite well with the people that accept us. In the mean time we will also add by the industry to develop other collection systems. So, we will built up the system for electronic waste. And that is done by two organisations, two separate organisation, but we manage them. We have designed them and we manage them. So it is Weee for the waste electric electronic equipment and another one for household batteries. So, we run three recycling programs now under a single roof. Of course, through these years of existence in the market and the experience with local authorities and following up all these developments in the greater waste management sector and the strategies of the governments to deal with waste problems, because we also have problems with existing dumps. Actually the two large cities are served by dumps, not even secure landfills. This is something we are in the European courts for now. But, looking after all these issues and talking to the local authorities and also looking at the planning of the government, we saw in the process that one of the big issues that needs to be dealt with, and in fact something that is now more and more regulated by the EU, is the green waste, organic waste, from households and from the industry. Although we are not directly involved, we scanned the market and tried to find out what are the options available. There are already two composting facilities, small composting facilities in the Nicosia area. But, the most important thing that we realised in the process, is that Cyprus is already equipped with, I think it must be 12 by now it was 11, biomass plants at farms to deal with farm waste. And of course, after talking to these people we found out that even as we speak today they have an incapacity of around 150.000 tons a year. That is about the amount of organic waste that is produced in Cyprus. So if you collect organic waste separately from the households and the industries, you already have facilities to deal with it. Okay, two of them are already fully equipped to doing so, the others need some pasteurisation equipment but this is equipment of, lets say, less than half a million euros per unit. So it is not something significant. And additionally, these are facilities that are very well 229 geographically located everywhere on the island. In mean, all the areas that have significant production have such a facility close to them, with an exception of . But still there are farms in Paphos that need to solve their waste problem as well. So, here we will have a full-blown network of the farms, full-blown system for organic waste. In that sense we tried to convince the government and the local authorities that they also need to start up separate collection programs for organic waste, because definitely we would have much lower cost of treatment because those are existing facilities. So, it is not that they have to deal with more waste, they want more waste. So, they are really ready to have a deal with a very small gate fee, about ten euros per ton, which would give a very good solution to the local authorities and the government. But, apparently, as I said earlier, the governments are not always thinking very rationally. Well, we saw the planning of the government, we saw that they basically are ignoring all the statistics and going for the construction of new SRF facilities that would actually dry the organic waste and prepare this as fuel. We are not saying that being on an island definitely we will have to take energy recovery criteria and see what we can do with energy recovery. But if you have existing facilities that can take the material at a very low cost, then you have to think twice before you get into huge investments based on the scale of the market for energy recovery. Of course we also have a cement plant on the island, so energy recovery can be co-combustion in cement production, that does not have to be an incinerator or a new waste-to-energy facility. But still, we believe these existing biogas facilities are a very good way to deal with the organic issue and have electricity on one hand, heat you can use in the farms especially during the winter and of course you also have the compost at the end of the day which when you have properly sorted organic waste you have very good quality compost that can compete with compost that comes Holland, peat moss. It is not very clear how this will proceed. The government was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have new facilities for SRF. They have made a couple of steps back, because those that were supposed to be projects funded by the EU, or great extent by the EU, but it seems that they are not getting all the money from the EU now. So, they are now talking about having a SRF facility in thr Limassol area, to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But, for the case of Nicosia they are now talking about a secure landfill, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus will have, if we go in that direction, we will have two plans, with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two plans for SRF less say with a capacity of about 350.000 tons to 400.000 tons. The production is close to 600.000 tons, so there is room to do other things with the waste. So, without being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is still at the back of the mind of the government to find ways to find ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a SRF plant for the Nicosia area. But we hope that they will not manage that there will be area for other things to happen. We spoke to a number of local authorities and we showed our interest to begin separate collection of organic waste, if they decide to go into another direction and come up with an agreement with some of those biomass facilities so that we can take organic waste there. Now there is a small pilot with anumberof communities that Kypros spoke with. It was also an initiative from our minister of environment, because we kind of found this strange situation that two ministries involved in the management of waste, the ministry of environment and the ministry of interior. And there is of course conflict between them, they have different agendas and although the ministry of environment is more or less in line with what we are saying and trying to promote separate collection of organic waste as well. The ministry of interior is pushing things towards the direction of SRF rather than any other type of treatment of organic waste. So, cannot say what will exactly happen in the future, but we hope it will be more towards separate collection than anything else.

S: I wonder, how long did it take for people to start recycling since you put up the whole campaign?

G: Okay, some people begin recycling day one, it is not a big percentage of people but they are more or less waiting for an organised system. And of course this changes through time. I mean, we began programs seven years ago and we began programs three years ago. Especially the participation three years ago, the initial participation was better than the initial participation seven years ago. We believe having 50% of the people participating in a period of five to six years, more or less, is quite an successful for Cyprus. In fact, many people never thought this would actually happen in Cyprus. And given the fact that the supportive mechanisms that should be in place, are still not there. I mean, if you take into account, for example, that two dumps which served about for 70% of the population actually. The two dumps, at Nicosia and Limassol where most of the people are, are basically almost free, because it is two or three euros per ton. And if you would have a competitor, that is sucking all the material because it is free. Anything that costs even a euro is an issue to convince people to do it, even the industry. When they can just send their trucks to the landfill and pay, lets say, 7 euro or 10 euro, it is an issue to spend 20 euros for the truck to be recycled. So that is something that is unbelievable that is happening, but it shows quite well the different agendas at the government level. To say, okay but you know the dumps are there and still the material is going there, we have to do something else because it is not working. Well, what have you done for it to work? So, it depends I mean, looking at the area demographics are important. You can see different numbers in different even adjacent municipalities, because here older people are living and not willing to participate, as in the next municipality has better demographics and much better participation.

S: But you think if now an extra separation possibility comes with organic waste, people would then easily also separate this?

G: Definately! I think you first have to break the barrier of the too many years of habit of throwing it together. And of course you keep listening to people and they will say it is difficult to do it. But when they do it, they will say is was so simple. In the beginning they do not know where to put the bins, but once they do it they say it is very simple. If they already think that it is simple, it is much easier to convince them to do something else. So I think that the work that has been done for packaging for all these years. It is instrumental for electric and electronic waste, for batteries, for organic. Whatever you try to do, it is easier to do it. Organic is a challenge of course. But still, breaking the habit of putting everything together and getting into the

230 mindset of sorting things makes a lot of difference.

S: How do you see that possibility? Because we have seen a lot of open bins, even staying open. Cats inside, eating, making rubbish. And it is not even warm now, already it smells.

G: Well, the existing situation, as you described very well, is not hygienic anyways. It smells, it is dirty, it is whatever. So, try to deal with the organic directly is not necessary a big change. The same material, but keep them separately. So definitely, when we have a separate collection system and you also manage things in a better order, you will more or less abandon the existing system with all the dirty bins etcetera. And you will have to find ways to deal with the issues in a better way, so I think things can only improve when they are not good. We believe, and of course the culture is the part that not everything is aligned to push people to do it properly. You have to do things that are very convenient to people, so that they will participate. So we believe that the collection of organic is also something that should be done to the extent that you can do it. With at site collection rather than bins and stuff like that, because the cities are not build for bin places.They do not have the area. So at site collection, possibly once a week. Maybe in the summer you have to increase the collection because of the temperature. Now garbage is collected twice a week. And of course always the problem is with the organic. If you have to do with the organics and if you have to collect twice a week, you will have to do it with the organics as well. And of course it will mean also definitely bins for organised facilities like restaurants and hotels and things like that. So I believe that it will be a combination of at site collection for the households and some collection points for our facilities. With bins, closed bins. Already many hotels have air conditioned areas that are well climate controlled to keep the waste in the summer. So we have to use that as well. And even convince some of them to go in that direction. Because if you have organised collection, for example you have a hotel with 600 or 700 people in the summer. We know now that many hotels have all-inclusive programs, so that means that people eat three meals a day in the hotel. That means a lot of organic waste, so for those you have to deal with either definitely climate controlled storage facilities or even some kind of a press to keep the materials.

S: What we also wondered, we looked at a lot of dry rivers. And we have seen a lot of garbage that has been dumped in these areas and we do not understand it. Because, you do not have to pay to put your garbage in the bins.

G: Yes, we are very good in that. You have to drive with it. We do not understand it either, but it happens.

S: But it is also strange stuff, like household waste of which you think you can just throw it in the normal bin. And they just think, no lets leave it here.

G: If they take their car for example to take the garden waste to throw it or even some small furniture.

S: Yes, we already saw twenty televisions

G: Yes, this is a cultural thing. It is something that we have. We are very sensitive with the area within the walls of our house and our garden. But it is, like, someone can have a perfect garden and throw the materials outside. It does not make sense of course because waste is still there, but that is something we have. The other thing we have to admit, is that we do not have areas where people can take their waste and organise it. We do not have points where people can take their constructions. So even some construction waste of a small restructuring of your house, you do not know what to do with it, so you just throw it somewhere. It is an issue not only of the society, but it is an organising issue. Waste has not not been an important issue until we joined the EU. As a touristic economy, we do not really care about the environment. But it is something we have been doing for years. I have some friends from the who were involved in a project about seven/eight years ago. They needed to find out all the areas where be the waste areas are.

S: Polemidia, that is one! Near Limassol.

G: Sometimes we have to take the waste away and what is amazing, that even twenty/thirty years ago people were throwing their construction waste here, there other waste here. The other thing we were amazed about was, why do people throw their waste from the hill down? Because when you throw it from the hill, you do not see it anymore. Out of sight, out of mind. So, it is both a cultural issue, but is also an issue of a non-organized state to take care of it. We even have problems because of the way we built it in the city. For example, you are in the Netherlands, Amsterdam. You see the city is solid built, when you build in areas, you build all the plots and then you move on. Now we have houses, with empty spots in between. So people find it easy to go to these places and dump their waste. Especially when it is not close to their house. Even the way we build creates some of these problems. If you have a solid built area you cannot throw it away, there are no places to throw it away. Especially the last couple of years we go through financial problems. The municipalities do not have the money to do their cleaning properly. If you drive around you see the city is full of garbage. Maybe not a lot of household garbage, but you see other kinds of garbage. Like electronic, furniture. But you know, people do not have an idea of where to put their garbage.

S: Where does the plastic and stuff actually go? Is it shipped off to be recycled somewhere else?

G: A very small amount stays here, because we have a plastic fabric one locally, but not a big one. Most of it is pressed and

231 exported. Same happens with paper, all the paper goes out. All the metals go out. With glass, we keep it here and we use it as a raw material in the cement factory. Because we do not have a glass recycling facility. Today, most of the treatment, it is not feasible to do it here. I mean for example for paper, you need a lot of water and energy for paper. Water we have scarce of and the energy here is the most expensive energy. So it is not feasible to do it here, unless there is some new technology we do not know.

[...]

S: The only thing that we are missing, is that we would actually liked to speak to the municipalities where we want to make a design, just an example design. They are really careful and suspicious on what you want to do with the information.

G: Well, it is a strange time for the municipalities to say the truth. The last two years have been very difficult, most of them are, for the first time, facing very serious financial problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on with consults from the UK, about the future of the local authorities. So, most of these people are not sure if they will be there as a municipality as they are today six months from today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this time. Of course, if you had some more time on the island, we could to more people and arrange things for you.

[...]

G: I can tell you for sure, in the last two years, in terms of cleanliness and tidiness etcetera, things have been going backwards. Mostly, because of these financial problems.

[...]

G: If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a longer way ahead.

232 VI Transcript Hadjipanagi

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Stella Hadjipanagi Cypriot

Medium: Face-to-face, recorded Location: Starbucks, Germasogeia, Limassol Date: 17 November 2013 Duration: approximately 18 minutes

H = Stella S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)

S: We were curious what kind of people Cypriots are.

H: It depends how you means this. What do you want to know.

S: For example, in The Netherlands, they say that the people are easy going, like these characteristics people can have. So, if you are open or closed, I do not know.

H: Well, one things I can tell you for sure, is because we are a small island people might be, how to say, prejudiced. Like they are not so easy to new ideas. Now the new generation is slightly better in this. But, we have also another thing, here we think we are the center of the world. It sounds funny, but really, because we are on this island and you have to travel with a plane or a boat to go outside. How to say, you think everything is here, but when you go out you see what is going on. So, the people that go out usually, I do not know, they change their point of view on things. Well, we are known for our hospitality here, especially up in the villages, like amazing. This thing does not exist in many countries. Another thing we have is with the family, we consider it very important here Like, having say lunch or dinner with the family, is something standard. Which I think is not so common in other countries outside the Mediterranean.

Well, the other thing is that not a lot of people are into the environment here. They just see what money they can take come it mostly, instead of what they would do for the environment. But, there are some people that are very interested in the environment, like mr. Theopemptou for example, my family also, we want to do something. But the regulation, the government does not help. The problem is, in order to make the laws, policies and stuff that will help, help us to do something better with the environment, you have to see the financial point of view. And because we are also in the EU, it kind of makes them, you have to do this. So, they have to do things, this and that. They think of energy, and Cyprus energy regulation authorities are on this. Like, they have to put up in the road of this, to do it. That is the majority, of course we have exceptions. Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to show they have like a nice car, a nice house. This is probably the reason we had this crisis here. Everyone was borrowing money from the bank, the bank was like: yes, you can get the money no problem. In the end they did not have such big salary to pay it back.

S: You already told that they are not very caring about the environment, but are they aware of the climate change?

H: Some of them yes. Many of them are, but I do not really think there is that much interest in that. What they care about is what car they will have. You tell them there is a hybrid car, but I like the BMW it is nicer. They do not care about the petrol. Some of them do, but mostly because they save money on petrol not that much for the environment. Now, with the PVs that I see the client that wants to install PVs. From all the clients I have only seen one, me, that wants to install because it is good for the environment. The rest just wants to save money.

S: For their own benefits?

H: Yes!

S: And what about the awareness on water scarcity?

H: Well, this we are very aware of it. Except some ladies that like to get the water hose and splash the pavement or wash the car during summertime. We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If it does not rain a lot, they cut water during summertime. You have to arrange when you have a shower, when you do the washing machine, everything. It is something that we do not waste that much, we are really trying to save it. But, there are always people that just do not care. We are usually having a fight with them, my father and I. We are trying to do something about that. Well, the good thing that we know this about the water, we try to , I do not know, at least not wash the car at home, take it somewhere where they use recycled water. Or, use a full washing machine to put everything in, so that you save some water. But, anyway in the summertime when 233 you know that there will be water cut outs, you will definitely try to save some. Otherwise you will not have a shower.

H: What is next?

S: We are also interested in organic waste, in separating waste, do you know something about that?

H: Yes, well they started doing this in the schools to educate the students. I know some people are doing this, I also do it at my house. We separate the fresh vegetables from the meat, the cooked stuff, also the fresh eggs and, how do you call it, around the egg, the peel of the egg. Also things from the garden, when you cut the trees, the grass, everything. All this is put in a special bin to make our own fertiliser. And you can notice that we reduce our garbage. Like if we put everything in their would be. I do not know, one cubic meter. It is half of this these days. It is really saving from rubbish for the municipality. I think people in a family are now do probably also recycling. We change our rubbish, garbage, once or twice a week, as where we would every day in the past. Recycling is going even better now. Like in most cities and villages on the island there is recycling, but still there are people that are like no I do not do recycling.

S: But, what does the majority of the people do?

H: Most people now are recycling.

S: But not the greens, the organic waste, because for Limassol that is not a standard option?

H: If you want to do it, you have to do it yourself, in the backyard. I heard many people trying to organise this in larger scale. But, the municipalities are really giving us a hard time. I am not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that much. The thing is, they do not realise the benefit they could have. They could have free fertiliser ...

S: And biogas?

H: Biogas is a different case. You can only do it, I think, with processed and cooked food. You need to have a place to put it, like an anaerobic digester. It has to be closed. With the fresh vegetables, you do it in your garden, it does not smell and also it is not really a problem to do it. With the other thing you need to have special equipment and educate people. Because, you have gas production and you have to be careful with that. The thing is they do not even do it with the fresh vegetables and stuff. That would be very good to organise it. I heard people were trying, but ...

S: But, not all people have a garden, so ...

H: Yes yes, but one thing they did, was with the sewage system in Limassol. If you go towards ...

[Interruption]

H: But, let us do the biomass stuff. Well, I think, if people had better information or more easiness on how to do this. They would be more willing to do it. Like with the recycling a company said, GreenDot, we have to separate. People slowly slowly, from mouth to mouth, you see your neighbour doing it. That is one thing we do in Cyprus, you see the neighbour doing something and you want to do the same. That is one way to make things happen. So, this is how things are spreading now. You see your neighbour and you think I also want to do that. Something like that.

H: The sewage system, I forgot to say, are already doing everything. Making fertiliser, biogas and the energy they make, they use it to process the rest of the water, sewage stuff. I think, it is not enough, they even need some more from our electricity authorities. But, the thing is they are going to do it in all towns now. You have some regulations, it is a plan the government, I am not sure.

H: There is something I forgot to tell you about Cypriots. Cypriot people have been through a lot, a lot of stuff, since the ancient times. We have been a country that everyone wanted to conquer. They wanted our trees, they were cutting our trees to make boats, ships and everything. The were digging the land to take copper, now we do not have much left. They did, you know, major changes, even villages were modified because of copper findings they had. And its an island with huge resources. We have some of the biggest varieties of plants from all over the world. We also have our unique animal, the mouflon. It is like a goat with big horns. And the thing is be have been through war many many times and this made us as a nation very suspicious. Although we are very hospital, we are not that open to new ideas and stuff. We need to meet someone that tried it and then we do it. You can see, unless you are open minded, it is not so easy to cooperate. And due to the last war we had, in 1974, and the Turkish invasion, people lost their homes and whatever they had. They lost it when they came to the southern part of Cyprus. So, was this tendency to buy expensive stuff, giving your kids everything they did not have, That is why you see so many expensive cars around and people do not care that much about the environment. I think, we did not the time and chance to go into that. And another reason that not many things happened for the environment is that the government and politicians spending their time and money trying to solve the Cyprus problem. Not that they are doing much there, but it is

234 like considered it more important. Now, we see all this climate change and they start to somehow think about how it works. They have done very serious research on why we are like this. But, many people love Cyprus now, we have many foreigners. Okay, and now there is this mix of cultures and we are not so used to having many cultures. Now they have to adapt.

H: What I also forgot to tell you about Cyprus, is that we have it all here, different climates. You drive 30 minutes you are at the beach and you can swim. Another day you drive into the mountains, where there is a more pleasant temperature. And we have cities. Yes, you have what you need on the island, I guess.

235 VII Transcript Hellicar

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Martin Hellicar Birdlife Cyprus

Medium: Email Location: - Date: 4 December 2013 Duration: -

Dear Dianne,

Thank you for your email. I am forwarding you the words of my colleague Martin Hellicar regarding the river systems of Cyprus:

The river systems of Cyprus are important habitats for birds in their full- length from the source to the mouth. This is especially true for dry islands like Cyprus. In higher - usually more wooded parts of Cyprus’ rivers clusters of dense vegetation are created, which are attractive shelters, feeding and nesting places for forest bird species. Such species include the Eurasian Wren Troglodytes troglodytes which is a permanent resident of the island and the Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos which is a summer visitor from Africa. The Cetti’s Warbler Cettia cetti - a cryptic and noisy bird - also has a special liking to the dense riparian vegetation regardless of altitude. Large numbers of invertebrates identified close to river systems are vital for these insectivorous species. The increased concentration of invertebrates attracts members of the swallow family, like the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, the Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica, the House Martin Delichon urbicum, and the Sand Martin Riparia riparia. For the Red-rumped Swallow bridges and pipes directing water make ​the rivers are ideal nesting site. Even hawks like the Hobby Falco subbutteo, the Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae and the Red-Footed Falcon Falco vespertinus are attracted by the numbers of insects along the rivers. The Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus, likes riparian thickets in the lowlands and estuaries for reproduction.

The reeds that grow in flat areas with slow flow , are important breeding places for the Eurasia reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus, a relatively rare summer visitor from Africa. The winter posts in reed beds are occupied by the Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed systems are also points of attraction for the Spotted Crake Porzana porzana, the Little Crake Porzana parva and the Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, the latter breeding even in wells near rivers. Although most commonly found along the coast or in wetlands and dams, the Kingfisher Alcedo athis, uses rivers during winter and migration, although it doesn’t breed in Cyprus. Along the lower reaches, where the river creates steep slopes in soft sediment, the bee- eater Merops apiaster and more frequently the Roller Coracias garrulus dig holes for nesting. Cyprus offers a summer refuge to a significant portion of the European population of the Roller, a species whose protection is of global concern.

The only bird that specializes in hunting through the rivers is the Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, located in rapidly flowing rivers with shallow areas where the bird collects aquatic invertebrates. It is a frequent winter visitor to the island and for the first time breeding evidence was confirmed in Troodos in 2013.

Wading birds such as the Little Bittern Ixobrichus minutus, the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, the Night heron Nycticorax nycticorax, the common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and the Green SandpiperTringa ochropus use rivers especially during migration periods as resting and foraging areas and as migratory routes. Even ducks like the Teal Anas creccakai and the Garganey Anas querquedula have been observed to migrate along rivers.

In addition to the above , the streams and rivers of Cyprus are important habitats for almost all bird species on the island , because they provide water.

Specifically to Garyllis and Pedieos:

We don’t hold much specific information about Garyllis. Pedieos however is a river that is linked to 3 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) (for more info on IBAs read here http://birdlifecyprus.org/en/html-8-Habitats_and_Sites.html ) in Cyprus. These are Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant, Mesaoria Plain and Famagusta Lakes. Famagusta Lake has been identified as an IBA for its importance for breeding Plegadis falcinellus, Himantopus himatopus, Vanellus spinosus and Francolinus francolinus. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Bubulcus ibis, Burhinus oedicnemus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Coracias garrulus, Galerida cristata, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non- breeding Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ixobrychus minutes, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Phoenicopterus roseus, Platalea leucorodia, Falco vespertinus, Circus aeruginosus, Grus grus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa tetanus, Numenius arquata, Glareola pratincola, Charadrius leschenaultii, Larus audouinii, Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias hybrida, Alcedo athis, Melanocorypha calandra, Calandrella brachydactyla, Lanius nubicus, Lanius 236 minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia. Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant has been identified as an IBA for its importance for the regular occurrence on migration of the Oxyura leucocephala, and for breeding Vanellus spinosus, Homantopus himantopus and Meanocorypha calandra. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Francolinus francolinus, Alectoris chukar, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata, Galerida cristata. Non breeding Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Ixobrychus minutus, Bubulcus ibis, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea, Plegadis falcinellus, Aythya nyroca, Aquila fasciata, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco subbuteo, Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa totanus, Luscinis svecica, Calandrella brachydactyla, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Acrocephalus melanopogon are regularly recorded. Mesaoria Plain has been identified as an IBA for its importance for breeding Burhinus oedicnemus, Melanocorypha calandra, Francolinus francolinus and Galerida cristata. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Alectoris chukar, Athene noctua, Pterocles orientals (possible breeding area), Coracias garrulus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non breeding Buteo rufinus, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco naumanni, Falco subbuteo, Milvus migrans, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Lullula arborea, Calandrella brachydactyla, Antus campestris, Lanius nubicus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia, Emberiza hortulana.

I hope this information is useful for you.

I wish you all the luck with you project.

Regards, Vasiliki

237 VIII Transcript Kordatos

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Harris Kordatos Cyprus Energy Agency

Medium: Face-to-face, notes Location: Cyprus Energy Agency, Nicosia Date: 5 December 2013 Duration: approximately 30 minutes

Look at: • Law on renewable energy, Directive 2/2006 • cera.org.cy • cie.org.cy • Enerscapes.eu (guidelines to reduce the impacts in the landscape) • energy4farms.eu (Geronimo II project) • Greendot

Some info: • Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar, wind, biomass. (mostly solar) • Green residues (organic waste) has great potential in Cyprus. • There are now 14 biogass plants in Cyprus (mean capacity 500 kWh) (for manure) • We have to check how big a anaerobic digester needs to be to be economically feasible, but still allowed in urban area.

CEA info package send to us by email: • ENERSCAPES - Territory Landscape and Renewable Energies • Powerstation map • Biogas map • Wind mill map • VP map • Geranimo2 biogas: Farmers Guide to Implementing a Biogas Project • REAK table

238 Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Harris Kordatos Cyprus Energy Agency

Medium: Email Location: - Date: 13 December 2013 Duration: approximately 30 minutes

• Law on renewable energy (what is the legislation on having (small scale) digesters in urban areas)?

If the capacity of the digester is over 30 kW please read the attached pdf (CEA regulatory framework), page 59. Also keep in mind the general provisions of Directive 2/2006, page 16. The provisions of the Directive 2/2006 are described in the attached document

• Location of different energy sources on the island (where are the windmill parks, solar parks, biomass plants (farms), and the ‘normal’ energy plants)?

We have the maps with RES -wind and solar potential in cyprus. Also please find attached a map with the biogas plants installations that was created under the Geronimo project. Please note that this map was created before one year therefore a few more biogas plants have been installed since then. We don’t have any maps showing the exact locations of the different wind parks, solar parks.

Wind map potential: http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/0/da0b0c1b609e174fc22578e2002bcf6b/$FILE/Final_ CYPRUS%20MEAN%20ANNUAL%20WIND%20SPEED.JPG Cyprus solar potenial: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/eu_cmsaf_opt/G_opt_CY.png

• How much energy is producted by what source (and maybe who consumes it and how much of it)?

Attached (see raek pdf). At the moment all RES plants are connected with the electricity grid (Electricity Authority of Cyprus- The main provider of electricity in the island at the moment) and the res electricy is consumed by the public . But in some cases like farms which they installed biogas plant, they can use a part of the energy that they produced for their own needs. The rest is supplied into the electricity grid (EAC).

• The potential of biomass energy production from organic waste in Cyprus?

Biogas potential and permits see the attached pdf-Geronimo guide book.

239 IX Transcript Nicolaidou

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Maria Nicolaidou Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd.

Medium: Email Location: - Date: 5 December 2013 Duration: -

Here are the answers on your questions:

• How many households are joining the collection of organic waste?

700 households declare willingness of participation but some of them never took out their house the organic waste for collection. The average amount of the households who participate in practice is 350.

• What is the mean weight of organic waste per household per week?

The mean weight of organic waste per household per week is 20 kg.

• Did the households join the program themselves or did your company try to persuade them?

All the households had information about the program structure and significance and they decided whether onnotto participate.

• Do the households receive something from your company for joining the program? (Like compost, biogas, electricity etc.)

The Department of Environment (it is a Government department which runs the organic waste program) provided the households with the organic waste bin. The future motivation for them to participate will be the electricity provision in proportion with the collected waste, but for now the program is pilot and the amount of organic waste we collect is very low.

• Do you know what the most common reason for the households was to join the program?

We believe the most common reason for the households to join the program was their environmental consciousness and awareness.

In general, Cypriot citizens start to participate in environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more to do in order to persuade more people to be sensitized.

For any more information, please do not hesitate to email us.

Kind regards

Maria Nicolaidou

240 X Transcript Panayiotou

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Ioanna Panayiotou (with translator) Commissioner of the Environment

Medium: Face-to-face, notes Location: Office of the Commissioner of the vironment,En Nicosia Date: 12 December 2013 Duration: approximately 30 minutes

I = Ioanna S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)

S: What are the task of the Commissioner of Environment, as there is also a Minister of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment?

I: The Constitution says that no extra Ministers can be appointed and there was a desire from the Green Party 8 - 10 years ago to have have someone extra in Parliament considering the environment. The Commissioner now has a checking and coordinating position on all ministries. The Commissioner is on an independent state to advise the president, the ministers and the parties.

S: What is the environmental mindset of the Cypriots?

I: A survey we have conducted has shown that only 1% of the Cypriots care about the environment. This 1% is mostly made out of people connected to the Green Party.

S: Is that why there is a Commissioner of the Environment?

I: As said, this was a desire from the Green Party. Also, as Cyprus entered the EU, a lot needs to be discussed.

S: What are the goals of your period as Commissioner?

I: The main goal is to reduce consumption. But, water and energy are not the main problem of Cyprus. Waste is. We need to change a lot around waste, especially the management. 40% of the waste in Cyprus is organic and there are a lot of possibilities to create energy from this. In 2014 the EU is going to give funds for separating organic waste in Cyprus. Also, there needs to be a new law, it is now on the agenda of the President, to make sure the money saved due to, for example, reduced energy consumption, can be used on the environment.

S: How can more awareness be created for the environment?

I: People do separate into some categories already, but do not know how to do the organics yet. A campaign is going to inform the people how to do this. Also, municipal green spots are in planning, to prevent the uncontrolled dump sites. The waste from the green spots will be separated later. We are thinking about building a new automatic separation plant in Limassol.

S: We see that a lot of public green is not really maintained well, can you tell something about this?

I: There is just no money, it is not a priority. As said, if this law is accepted we can use the money saved for the environment. For example saving energy with energy saving buildings, this saves money and this money can be used for maintenance of public green.

S: Do you think Cyprus is ready for design?

I: Every new idea needs time and patience, but it will become a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think this is the right time to show what you can do in design.

S: Has public participation become more important in Cyprus, or is it still a very top-down style of government?

I: The Government is more open for listening and people also tend to talk a little more. There is an improvement, but people are still not trusting the government very much. Therefore, they tend to go to independent body, like the Commissioner of Environment or NGOs. 241 XI Transcript Sergides

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Christakis Sergides Expert on history of Limassol

Medium: Face-to-face, notes Location: His house, Limassol Date: 4 December 2013 Duration: approximately 75 minutes

Info on Limassol: • Town started where the old hospital and the post office are situated, after this the centre moved to the current old centre: at the old harbour and old castle. • In 1940 the town got its roundway, for the movements of military vehicles during WOII. • the British on Cyprus made the port in Limassol more important, therefore flood prevention in the town became more important. • In 1974 (the Turkish invasion) the big expansion started, with refugee estates (governmental) and people building privately (building boom). • Limassol expanded to the north and east and municipalities which were ‘far away’ were now stuck onto limassol. • Limassol’s population doubled. • Around 1990 Limassol got a new Planning Law, which from then looked at the Greater Limassol and not only at the municipality.

Info on Garyllis: • The left and right branch of the Garyllis river are artificial, the middle one is the authentic one. • The middle branch did follow a different route before, through the old town. • The left branch was dug after the big flood of 1894. • Also walls where built along the authentic middle branch to prevent floods. • Between the left branch and the middle branch there is a place with the Greek name ‘lake’, this is where the water would go in the old days.

Other: • During the Byzantine era cisterns and wells could be found in Limassol.

242 Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Christakis Sergides Expert on history of Limassol

Medium: Email Location: - Date: 3 April 2014 Duration: -

Dear mister Serghides,

Last December we have spoken to each other. We are the two landscape architecture student from the Netherlands.

We have some questions for you about town planning in Limassol. Are there rules in Cyprus on how long a sold building plot can remain empty?

So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permitted or not?

Many thanks in advance,

Kind regards,

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis

ANSWER:

Dear Ladies,

The answer to your question is no. There is not, practically, any such restriction.

Yours sincerely,

Christakis.

243 XII Transcript TerraCypria

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Lefkios Sergides & Anthina Papatheodoulou TerraCypria

Medium: Face-to-face, notes Location: TerraCypria, Limassol Date: 27 November 2013 Duration: approximately 60 minutes

Amphibians: • Hyla savignyi • Rana ridibunda • Bufo virdis

Reptiles: At http://hscyprus.org/index.php/en/cyprus-reptiles/lizards you can find all the lizards we have in Cyprus but the ones living in towns are: • Ophisops elegans • Laudakia stellio • Mabuya vittata • Chalcides ocellatus • Hemidactylus turcicus (sta spitia to bradi) • Chamaeleon (ektos) - at Athalassa close to Nicosia • Cyrtopodio kotchie - at Athalassa close to Nicosia • Ablepharus kitaibelli - at Athalassa park close to Nicosia and also in the Pediaios river

Mammals: • Mus musculus • Rattus rattus • Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae • Pipistrellus kuhli • Pipistrellus savii • Eptesicus serotinus • Rousettus aegyptiacus

Further notes: • Interesting book about common tree species: “trees and shrubs in Cyprus” • Master Dissertation about trees in town centres (Evaggelos Antreou) • There are some turtles in the Pedieos river • Eucalyptus is a common species in the riverbed • Ask the architect of Limassol for maps • Reed is a native species and is good for biofiltration

244 Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Anthina Papatheodoulou TerraCypria

Medium: Email Location: - Date: 11 April 2014 Duration: -

We have some questions for you about plant growth and maintenance in Cyprus. Do you know in which months the plants in Cyprus grow most? And in which months does plant maintenance occur? Do you think the plants in Cyprus grow less/more hard compared to the Netherlands (because of the climate) and what percentage?

Many thanks in advance,

Kind regards,

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis

ANSWER:

Hello girls,

I cannot give a definitive answer to your questions as all depends on the plants. Which plants are you refering to. I would say that most of the plants grow better in spring but yet again this depends on the type of plant. Comparing Cyprus to Netherlands plants is not feasible as we are talking about deferent plants and completetly defferent climates. Keep in mind that the “ecological rule” is that a plants growth depends on the factor that is in limitation (for Cyprus is water for Netherlands I would say is sunshine). In addition to the confusing answers, if we are refering to landscaping plants that have been planted in the cities, these are being watered regularly.

I am sorry I cannot help more Best wishes Athina

245 XIII Transcript The Cyprus Institute

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Adriana Bruggeman, Katerina Charalambous & Marisa Lau The Cyprus Institute

Medium: Face-to-face, notes Location: The Cyprus Institute, Aglandsia, Nicosia Date: 11 November 2013 + 26 November 2013 Duration: approximately 90 minutes (total)

Info: • Waste is separated by GreenDot • Separated waste is probably shipt to somewhere else to process • Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater management in Limassol • In Nicosia the municipalities are responsible • There is no dam management (both the Tamassos and Polemidia dam are not managed) • Landfill ta Polemidia dam, water is polluted • The only water in the Pedieos river in Nicosia is surface runoff from the city • In Limassol the water in the Garyllis river might also come from the Polemidia dam (but it almost never overflows, once every 10 year) • The difference in quality of urban surface runoff and rural surface runoff might not be that big • The municipalities probably have maps of the design of the pedieos park

246 XIV Transcript Theopemptou

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Charalambos Theopemptou Former Commissioner of Environment

Medium: Face-to-face, recorded Location: Presse Café, Strovolos, Nicosia Date: 11 November 2013 Duration: approximately 44 minutes

C = Charalambos S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)

C: Why did you come to Cyprus?

S: Well, we wanted to do something in the Mediterranean region with drought and yes actually some water issues. Also, my father lives in Limassol and he said it is quite easy to come here and they have big problems here. So we looked into Cyprus and actually found that this might be the place that has the most problems with water and stuff like that.

C: I always say if you want to see about climate change, come to Cyprus.

S: That is why we are here. I have been here, this is my fourth time I think. Twice when I was 14 and I already can see in ten years it changed a lot. I can remember it was much greener, much more plants.

C: The big difference is up in Troodos. If you came in the winter you still had snow which was regularly above a meter, a meter and a half. Now it is only rare that you get a meter, usually a few centimeter.

S: Yes that is a big difference. We would like to know something about your blog, because we could not really understand the Greek. We cannot speak Greek. But, you were the commissioner of environment, now you are a teacher and what else do you do besides write a blog?

C: Well, I was involved in, I am an activist of the environmental group from the 1990s. And I was one of the people that signed and we made the Cyprus Green Party. That was in 1996 and we wait the first election and after the second time we participated in the elections, we elected one in P. We still have one in P who is very vocal in Parliament. In 2006 I was appointed by the then President, as a Commissioner to the environment, but this lasted only 18 months. You realise I was the first Commissioner, so I needed to set up the office, find a place to rent, find a secretary, buy the furniture, whatever. And then, the whole appointment ended up in the elections, in the presidential elections because the previous President lost the elections. So, we had a new President in 2008 in March, who appointed me again as the Commissioner. That lasted until this year in March. Because we have a new President again and he appointed somebody else. And now I am teaching at the university in Limassol.

S: Okay. What are you teaching?

C: I teach environmental sciences to first year students, so the introduction to environment. I do restoration, mainly landfill restoration and gas collection systems in landfills and the restoration work you need to do when you do fieldwork, when you pick the wrong methods about it. I also do coastal management, the principles for coastal management.

S: That is a lot.

C: And when i was appointed Commissioner, July the first, 2006. If you go to my blog, you find the first entry there. I wanted to record what I was doing. I was not, i did not have any contacts with the media and I did not know anybody. So, what I knew was, I know the internet works very well. So, I started a blog, which is easy. So, first day I started a blog and I kept writing it there and became very very popular. It was, I do not know now I do not think so, it was one of the most popular blogs on the island. And it was made so because I like writing, but it was referenced quite often from newspapers. And I also have a web page which I maintain where the heavy stuff are, I mean all the documents on policy, what happens, the news. And on top of that, I have a mailing list which is around 5000 prosperity. The mailing list is in sections, so if I have news that will be of interest to paper people, journalists, I have 240 I think of them. So I hand them out. Something to do with energy, I have the energy people. The biking people. And the general public. The companies. I write them individually, so everybody gets their follow up for instance, personalised. And I applied what I teach other people to do, use your strength. My strength were the internet and I used that a lot. 247 S: So you now teach every day in Limassol?

C: Yes, ha ha.

S: We do not know a lot of teacher in Holland that teach everyday.

C: Yes, my classes are usually late in the afternoon, or at night. That is why you see me here now. But I have a class at 1 o’clock and then I have to be 6.30 back in Nicosia.

S: Can you tell us something about the environment here? Maybe what changed negatively and positively, maybe some things changed positively already?

C: The positive changes, the beginning of the actual application of the European Directive regarding the environment. So, I am not happy, I criticise the legislation quite a lot. Because there are always loopholes if you look in our legislation. We transpose the European Directive to national legislation and you find loopholes. I know everybody does that. That is why a lot of the members of Parliament are very angry. Especially with the Waste Directive are not transposed into national legislation very well. As an European community we need to do something about that. Second problem here is. That is good, it is good that we have legislation, we have problems, but it is good. The big problem is that we are not usually strict in applying the legislation. From the moment that it passes parliament until whoever needs to implement the legislation understands it. In the day to day work, whether they will implement it. We lose people. But I think the major change here, the major positive change is the way people are thinking. The young generation they are different, they are very sensitive about the environment, they care, they participate. So I am very hopeful, very hopeful.

S: So, I think we should tell a little bit what we are researching here.

C: So you are students, what do you do?

S: Yes, we are students in landscape architecture, but I have also like a minor in, actually two, in urban design and in environmental quality. So, yes more quality to life.

C: Urban design, let me tell you a story. When I was a commissioner I met the Ambassador of The Netherlands here,. You are from The Netherlands yes? And I said to her I want to go to a typical Dutch city, not a big city but a typical mid-size city, the size of cities we have here in Cyprus, to see how the cities organise the places where people live, the housing area. I explained to her about ‘wounef’ about this stuff, ‘wounef’ the way you design the street.

S: Oh, ‘woonerf’, yes!

C: Yes, that is it! And I went to, they arranged it, and I went to Leusden.

S: Really? I come from Leusden.

C: Really?

S: I was born there.

C: Ha ha ha, anyway.

S: That is funny!

C: It was interesting and I met the mayor there and they took me around to a few places there. And I went to the, they have these very peculiar shaped …

S: Yes, they are very popular. Actually, we are from Wageningen, 30 kilometers from Leusden. They always called it, in the old days, the agricultural university, but now it is also much more about the environment, ecology. They call it the city of life sciences now. Everything to do with bringing more quality to life, about food, about environment, about policy. Everything always with sustainability in the background. It is not actually, it is a very small city, only 40 thousand inhabitants, but it is really green and near a river. Really nice. But what we are doing here now, is to see how we can harvest rainwater, because we found out when it comes it comes hard and a lot and you have floods. So we are looking at that, how we can maybe capture it and store it for later use in the summer, and …

C: That is something that they used to do a lot in Cyprus. In a city near Limassol, you can go and see, there is a small village which has the biggest number of cisterns. You know what a cistern is? You collect rainwater from the roof and you store it in a underground compartment. They used to do this in the old days. They had a well on top and you bring up the water that you

248 collect. For this reason. In that village, it is very nice, you can go and see and you will love it.

S: What village is this?

C: It is called Lofou, L-O-F-O-U.

S: Okay!

C: This is the reason why, in this village, you are not allowed to have pigeons. Because, they will foul up the roof and then whatever.

S: We are looking at ways to naturally treat it, with certain plants which grow here, which can. In Holland we do this a lot with reed. Water goes through it and it cleans. And we want to find out if we can find plants here that have sort of the same characteristics. And because we use plants we want to see if we can also use these plants to create biomass energy. So that it has a double function.

C: I do the type, I do not know the name in English, it looks like bamboo or the one you make corn, you know the plant called corn? Imagine that without the corn. It comes up like this. e have lots of them in places where there is water. So, if you go to places where we treat sewage like this, you see a lot of them and they grow very very quickly. But they need water.

S: Well, we cycled through Limassol yesterday, 25 kilometers, and found all the dry rivers. And we, for ourselves we just also found that there is like erosion, rocks falling in clogging it. Sometimes they also use it as parking place now, because it is not wet. And it is really interesting.

C: This is because they built dams. Well, they blocked all the rivers, because their water motto here is ‘Not a drop of water in the ocean’. That is what they used to say. They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of coastal erosion as well. Because do do not get any sediment now arriving.

S: Yes, because you need the sediments from the mountains at the coast. Because we have seen one or two, with the one near the Crowe Hotel or something, it is really, also they are not really nice places where they end. Only the one, they are doing something in the old harbour, they are making everything new there, sort of looks nice but also really artificial.

C: You know what they make? They say, they decided to do a marina Dubai style. So you will have a road going into the sea and you have large villas on the side of the road in the water. You have a place to stay, a house, there will be a parking place for the car, and a parking space on the other side of the house for the yacht. I think they sell them for 3 million or something like that. You have to understand that that area is, most of the industry in Cyprus was there along the coast and in the 1960s they would dump all their industrial waste in the water in that area. So, they needed to do something to restore the place, the conditions.

S: Let us see what else we prepared. Yes, so can you maybe tell something about the dams, because the dams in Cyprus are really important for the drinking and water supply.

C: Okay, the major lifeline in Cyprus in the Troodos’ range of the mountains. Troodos, I think it is 1900 meter high, I do not know I did not study. But it is enough to give you, to get you snow. In the old days we used to have a lot of snow high up in the mountains. That snow would melt very slowly and that will give you small rivers and freshwater while running out the top of the mountains for some time, there were times it even lasted up to May the melting of the snow.

S: And it starts in March?

C: No, you get the big snowfall around December, January, February, around then and then it starts to melt. Now of course it melts very quickly. Through the range you get the major basin of water collection and then you get all these rivers forming along the island. Some of the rivers will end up, we get rivers on all sides of the island. You get rivers on the west coast near Paphos, you get in Limassol three rivers, and you get halfway rivers, and then you get very interesting rivers that come from the mountains and cross the plain and go to Famagusta. That rivers we have here in Nicosia as well, there is a river going right in the middle. When we say rivers in Cyprus, you do not see any water. We call them rivers, because they have water when it rains.

S: Yes, so they have water when the dams are full?

C: We let a little bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river and to replenish the groundwater as well in the various areas.

S: Because we have also read that the groundwater is used a lot as well.

249 C: Yes, in the small villages, most of the small villages in Cyprus, and we have the biggest number of villages per square kilometer in Europe. There are a lot of small villages around in Cyprus, a lot. Our villages are really small, you get five or ten people living just there. So, the way they get their drinking water is through groundwater, because otherwise it is very difficult to have a network of drinking water pipelines to go all over the island. It is impossible. You have to have a local source, the local source is either groundwater or a small dam. We have a lot of them, the small dams. There are a lot of arguments of people that what we did is wrong and you should not have done that. The point is, at this moment, the way we act now, we are facing a huge problem with the groundwater level. Because we pipe up a lot of water, out of that. We are a small island, so it is very easy for sea water to seep through the piping. One of the worst cases we have is, if you see the map of Cyprus and you go to , were all the young people go to have fun. That area, which is a cultural area, they have a cultural influence. They overuse the groundwater and it is now 40 meters below sea level. So it is actually useless now, saltwater is rushing in now. We should have stopped them earlier, but we did not do anything. Damn politics! Because you cannot fix it.

S: No, it takes a long time.

C: And you need water!

S: Yes, to fix it.

C: If you have a lot of energy you can do that, you can desalinate and pump it in.

S: And energy wise, we also found that Cyprus is quite still, a really polluted island with carbon dioxide from cars and actually one of the things that gives a lot of carbon dioxide, is actually the energy making.

C: We have three power stations which are the major source of CO2 and a lot of air pollution as well. We have a lot of cars in the streets as you can see, everyone drives a car. Our cities are not designed for pedestrians or cyclists, so it is just cars. And they killed of the public transport we used to have before. Because when I was young I used to go with the bicycle, busses, everyone was using the public transport. And then they suddenly these policies and all these things that it is cool to have your own car and you have deductions to buy a car. If your car was for instance a petrol car, you get even bigger deductions. And you see the result.

S: Yes, a lot of parking everywhere. We cycled yesterday, it was sometimes a little bit dangerous.

C: Oh yes, because drivers do not pay that much attention. You are a nuisance.

S: Well, we are fortunate that in Holland we drive, everyone drives the bike. So, we know now to drive a bike. But, if you do not know, then it is not really safe to do it. But they are making also, like along the sea in Limassol, they are making bicycle paths. But they stop and you have to go back on the road again.

C: Yes, we have arguments about that.

S: And then you cannot get back on the bicycle path.

C: You are on the cycle path and you do not have priority. There was a big fight two weeks ago. Somebody was telling me, two guys punched each other Because this guy was going by the bicycle and the other, the other the driver was coming with the car and he turned over the cycle path to go into his house. When you go to the cycle path, you see that every house entry, the entrance, there is a stop for the cyclists. Well, how do I know that a car is going to turn in. It is stupid. The driver should stop, wait for him to pass and then turn. When I saw this it was too late, they did it. i got in touch with the guys, the cycling organisation in Limassol. I said to them, they are very good guys, what do you think you agreed to. They said to us it is okay, it will be for a short period of time. But good, nothing is more permanent than temporary stuff. Two weeks ago there was this fight.

S: In The Netherlands it is actually so that ,although the cyclist is doing it wrong the car is always on who is in fault. It is actually quite a good thing, that cars go always really big around you. Like if you do anything, that is good, that is why a lot of people cycle. And we do not have hills of course.

C: Actually, there is this study. I receive a lot of emails from European commission and they tell me this and that. And one of these, it was a very interesting study, it was done on, it was a university research project, why what are the policies that Germany, , and Holland The Netherlands have done to promote cycling, these three countries. And they identified seven policy reasons. That was very interesting, very very!

S: Well, what I would like to know is, we read that you are also into ecology or sustainability and what we would like to do …

C: Yes, anything environment I handle this.

250 S: And in Holland it is now really, sort of hype or something, are these ecosystem services. I wonder if people here, even policy makers even know these?

C: No!

S: Oh, that is very interesting, because like it showed that you can gain from it actually. A lot of benefits, but that’s a good one, than we introduce something new. What is now the situation on Cyprus with renewable energy? We saw some windmills, we see sometimes these solar panels and what else? Do they also do, like they have a lot of dams, do they also do hydropower with these dams or not?

C: No, they do not let that much there out. They were looking at it, but I think it is not worth it. One of the things they are looking also, which when you this you smile. It is a good idea. One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is that you get a lot of water evaporating in summer, so you have a big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You lose a lot of water through evaporation, so the question is can I do something. And there are various solutions. One solution would be trow a million balls on the dam and they prevent evaporation. They reduce it. Also you have something floating. This company came up with the idea that we float solar panels ha ha. It is really heavy and you need a solid boat and it will cost you a lot of money to get the boat. And what do you do when it is windy? And why should I put it on the water and why not somewhere else?

S: Have they ever looked into sand dams in Cyprus? What they used in certain African countries? Where they also have of rain and then droughts, they store water in sand and then the sand already takes out some of the pollutants and then they, or it goes to the groundwater or they pump it up again. That is also a way of not letting the sun to the water.

C: This is I know a roman technique. The small green spaces in Paris they were for that reason. So when Paris became bigger and bigger they have to find a way for drinking water. The romans used to do these dams. No but we do not have them.

S: Okay, and biomass energy, do you do.

C: Biomass yes, biomass we have something like 12 unique digesters that produce electricity. And they also use the compost in the end. So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if you look at the 1999 directive 31, EU directive 31 of 1999, it talks about biomass. And the directive, the 98 of 2008 talks about separate collection as well, so especially the last one, the 98 of 2008 talks about organic, separate collection of organic material. And there is a different directive as well on the green waste policies that you can do. So I used all this and I kept pushing the government.

S: Yes, that is actually a part of our research. We actually saw that in the Netherlands from the households’ green waste a lot of biomass can be or energy can be produced. A thing we want to see here as well is actually if, we want to do a questionnaire to see if people are for example willing to separate if they get something back for it.

C: Two days ago I sat over there with people who wanted to start a business and they were asking me this and these days I think, they were going around to interview people, to do a survey. But we have put a lot of effort to the government and they have an area here in Nicosia. An area of four villages that actually do a separate collection of organic waste.

S: Okay, and which villages are those?

C: It is Marki, Sha, Lythrodontas and Agia Varvara. And there is the municipality of Dali that does it as well. So, according to what, only a group of people that are in the government agrees on waste. So, in Nicosia we are going to have separate collection. Very complex.

S: Yes, that is a good thing. Because in the Netherlands, I said, oh we do not separate that much and then we started thinking, we do plastics, glass, paper, green and normal. So you do plastic here?

C: We do plastic in one bag. We have glass, you see there the glass collection thing. We have paper, also newspaper and packaging etcetera. So what is left, is garden waste and the food remain. So the garden waste and the food remain, I go around pep talking and I do talk about composting. Promote, you need to promote household composting. But household composting will not solve the problem, it will reduce it. But you need to do it. So you do that, and then you try to get the quality to collect the green waste and to have some use for it. Like compost or biomass etcetera. And the next thing is collect all the things, the food remain, to produce electricity. That was what I was promoting.

S: Yes, that is a good one. That is what we want to try to promote as well, so that is nice. Is it correct that you said that the environmental awareness is better now in the new generation?

C: Very much better!

251 S: And is this because of higher education or just the internet, that they read more maybe?

C: It is a combination of factors, definitely we are doing very good work in high school. Especially in elementary school, so that need a little bit of time to show. But, we did a, we have a very good policy on sustainable education at schools. Environmental education training. And we have environmental education training centre located on the island, and people can go there and you stay there for a weekend to teach there and learn people how to teach. They are very good, especially at the place, how is called this place, where you take kids to see. But, especially for teacher to go there and staying a weekend, and train them how to teach the subject.

S: So it does work if you put in, well we finally have to make a design, and we also thought about awareness, that you can play with things or stuff. In Holland that really works with children, who can see how much water there is and stuff like that.

C: There is material like this. I do not think it is a lot in quantity, but there are, there are books and stuff. I probably know one or two games, I do not know anything to play with. I am not so familiar with that. I only saw one one energy, like a snake which you put on the floor, and throw a dice and do this.

S: It is very interesting, because I wonder how many people know where the rivers are actually. For example, Limassol. Because we had quite a difficult time finding them. And when we did find them we thought: oh.

C: People know that there is a river, but we do not know the name. People know, yes yes yes yes. But, we do not know the name. It is a peculiarity. For instance, if you are a Cypriot and you are lost or so, they will not give you the name of the street. They will say: do you know where so and so shop is? This traffic lights of, we give for example the name of the shop that was near the traffic lights twenty years ago. The shop is not there anymore, but we say the traffic lights of … We do not know the street.

S: And here in Nicosia, at the river in the west, there is a park. We still have to see it, we are going there this afternoon. But, there is a park now also with a cycling lane or something. Is it nice, is it working?

C: Yes, I do this every weekend.

S: Okay, so it is working.

C: It is nice, yes it is nice.

S: Okay, we have to see it. Because, I wonder how, because in Limassol the rivers are like polluted, what is left of the river.

C: No, here it is different. No, it is very nice. It is not what you see in Holland.

S: We have a lot of water! Interesting ...

C: The only thing is, the Pedieos is very long, you can cycle quite a few kilometers, it is cycling along the river. For most of the path there is a cycle lane and there is a pedestrian lane. So, when you go there you see the pedestrians are always on the side of the river, sometimes you are on the left side of the river and sometimes on one bank and than on the other. So, always they keep the pedestrian lane on the side of the river. But, it is nice. You get on the bike and you go, you get out of the city easily. This is, this is one of the places where they were thinking about building a small tram. So that it will take people from outside the city to the centre. Because it will bring you right in the middle of the city. And I fought against that, because if you read different policies, if you do not restrict the use of the private care, you have not done anything. If it is easy for me to get into the car to go to the city centre, I will get into the car. I do not want to go to some place to drop off my car and get on a tram to go to the city.

S: Because, in The Netherlands, like in Amsterdam you take the train or something and the tram, because if you park there it costs you five euros per hour. And that is why people do not do it. Because then, the train is cheaper or you can even leave your car there for free and take the train for 2 euros or something and then you go into the city. It is quite nice, because in the city it is like only bikes going everywhere.

C: Yes, I know! I have been there quite a few times.

S: And here it is just cars everywhere, parking everywhere. It is incredible. But, do a lot of people use the river then here, or the park?

C: Oh yes, now it is working day and you will not see many people. But if you go, for instance in the weekend, yes. I actually wrote that before in a, and I am going to do it again. Because there are a lot of bikes on the bicycle lane and there is a risk of accidents, because of design flaws. There are certain places where you go straight and then they built this thing, which the

252 architect thought it would be a nice thing to have, but this small bend that you see on the map, if you are moving a bit faster with the bike you have crashes. You have crashes with the person coming from the other side, because you cannot see them.

S: Yes, yesterday in Limassol as well. We really had to cycle ...

C: Yes, the guys that do this, they never sat on a bike. It looks good on paper, but it does not work.

S: But they also want to do, we actually saw on Google Maps or something, that one of the rivers in Limassol also has a linear park. But we went there and there was nothing.

C: They are planning it.

S: So they already put it on Google Maps. Like, okay this will be there in the next ten years.

C: What you will see in the city is they are working on the outskirts of the river. It will come to a point that it will end in the old harbour there.

253 XV Codebook

The qualitative data gained from the 13 interviews is coded to analyse their contents (Creswell, 2009). “Coding is the assigning of codes (that have been previously defined or operationalized in a codebook) to raw data. This allows researchers to engage in data reduction and simplification.” (Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011, p.138).

The codes First, like Creswell (2009) suggests, categories and themes are made to connect the codes to. Also, these categories, as well as the themes, are linked to each other. Together the categories and themes make the codes, for example, Energy (category) - Problem (theme). There are also five codes that are not connected to a theme, but are important subjects within the categories, for example, Riversystem within the category Water.

Categories Environment Water Energy Economy Social/General

Themes

Habit/Approach X X X X X

Problem X X X X X

Awareness X X X

Change/Future X X X X X plan

Politics/Policy X X X X X

Loose codes

Biodiversity Riversystem Organic waste Foreigners Setting

X X X X X

X = if the code present in the interview data

The book Codebooks should exist of six components: code name/label, brief definition, full definition, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, and and examples (Macqueen et al., 1998; cited in Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011) To make it easier, because coding is not a main method used in this thesis. This codebook is consists of only, like Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch (2011) use, three components: code name/label, full definition, and an example.

Code name/label Full definition Example

Environment If data contains information And its an island with huge resources. We have some of the Biodiversity on biodiversity: animal/ biggest varieties of plants from all over the world. We also plant species, the state of have our unique animal, the mouflon. It is like a goat with big ecology etc. horns. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Environment If data contains information We calculated that about half of the people in the area where Habit/Approach on environmental habits/ we have the program, participate in our packaging recycling. approaches: nature use, (Appendix 3i-V) importance, etc.

Environment If data contains information They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of Problem on problems concerning coastal erosion as well. Because we do not get any sediment environment/landscape: now arriving. (Appendix 3i-XIV) waste, pollution, etc.

254 Environment If data contains information In general, Cypriot citizens start to participate in Awareness on environmental environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more awareness: attitude towards to do in order to persuade more people to be sensitized. the environment. (Appendix 3i-IX)

Environment If data contains information I always say if you want to see about climate change, come to Change/Future plan on changes made or plans Cyprus. IAppendix 3i-XIV) for change concerning the environment/landscape: creation of controlled dumpsites, etc.

Environment If data contains information But, the municipalities are really giving us a hard time. I am Politics/Policy on policies concerning not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that environment/landscape: much. (Appendix 3i-VI) new rules, fines, etc.

Water If data contains information So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is called Riversystem on riversystems: waterflow, something else. A river is always with water. These are called dry rivers, etc. something else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going into this thing and to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III))

Water If data contains information During the Byzantine era cisterns and wells could be found in Habit/Approach on water habits on/ Limassol. (Appendix 3i-XI) approaches: water sources, use, etc.

Water If data contains information One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is Problem on problems concerning that you get a lot of water evaporating in summer, so you water: sources, use, etc. have a big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You lose a lot of water through evaporation, so the question is can I do something. IAppendix 3i-XIV)

Water If data contains information We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If Awareness on water awareness: it does not rain a lot, they cut water during summertime. attitude towards scarcity, (Appendix 3i-VI) shortage, etc.

Water If data contains information But, there are some new, that is to have some retentions Change/Future plan on changes made or plans ponds. One is going to be, there are some studies, one is for change concerned water: going to be north of Limassol in [...] area. They are thinking cuts, new sources, etc. to make it in a schoolyard, and below to have some special pipes and collect everywhere, the drainage water there. And then it will stay for some period and when the rain stops, it will allow it to go to the sea. But these are studies, they did not implement anything yet. (Appendix 3i-III)

Water If data contains information Info: Politics/Policy on policies concerning • Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater water: who is in charge, etc. management in Limassol. • In Nicosia the municipalities are responsible. (Appendix 3i-XIII)

Energy If data contains information Green residues (organic waste) has great potential in Cyprus. Organic waste on organic waste (possibly as (Appendix 3i-VIII) renewable energy source): amount, potentials, etc.

255 Energy If data contains information Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar, Habit/Approach on energy habits on/ wind, biomass (mostly solar). (Appendix 3i-VIII) approaches: sources, use, etc.

Energy If data contains information We have three power stations which are the major source of

Problem on problems concerning CO2 and a lot of air pollution as well. (Appendix 3i-XIV) energy: sources, use, etc.

Energy If data contains information It is not very clear how this will proceed. The government Change/Future plan on changes made or plans was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have for change concerned new facilities for SRF. They have made a couple of steps back, energy: new sources, use, because those that were supposed to be projects funded etc. by the EU, or great extent by the EU, but it seems that they are not getting all the money from the EU now. So, they are now talking about having a SRF facility in the Limassol area, to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But, for the case of Nicosia they are now talking about a secure landfill, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus will have, if we go in that direction, we will have two plans, with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two plans for SRF less say with a capacity of about 350.000 tons to 400.000 tons. The production is close to 600.000 tons, so there is room to do other things with the waste. So, without being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is still at the back of the mind of the government to find ways to find ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a SRF plant for the Nicosia area. (Appendix 3i-V)

Energy If data contains information So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if Politics/Policy on policies concerning you look at the 1999 directive 31, EU directive 31 of 1999, it energy: new legislation, talks about biomass. IAppendix 3i-XIV) subsidies, etc.

Economy If data contains information Then of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started Foreigners on economy driven by building up in the whole Med, more people traveling foreigners: expats, etc. etcetera etcetera, throughout Europe, on holidays and this and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a little bit of an upside. Why, because they had their own currency, property was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Economy If data contains information And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account Habit/Approach on economy habits on/ here, to have a second residence here, etcetera etcetera. approaches: how money is (Appendix 3i-IV) earned, spend, etc.

Economy If data contains information Especially the last couple of years we go through financial Problem on problems concerning problems. The municipalities do not have the money to do economy: debts, etc. their cleaning properly. (Appendix 3i-V)

Economy If data contains information Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in, Change/Future plan on changes made or plans then you had two things which happened. You had the for change concerning commercial banking which took off in a big way, but also you economy: loans, cuts, etc. had property and prices of ground going up. (Appendix 3i-IV)

256 Economy If data contains information There is corruption everywhere. But, when a country grows Politics/Policy on policies concerning up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So, economy: taxes, etc. it is manipulated. That manipulation is from top to bottom, through the banking, through economics, through who you know, who can sign, who can do this and who can do that. So, this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislation in place. It is coming, but it is still not there. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Social/General If data contains information So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and Setting on social settings, villages, eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permitted cities, etc. or not? The answer to your question is no. There is not, practically, any such restriction. (Appendix 3i-XI)

Social/General If data contains information Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they Habit/Approach on social/general habits on/ have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to approaches: activities after show they have like a nice car, a nice house. (Appendix 3i-VI) work, mindset, etc.

Social/General If data contains information Well, it is a strange time for the municipalities to say the Problem on social/general problems: truth. The last two years have been very difficult, most of low education, leaving them are, for the first time, facing very serious financial knowledge, etc. problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on with consults from the UK, about the future of the local authorities. So, most of these people are not sure if they will be there as a municipality as they are today six months from today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this time. (Appendix 3i-V)

Social/General If data contains information Every new idea needs time and patience, but it will become Awareness on social awareness: a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think self-knowledge, cultural this is the right time to show what you can do in design. awareness, etc. (Appendix 3i-X)

Social/General If data contains information If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has Change/Future plan on social changes made happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a or plans for social change: longer way ahead. (Appendix 3i-V) changing social structures, etc.

Social/General If data contains information So, I am not happy, I criticise the legislation quite a lot. Politics/Policy on general policies: taxes, Because there are always loopholes if you look in our etc. legislation. We transpose the European Directive to national legislation and you find loopholes. I know everybody does that. That is why a lot of the members of Parliament are very angry. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

257 XVI Information per category

In this Appendix the results of the coding process can be found. All data that received the same code is gathered together. This to be able to find the needed information derived from the interviews.

Environment

Biodiversity In few words, We recorded different kinds of woody flora one can meet in Nicosia, the ecology status of them and problems in several rows of trees on the sides of the roads. The trees of the roadsides have been recorded and counted and the 10 most common are: Ficus microcarpa, Brachychiton diversifolius, Olea europaea, Washingtonia filifera, Schinus terebinthifolius, Tipuana tipu, Cupressus sempervirens, Cercis siliquastrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Casuarina cunninghamiana. (Appendix 3i-II)

And its an island with huge resources. We have some of the biggest varieties of plants from all over the world. We also have our unique animal, the mouflon. It is like a goat with big horns. (Appendix 3i-VI)

The river systems of Cyprus are important habitats for birds in their full- length from the source to the mouth. This is especially true for dry islands like Cyprus. In higher - usually more wooded parts of Cyprus’ rivers clusters of dense vegetation are created, which are attractive shelters, feeding and nesting places for forest bird species. Such species include the Eurasian Wren Troglodytes troglodytes which is a permanent resident of the island and the Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos which is a summer visitor from Africa. The Cetti’s Warbler Cettia cetti - a cryptic and noisy bird - also has a special liking to the dense riparian vegetation regardless of altitude. Large numbers of invertebrates identified close to river systems are vital for these insectivorous species. The increased concentration of invertebrates attracts members of the swallow family, like the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, the Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica, the House Martin Delichon urbicum, and the Sand Martin Riparia riparia. For the Red-rumped Swallow bridges and pipes directing water make ​the rivers are ideal nesting site. Even hawks like the Hobby Falco subbutteo, the Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae and the Red-Footed Falcon Falco vespertinus are attracted by the numbers of insects along the rivers. The Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus, likes riparian thickets in the lowlands and estuaries for reproduction. (Appendix 3i-VII)

The reeds that grow in flat areas with slow flow , are important breeding places for the Eurasia reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus, a relatively rare summer visitor from Africa. The winter posts in reed beds are occupied by the Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed systems are also points of attraction for the Spotted Crake Porzana porzana, the Little Crake Porzana parva and the Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, the latter breeding even in wells near rivers. Although most commonly found along the coast or in wetlands and dams, the Kingfisher Alcedo athis, uses rivers during winter and migration, although it doesn’t breed in Cyprus. Along the lower reaches, where the river creates steep slopes in soft sediment, the bee- eater Merops apiaster and more frequently the Roller Coracias garrulus dig holes for nesting. Cyprus offers a summer refuge to a significant portion of the European population of the Roller, a species whose protection is of global concern. (Appendix 3i-VII)

The only bird that specializes in hunting through the rivers is the Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, located in rapidly flowing rivers with shallow areas where the bird collects aquatic invertebrates. It is a frequent winter visitor to the island and for the first time breeding evidence was confirmed in Troodos in 2013. (Appendix 3i-VII)

Wading birds such as the Little Bittern Ixobrichus minutus, the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, the Night heron Nycticorax nycticorax, the common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and the Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus use rivers especially during migration periods as resting and foraging areas and as migratory routes. Even ducks like the Teal Anas creccakai and the Garganey Anas querquedula have been observed to migrate along rivers. (Appendix 3i-VII)

In addition to the above , the streams and rivers of Cyprus are important habitats for almost all bird species on the island , because they provide water. (Appendix 3i-VII)

Specifically to Garyllis and Pedieos: We don’t hold much specific information about Garyllis. Pedieos however is a river that is linked to 3 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) (for more info on IBAs read here http://birdlifecyprus.org/en/html-8-Habitats_and_Sites.html ) in Cyprus. These are Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant, Mesaoria Plain and Famagusta Lakes. Famagusta Lake has been identified as an IBA for its importance for breeding Plegadis falcinellus, Himantopus himatopus, Vanellus spinosus and Francolinus francolinus. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Bubulcus ibis, Burhinus oedicnemus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Coracias garrulus, Galerida cristata, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non- breeding Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ixobrychus minutes, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Phoenicopterus roseus, Platalea leucorodia, Falco vespertinus, Circus aeruginosus, Grus grus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa tetanus, Numenius arquata, Glareola pratincola, Charadrius leschenaultii, Larus audouinii, Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias hybrida, Alcedo athis, Melanocorypha calandra, Calandrella brachydactyla, Lanius nubicus, Lanius 258 minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia. Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant has been identified as an IBA for its importance for the regular occurrence on migration of the Oxyura leucocephala, and for breeding Vanellus spinosus, Homantopus himantopus and Meanocorypha calandra. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Francolinus francolinus, Alectoris chukar, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata, Galerida cristata. Non breeding Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Ixobrychus minutus, Bubulcus ibis, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea, Plegadis falcinellus, Aythya nyroca, Aquila fasciata, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco subbuteo, Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa totanus, Luscinis svecica, Calandrella brachydactyla, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Acrocephalus melanopogon are regularly recorded. Mesaoria Plain has been identified as an IBA for its importance for breeding Burhinus oedicnemus, Melanocorypha calandra, Francolinus francolinus and Galerida cristata. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Alectoris chukar, Athene noctua, Pterocles orientals (possible breeding area), Coracias garrulus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non breeding Buteo rufinus, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco naumanni, Falco subbuteo, Milvus migrans, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Lullula arborea, Calandrella brachydactyla, Antus campestris, Lanius nubicus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia, Emberiza hortulana. (Appendix 3i-VII)

Amphibians • Hyla savignyi • Rana ridibunda • Bufo virdis Reptiles At http://hscyprus.org/index.php/en/cyprus-reptiles/lizards you can find all the lizards we have in Cyprus but the ones living in towns are: • Ophisops elegans • Laudakia stellio • Mabuya vittata • Chalcides ocellatus • Hemidactylus turcicus (sta spitia to bradi) • Chamaeleon (ektos) - at Athalassa close to Nicosia • Cyrtopodio kotchie - at Athalassa close to Nicosia • Ablepharus kitaibelli - at Athalassa park close to Nicosia and also in the Pediaios river Mammals • Mus musculus • Rattus rattus • Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae • Pipistrellus kuhli • Pipistrellus savii • Eptesicus serotinus • Rousettus aegyptiacus (Appendix 3i-XII)

There are some turtles in the Pedieos river. (Appendix 3i-XII)

Eucalyptus is a common species in the riverbed. (Appendix 3i-XII)

Reed is a native species and is good for biofiltration. (Appendix 3i-XII)

I would say that most of the plants grow better in spring but yet again this depends on the type of plant. Comparing Cyprus to Netherlands plants is not feasible as we are talking about different plants and completely different climates. Keep in mind that the “ecological rule” is that a plants growth depends on the factor that is in limitation (for Cyprus is water for Netherlands I would say is sunshine). In addition to the confusing answers, if we are referring to landscaping plants that have been planted in the cities, these are being watered regularly. (Appendix 3i-XII)

We let a little bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Habit/approach They do not necessarily identify with environmental issues. (Appendix 3i-IV)

First of all come the family and the business. So, environment will always come second, or third, or fourth, or fifth. It is not on their list of priorities. (Appendix 3i-IV)

So, environment is, I do not think it is there on the top of their list. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Now, several companies have proposed several types of alternatives. But it all comes to who is going to pay for it? (Appendix 3i-IV)

259 They will not tolerate, because they do not have the income base, to for them now to start paying an extra 5 or 10 euros a month for the waste to be processed through a processing plant. (Appendix 3i-IV)

So, it just goes into a landfill, and it is not like the landfill is now constructed in such a way you can tap it for gas and have a biogas. No, it is just landfill. (Appendix 3i-IV)

The main aspect of our work is packaging, packaging waste. We were formed by the industry in 2004. But actual operations, planning and operations, began mid 2005 and of course it was an outcome of the acceptance of Cyprus in the EU.So, since 2002 we have the legislation on responsibility of packaging. It was the, it was basically the transposition of European legislation to a local legal framework. (Appendix 3i-V)

So, a big part of the market, they are registered with us, we represent them and we are collecting the packaging waste. Now to be able to recover and recycle packaging, based on the fact that recycling was not an issue or was a very small issue for some very few companies doing the collection of industrial packaging and recycling on why pay the recycling. (Appendix 3i-V)

We calculated that about half of the people in the area where we have the program, participate in our packaging recycling. (Appendix 3i-V)

But still, breaking the habit of putting everything together and getting into the mindset of sorting things makes a lot of difference. (Appendix 3i-V)

What we also wondered, we looked at a lot of dry rivers. And we have seen a lot of garbage that has been dumped in these areas and we do not understand it. Because, you do not have to pay to put your garbage in the bins. … Yes, we are very good in that. You have to drive with it. We do not understand it either, but it happens. (Appendix 3i-V)

Yes, this is a cultural thing. It is something that we have. We are very sensitive with the area within the walls of our house and our garden. But it is, like, someone can have a perfect garden and throw the materials outside. It does not make sense of course because waste is still there, but that is something we have. (Appendix 3i-V)

It is unrealistic for a country with a touristic economy, to not care about the environment. But it is something we have been doing for years. (Appendix 3i-V)

The other thing we were amazed about was, why do people throw their waste from the hill down? Because when you throw it from the hill, you do not see it anymore. Out of sight, out of mind. So, it is both a cultural issue, but is also an issue of a non- organized state to take care of it. (Appendix 3i-V)

A very small amount stays here, because we have a plastic fabric one locally, but not a big one. Most of it is pressed and exported. Same happens with paper, all the paper goes out. All the metals go out. With glass, we keep it here and we use it as a raw material in the cement factory. Because we do not have a glass recycling facility. Today, most of the treatment, it is not feasible to do it here. (Appendix 3i-V)

Well, the other thing is that not a lot of people are into the environment here. They just see what money they can take come it mostly, instead of what they would do for the environment. (Appendix 3i-VI)

They do not care about the petrol. Some of them do, but mostly because they save money on petrol not that much for the environment. Now, with the PVs that I see the client that wants to install PVs. From all the clients I have only seen one, me, that wants to install because it is good for the environment. The rest just wants to save money. (Appendix 3i-VI)

I think people in a family are now do probably also recycling. We change our rubbish, garbage, once or twice a week, as where we would every day in the past. Recycling is going even better now. Like in most cities and villages on the island there is recycling, but still there are people that are like no I do not do recycling. (Appendix 3i-VI)

But, what does the majority of the people do? Most people now are recycling.(Appendix 3i-VI)

There is something I forgot to tell you about Cypriots. Cypriot people have been through a lot, a lot of stuff, since the ancient times. We have been a country that everyone wanted to conquer. They wanted our trees, they were cutting our trees to make boats, ships and everything. The were digging the land to take copper, now we do not have much left. They did, you know, major changes, even villages were modified because of copper findings they had. (Appendix 3i-VI)

That is why you see so many expensive cars around and people do not care that much about the environment. I think, we did not have the time and chance to go into that. And another reason that not many things happened for the environment is that the government and politicians spending their time and money trying to solve the Cyprus problem. Not that they are doing much there, but it is like considered it more important. (Appendix 3i-VI)

260 What I also forgot to tell you about Cyprus, is that we have it all here, different climates. You drive 30 minutes you are at the beach and you can swim. Another day you drive into the mountains, where there is a more pleasant temperature. And we have cities. Yes, you have what you need on the island, I guess. (Appendix 3i-VI)

People do separate into some categories already, but do not know how to do the organics yet. A campaign is going to inform the people how to do this. (Appendix 3i-X)

Info: • Waste is separated by Greendot. • Separated waste is probably shipped to somewhere else to process. (Appendix 3i-XIII)

Problem Here, they are still using landfill, which is again the EU rules. So, they are having to pay a fine every month, because they are using landfills. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Of course, through these years of existence in the market and the experience with local authorities and following up all these developments in the greater waste management sector and the strategies of the governments to deal with waste problems, because we also have problems with existing dumps. Actually the two large cities are served by dumps, not even secure landfills. This is something we are in the European courts for now. (Appendix 3i-V)

And given the fact that the supportive mechanisms that should be in place, are still not there. I mean, if you take into account, for example, that two dumps which served about for 70% of the population actually. The two dumps, at Nicosia and Limassol where most of the people are, are basically almost free, because it is two or three euros per ton. And if you would have a competitor, that is sucking all the material because it is free. Anything that costs even a euro is an issue to convince people to do it, even the industry.(Appendix 3i-V)

The other thing we have to admit, is that we do not have areas where people can take their waste and organise it. We do not have any green points where people can take their constructions. So even some construction waste of a small restructuring of your house, you do not know what to do with it, so you just throw it somewhere and it will be okay. It is an issue not only of the society, but it is an organising issue. (Appendix 3i-V)

The main goal is to reduce consumption. But, water and energy are not the main problem of Cyprus. Waste is. We need to change a lot around waste, especially the management. (Appendix 3i-X)

They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of coastal erosion as well. Because we do not get any sediment now arriving. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

You have to understand that that area is, most of the industry in Cyprus was there along the coast and in the 1960s they would dump all their industrial waste in the water in that area. So, they needed to do something to restore the place, the conditions. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Awareness So they do not, they do not see a problem themselves in the environment. (Appendix 3i-IV)

And of course we have also the great part of the responsibility of the communication and sensi rationalisation of the population. (Appendix 3i-V)

We believe that we did a good job given the circumstances in about seven years time. (Appendix 3i-V)

And these are encouraging numbers, not only because it is something new for Cyprus, but also because the citizens do not have an obligation to participate. (Appendix 3i-V)

Especially the participation three years ago, the initial participation was better than the initial participation seven years ago. (Appendix 3i-V)

So, it depends I mean, looking at the area demographics are important. You can see different numbers in different even adjacent municipalities, because here older people are living and not willing to participate, as in the next municipality has better demographics and much better participation. (Appendix 3i-V)

You already told that they are not very caring about the environment, but are they aware of the climate change? Some of them yes. Many of them are, but I do not really think there is that much interest in that. (Appendix 3i-VI)

In general, Cypriot citizens start to participate in environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more to do in order to

261 persuade more people to be sensitized. (Appendix 3i-IX)

A survey we have conducted has shown that only 1% of the Cypriots care about the environment. This 1% is mostly made out of people connected to the Green Party. (Appendix 3i-X)

But I think the major change here, the major positive change is the way people are thinking. The young generation they are different, they are very sensitive about the environment, they care, they participate. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

It is a combination of factors, definitely we are doing very good work in high school. Especially in elementary school, so that need a little bit of time to show. But, we did a, we have a very good policy on sustainable education at schools. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Change/future plan I think, the only way you can get environment going up in their list is by EU subsidies. In other words, if they do not have to pay for it they will definately get it done. But, if you expect them to pay for it, you are never going to get it done. (Appendix 3i-IV)

A few years back we had to start everything, almost from scratch. So, we designed the collection shifts, we were consulted by the Belgian system Force Plus, at the time. So, we designed the systems and began corporations with local authorities to run recycling programs for the households. (Appendix 3i-V)

But, we also since 2007 we started our first house programs with five municipalities back then. Eventually we grew up to a system with geographical coverage and now we have 85% of the population, we cover almost all the municipalities and a number of communities. (Appendix 3i-V)

We believe having 50% of the people participating in a period of five to six years, more or less, is quite an successful for Cyprus. In fact, many people never thought this would actually happen in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-V)

And of course you keep listening to people and they will say it is difficult to do it. But when they do it, they will say is was so simple. In the beginning they do not know where to put the bins, but once they do it they say it is very simple. If they already think that it is simple, it is much easier to convince them to do something else. (Appendix 3i-V)

Waste has not not been an important issue until we joined the EU. (Appendix 3i-V)

Now, we see all this climate change and they start to somehow think about how it works. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Also, municipal green spots are in planning, to prevent the uncontrolled dump sites. The waste from the green spots will be separated later. We are thinking about building a new automatic separation plant in Limassol. (Appendix 3i-X)

There is just no money, it is not a priority. As said, if this law is accepted we can use the money saved for the environment. For example saving energy with energy saving buildings, this saves money and this money can be used for maintenance of public green. (Appendix 3i-X)

I always say if you want to see about climate change, come to Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

The big difference is up in Troodos. If you came in the winter you still had snow which was regularly above a meter, a meter and a half. Now it is only rare that you get a meter, usually a few centimeter. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Politics/policy Companies need to recover in Cyprus certain percentages of their packaging waste and they can either do it individually or join organisations, non-profit organisations, who then run the recycling systems for them. (Appendix 3i-V)

They do not have fines or anybody to put pressure to participate, and they also have an incentive, an financial incentive to do so because we do not have pay-and-throw systems for example. People are paying taxes, so in fact if you recycle you more or less are subsidising your neighbour who is not recycling. (Appendix 3i-V)

It was also an initiative from our minister of environment, because we kind of found this strange situation that two ministries involved in the management of waste, the ministry of environment and the ministry of interior. And there is of course conflict between them, they have different agendas and although the ministry of environment is more or less in line with what we are saying and trying to promote separate collection of organic waste as well. The ministry of interior is pushing things towards the direction of SRF rather than any other type of treatment of organic waste. (Appendix 3i-V)

When they can just send their trucks to the landfill and pay, lets say, 7 euro or 10 euro, it is an issue to spend 20 euros for the truck to be recycled. So that is something that is unbelievable that is happening, but it shows quite well the different agendas

262 at the government level. (Appendix 3i-V)

But, there are some people that are very interested in the environment, like mr. Theopemptou for example, my family also, we want to do something. But the regulation, the government does not help. The problem is, in order to make the laws, policies and stuff that will help, help us to do something better with the environment, you have to see the financial point of view. And because we are also in the EU, it kind of makes them, you have to do this. So, they have to do things, this and that. (Appendix 3i-VI)

But, the municipalities are really giving us a hard time. I am not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that much. (Appendix 3i-VI)

The Constitution says that no extra Ministers can be appointed and there was a desire from the Green Party 8 - 10 years ago to have have someone extra in Parliament considering the environment. The Commissioner now has a checking and coordinating position on all ministries. The Commissioner is on an independent state to advise the president, the ministers and the parties. (Appendix 3i-X)

Also, there needs to be a new law, it is now on the agenda of the President, to make sure the money saved due to, for example, reduced energy consumption, can be used on the environment. (Appendix 3i-X)

The positive changes, the beginning of the actual application of the European Directive regarding the environment. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Especially with the Waste Directive are not transposed into national legislation very well. As an European community we need to do something about that. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

And then they suddenly these policies and all these things that it is cool to have your own car and you have deductions to buy a car. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Water

Riversystem Ah, okay, So, in the mountains we have, Troodos mountain, it will snow in the winter period of 3 months and the snow melts it goes through these rivers downwards. There are a lot of dams, so we collect the water, but after the dams when we do not have overflow, it is dry. Or upwards, when there is no snow and no rain, again it is dry. So, these rivers are used to, when there is rain or snow, collection of the water in the dams. (Appendix 3i-III)

So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is called something else. A river is always with water. These are called something else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going into this thing and to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)

So, also from the city, it goes in the river and then it goes to the sea? Yes, we saw many times these rivers full of water. When, because, okay, some of it is collected in the streets, but a lot of it goes to these kind of rivers. (Appendix 3i-III)

Info on Garyllis: • The left and right branch of the Garyllis river are artificial, the middle one is the authentic one. • The middle branch did follow a different route before, through the old town. • The left branch was dug after the big flood of 1894. • Also walls where built along the authentic middle branch to prevent floods. • Between the left branch and the middle branch there is a place with the Greek name ‘lake’, this is where the water would go in the old days. (Appendix 3i-XI)

Info: • The only water in the Pedieos river in Nicosia is surface runoff from the city. • In Limassol the water in the Garyllis river might also come from the Polemidia dam (but it almost never overflows, once every 10 year). (Appendix 3i-XIII)

Through the range you get the major basin of water collection and then you get all these rivers forming along the island. Some of the rivers will end up, we get rivers on all sides of the island. You get rivers on the west coast near Paphos, you get in Limassol three rivers, and you get halfway rivers, and then you get very interesting rivers that come from the mountains and cross the plain and go to Famagusta. That rivers we have here in Nicosia as well, there is a river going right in the middle. When we say rivers in Cyprus, you do not see any water. We call them rivers, because they have water when it rains. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

263 Habit/approach We were curious if the sewerage board is only responsible for Limassol or for the Greater Limassol? It is responsible for the Greater Limassol and for the municipalities around Limassol, like Germasogeia, Agios Athanasios, Agios Tychonas, [...], Meso Geitonia, Polemidia. Around Limassol, all this area. (Appendix 3i-III)

We do not collect the drainage water, it goes all into the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)

Okay, so you said the water all goes to the sea? All of it yes, by gravity. (Appendix 3i-III)

And what about the awareness on water scarcity? Well, this we are very aware of it. Except some ladies that like to get the water hose and splash the pavement or wash the car during summertime. (Appendix 3i-VI)

You have to arrange when you have a shower, when you do the washing machine, everything. It is something that we do not waste that much, we are really trying to save it. But, there are always people that just do not care. (Appendix 3i-VI)

During the Byzantine era cisterns and wells could be found in Limassol. (Appendix 3i-XI)

Info: • There is no dam management yet (both the Tamassos and Polemidia dam are not managed). (Appendix 3i-XIII)

That is something that they used to do a lot in Cyprus. In a city near Limassol, you can go and see, there is a small village which has the biggest number of cisterns. You know what a cistern is? You collect rainwater from the roof and you store it in a underground compartment. They used to do this in the old days. They had a well on top and you bring up the water that you collect. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

This is because they built dams. Well, they blocked all the rivers, because their water motto here is ‘Not a drop of water in the ocean’. That is what they used to say. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Okay, the major lifeline in Cyprus in the Troodos’ range of the mountains. Troodos, I think it is 1900 meter high, I do not know I did not study. But it is enough to give you, to get you snow. In the old days we used to have a lot of snow high up in the mountains. That snow would melt very slowly and that will give you small rivers and freshwater while running out the top of the mountains for some time, there were times it even lasted up to May the melting of the snow. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

We let a little bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river and to replenish the groundwater as well in the various areas. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

So, the way they get their drinking water is through groundwater, because otherwise it is very difficult to have a network of drinking water pipelines to go all over the island. It is impossible. You have to have a local source, the local source is either groundwater or a small dam. We have a lot of them, the small dams. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Problem You know is Cyprus we do not have rain, too much rain. The first rain is very polluted, because it collects all the [...] toxics from the street, all these things. So, we see it is very polluted. We know it is very polluted, because some of it comes through the sewerage system and goes to the plant and we have seen increased levels so far. Especially [...], because of the car emissions. Because we have a period of, let say six months, we have rain. When the first rain is, all the pollutants on the street goes through the drainage to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)

They are aware of the water problem, but it is not their, it is not a major issue for them. They do not think so. Until they do not have it and then they start complaining. But in fact, they could have done something about it years ago. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Info: • Landfill ta Polemidia dam, water is polluted • The difference in quality of urban surface runoff and rural surface runoff might not be that big. (Appendix 3i-XIII)

There are a lot of arguments of people that what we did is wrong and you should not have done that. The point is, at this moment, the way we act now, we are facing a huge problem with the groundwater level. Because we pipe up a lot of water, out of that. We are a small island, so it is very easy for sea water to seep through the piping. One of the worst cases we have is, if you see the map of Cyprus and you go to Ayia Napa, were all the young people go to have fun. That area, which is a cultural area, they have a cultural influence. They overuse the groundwater and it is now 40 meters below sea level. So it is actually useless now, saltwater is rushing in now. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is that you get a lot of water evaporating in summer, so you have a big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You lose a lot of water through evaporation, so the question is can I do

264 something. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Awareness They are very much aware of the water problem in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-IV)

We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If it does not rain a lot, they cut water during summertime. (Appendix 3i-VI)

But, anyway in the summertime when you know that there will be water cut outs, you will definitely try to save some. Otherwise you will not have a shower. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Change/future plan But, there are some new, that is to have some retentions ponds. One is going to be, there are some studies, one is going to be north of Limassol in [...] area. They are thinking to make it in a schoolyard, and below to have some special pipes and collect everywhere, the drainage water there. And then it will stay for some period and when the rain stops, it will allow it to go to the sea. But these are studies, they did not implement anything yet. (Appendix 3i-III)

Politics/policy Info: • Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater management in Limassol. • In Nicosia the municipalities are responsible. (Appendix 3i-XIII)

Energy

Organics We are trying to do.. they plan to collect the garbage. Produce biogas and then produce power. There are biomass units, especially farmers, but they have cows. So, they have their own. There are now about 20 units, they use electricity from manure from the cows or pigs. (Appendix 3i-III)

Green residues (organic waste) has great potential in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-VIII)

But, looking after all these issues and talking to the local authorities and also looking at the planning of the government, we saw in the process that one of the big issues that needs to be dealt with, and in fact something that is now more and more regulated by the EU, is the green waste, organic waste, from households and from the industry. Although we are not directly involved, we scanned the market and tried to find out what are the options available. There are already two composting facilities, small composting facilities in the Nicosia area. But, the most important thing that we realised in the process, is that Cyprus is already equipped with, I think it must be 12 by now it was 11, biomass plants at farms to deal with farm waste. And of course, after talking to these people we found out that even as we speak today they have an incapacity of around 150.000 tons a year. That is about the amount of organic waste that is produced in Cyprus. So if you collect organic waste separately from the households and the industries, you already have facilities to deal with it. Okay, two of them are already fully equipped to doing so, the others need some pasteurisation equipment but this is equipment of, lets say, less than half a million euros per unit. So it is not something significant. And additionally, these are facilities that are very well geographically located everywhere on the island. In mean, all the areas that have significant production have such a facility close to them, with an exception of Paphos. But still there are farms in Paphos that need to solve their waste problem as well. So, here we will have a full-blown network of the farms, full-blown system for organic waste. (Appendix 3i-V)

So, it is not that they have to deal with more waste, they want more waste. (Appendix 3i-V)

But still, we believe these existing biogas facilities are a very good way to deal with the organic issue and have electricity on one hand, heat you can use in the farms especially during the winter and of course you also have the compost at the end of the day which when you have properly sorted organic waste you have very good quality compost that can compete with compost that comes Holland, peat moss. (Appendix 3i-V)

Now there is a small pilot with a number of communities that Kypros spoke with. (Appendix 3i-V)

But you think if now an extra separation possibility comes with organic waste, people would then easily also separate this? Definately! I think you first have to break the barrier of the too many years of habit of throwing it together. (Appendix 3i-V)

So I think that the work that has been done for packaging for all these years. It is instrumental for electric and electronic waste, for batteries, for organic. Whatever you try to do, it is easier to do it. Organic is a challenge of course. (Appendix 3i-V)

Well, the existing situation, as you described very well, is not hygienic anyways. It smells, it is dirty, it is whatever. So, try to deal with the organic directly is not necessary a big change. The same material, but keep them separately. So definitely, when

265 we have a separate collection system and you also manage things in a better order, you will more or less abandon the existing system with all the dirty bins etcetera. (Appendix 3i-V)

So we believe that the collection of organic is also something that should be done to the extent that you can do it. With at site collection rather than bins and stuff like that, because the cities are not build for bin places.They do not have the area. So at site collection, possibly once a week. Maybe in the summer you have to increase the collection because of the temperature. (Appendix 3i-V)

So I believe that it will be a combination of at site collection for the households and some collection points for our facilities. With bins, closed bins. Already many hotels have air-conditioned areas that are well climate controlled to keep the waste in the summer. (Appendix 3i-V)

Yes, well they started doing this in the schools to educate the students. I know some people are doing this, I also do it at my house. We separate the fresh vegetables from the meat, the cooked stuff, also the fresh eggs and, how do you call it, around the egg, the peel of the egg. Also things from the garden, when you cut the trees, the grass, everything. All this is put in a special bin to make our own fertiliser. And you can notice that we reduce our garbage. Like if we put everything in their would be. I do not know, one cubic meter. It is half of this these days. (Appendix 3i-VI)

If you want to do it, you have to do it yourself, in the backyard. I heard many people trying to organise this in larger scale. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Biogas is a different case. You can only do it, I think, with processed and cooked food. You need to have a place to put it, like an anaerobic digester. It has to be closed. With the fresh vegetables, you do it in your garden, it does not smell and also it is not really a problem to do it. With the other thing you need to have special equipment and educate people. Because, you have gas production and you have to be careful with that. The thing is they do not even do it with the fresh vegetables and stuff. That would be very good to organise it. I heard people were trying, but … (Appendix 3i-VI)

700 households declare willingness of participation but some of them never took out their house the organic waste for collection. The average amount of the households who participate in practice is 350. (Appendix 3i-IX)

The mean weight of organic waste per household per week is 20 kg. (Appendix 3i-IX)

All the households had information about the program structure and significance and they decided whether onnotto participate. (Appendix 3i-IX)

The Department of Environment (it is a Government department which runs the organic waste program) provided the households with the organic waste bin. The future motivation for them to participate will be the electricity provision in proportion with the collected waste, but for now the program is pilot and the amount of organic waste we collect is very low. (Appendix 3i-IX)

We believe the most common reason for the households to join the program was their environmental consciousness and awareness. (Appendix 3i-IX)

40% of the waste in Cyprus is organic and there are a lot of possibilities to create energy from this. In 2014 the EU is going to give funds for separating organic waste in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-X)

And the directive, the 98 of 2008 talks about separate collection as well, so especially the last one, the 98 of 2008 talks about organic, separate collection of organic material. And there is a different directive as well on the green waste policies that you can do. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

It is Marki, Sha, Lythrodontas and Agia Varvara. And there is the municipality of Dali that does it as well. So, according to what, only a group of people that are in the government agrees on waste. So, in Nicosia we are going to have separate collection. Very complex. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

So what is left, is garden waste and the food remain. So the garden waste and the food remain, I go around pep talking and I do talk about composting. Promote, you need to promote household composting. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

But you need to do it. So you do that, and then you try to get the quality to collect the green waste and to have some use for it. Like compost or biomass etcetera. And the next thing is collect all the things, the food remain, to produce electricity. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Habit/approach And most of them, all of them, they are using the electricity for their own needs, because if you want to buy electricity it

266 is very expensive, you like holland. It is for us like 22, 23, 24, 25 cents, so it is better to use it for yourself instead of buying electricity. Because if you want to sell the electricity it is only 11,5 cents. So, it is better to use it instead of selling it. (Appendix 3i-III)

Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar, wind, biomass (mostly solar). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

There are now 14 biogass plants in Cyprus (mean capacity 500 kWh) (for manure). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

At the moment all RES plants are connected with the electricity grid (Electricity Authority of Cyprus- The main provider of electricity in the island at the moment) and the res electricity is consumed by the public . But in some cases like farms which they installed biogas plant, they can use a part of the energy that they produced for their own needs. The rest is supplied into the electricity grid (EAC). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

Biomass yes, biomass we have something like 12 unique digesters that produce electricity. And they also use the compost in the end.(Appendix 3i-XIV)

Problem

We have three power stations which are the major source of CO2 and a lot of air pollution as well. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Change/future plan It is not very clear how this will proceed. The government was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have new facilities for SRF. They have made a couple of steps back, because those that were supposed to be projects funded by the EU, or great extent by the EU, but it seems that they are not getting all the money from the EU now. So, they are now talking about having a SRF facility in the Limassol area, to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But, for the case of Nicosia they are now talking about a secure landfill, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus will have, if we go in that direction, we will have two plans, with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two plans for SRF less say with a capacity of about 350.000 tons to 400.000 tons. The production is close to 600.000 tons, so there is room to do other things with the waste. So, without being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is still at the back of the mind of the government to find ways to find ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a SRF plant for the Nicosia area. (Appendix 3i-V)

Politics/policy Law on renewable energy, Directive 2/2006. (Appendix 3i-VIII)

If the capacity of the digester is over 30 kW please read the attached pdf (CEA regulatory framework). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

But, apparently, as I said earlier, the governments are not always thinking very rationally. Well, we saw the planning of the government, we saw that they basically are ignoring all the statistics and going for the construction of new SRF facilities that would actually dry the organic waste and prepare this as fuel. We are not saying that being on an island definitely we will have to take energy recovery criteria and see what we can do with energy recovery. But if you have existing facilities that can take the material at a very low cost, then you have to think twice before you get into huge investments based on the scale of the market for energy recovery. (Appendix 3i-V)

So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if you look at the 1999 directive 31, EU directive 31 of 1999, it talks about biomass. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Economy

Foreigners First of all, there was a very large expat, UK expat, present here. Because of the army bases, which still are UK terrain. In other words, it is owned by the UK. Both army and airforce, both here in Limassol and in Famagusta still belong to the UK. But you have a lot of people retiring from the army etcetera etcetera, and it was cheap to live here. It was cheap to have an apartment or a small house to retire to. The weather was good, they knew the island. So, there was a certain amount of economical support for the island. But it did not, it did not bubble. In other words, the economical levels remained steady. Because there was not enough English or others, actually residing here, or becoming pensioned here, or taking a second house here. It did not have a great impact on the island. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Then of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started building up in the whole Med, more people traveling etcetera etcetera, throughout Europe, on holidays and this and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a little bit of an upside. Why, because they had their own currency, property was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. (Appendix 3i-IV)

But then what happened is, you had the disbandment of Russia. And Cyprus being a tax-heaven as such, its own currency, its own taxes, its own laws. There was a lot of money of different shades, of money, if you know what I mean by shades. I

267 mean, good money, grey money, black money. Call it different shades of money, flowed into Cyprus and also through Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Habit/approach With regards to business, Cyprus unlike most of the islands in the Med, they are quite exceptional. Inasmuch that for many many years, up until them joining the EU, they were being looked at as being an offshore opportunity for business. (Appendix 3i-IV)

But, Cyprus is an independent nation. So, that makes a big difference in what they can and cannot do. Up until joining the euro, they had their own currency, being the Cyprus Pound. That gave them flexibility, in other words, they could value their currency as they wanted on the open market. So, Cyprus has, shall we say, enjoyed to a certain extend an evolution from their independence. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Banks etcetera etcetera, especially with the shipping. Shipping has always found a big place here, because it is a transit between the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Because it has also a free-port, it has ‘dwang vrij’. You understand ‘dwang vrij’, with other words, they have a zone in which goods can come in, be remixed, and go out without actually entering Cyprus. It is a toll-free area. It was very attractive. (Appendix 3i-IV)

And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account here, to have a second residence here, etcetera etcetera. (IAppendix 3i-IV)

Economy is on the top of their list, employment is on the top of their list. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Water, as an example, or waste. You have to find out what is important to them first. And then, when it is important to everybody else, the only way it is going to be solved is by external funds coming in and financing this. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Problem At the same time of course, when you have this explosion in economy, you have get a lot of misfits, a lot of people trying to make money on the back of other people. You get an inbalance. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Especially the last couple of years we go through financial problems. The municipalities do not have the money to do their cleaning properly. (Appendix 3i-V)

I can tell you for sure, in the last two years, in terms of cleanliness and tidiness etcetera, things have been going backwards. Mostly, because of these financial problems. (Appendix 3i-V)

Change/future plan Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in, then you had two things which happened. You had the commercial banking which took off in a big way, but also you had property and prices of ground going up. (Appendix 3i-IV)

And that all came to an end, in one way, by Cyprus joining the euro, not by joining the EU, but by joining the euro. The cost of living for the locals went up by 20 or 30%. It did not mean that much for the Russians who had the big money, because it makes no difference they just had enough money. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Politics/policy There is corruption everywhere. But, when a country grows up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So, it is manipulated. That manipulation is from top to bottom, through the banking, through economics, through who you know, who can sign, who can do this and who can do that. So, this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislation in place. It is coming, but it is still not there. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Social/General

Setting So, Nicosia was built on a basis of a financial centre, not a tourist centre, not a residence centre, but a financial centre. Many many banks here, all the banks, all the European banks were here processing these funds. (Appendix 3i-IV)

So if Nicosia is a financial centre, what is Limassol then? It is commercial because of the port. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Port and tourists? And tourists. Limassol is commercial. Many many banks here, because the expats from whatever country they are do not reside in Nicosia. Nicosia is not an attractive place to live, it is too hot, it is this and the other. There is no attraction and distraction. Whereas the coastal places, and Limassol being the major coastal resort, place to live, became also a type of secondary commercial entity. (Appendix 3i-IV)

268 You can see all the buildings, all the property around, extravaganza. (Appendix 3i-IV)

We even have problems because of the way we built it in the city. For example, you are in the Netherlands, Amsterdam. You see the city is solid built, when you build in areas, you build all the plots and then you move on. Now we have houses, with empty spots in between. So people find it easy to go to these places and dump their waste. Especially when it is not close to their dothouse. Even the way we build creates some of these problems. If you have a solid built area you cannot throw it away, there are no places to throw it away. (Appendix 3i-V)

If you drive around you see the city is full of garbage. Maybe not a lot of household garbage, but you see other kinds of garbage. Like electronic, furniture. But you know, people do not have an idea of where to put their garbage. (Appendix 3i-V)

Info on Limassol: • Town started where the old hospital and the post office are situated, after this the centre moved to the current old centre: at the old harbour and old castle. • In 1940 the town got its roundway, for the movements of military vehicles during WOII. • the British on Cyprus made the port in Limassol more important, therefore flood prevention in the town became more important. • In 1974 (the Turkish invasion) the big expansion started, with refugee estates (governmental) and people building privately (building boom). • Limassol expanded to the north and east and municipalities which were ‘far away’ were now stuck onto limassol. • Limassol’s population doubled.(Appendix 3i-XI)

So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permitted or not? The answer to your question is no. There is not, practically, any such restriction. (Appendix 3i-XI)

You know what they make? They say, they decided to do a marina Dubai style. So you will have a road going into the sea and you have large villas on the side of the road in the water. You have a place to stay, a house, there will be a parking place for the car, and a parking space on the other side of the house for the yacht. I think they sell them for 3 million or something like that. (Appendix 3i-XIV))

Yes, in the small villages, most of the small villages in Cyprus, and we have the biggest number of villages per square kilometer in Europe. There are a lot of small villages around in Cyprus, a lot. Our villages are really small, you get five or ten people living just there. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Our cities are not designed for pedestrians or cyclists, so it is just cars. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

The only thing is, the Pedieos is very long, you can cycle quite a few kilometers, it is cycling along the river. For most of the path there is a cycle lane and there is a pedestrian lane. So, when you go there you see the pedestrians are always on the side of the river, sometimes you are on the left side of the river and sometimes on one bank and than on the other. So, always they keep the pedestrian lane on the side of the river. But, it is nice. You get on the bike and you go, you get out of the city easily. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Because there are a lot of bikes on the bicycle lane and there is a risk of accidents, because of design flaws. There are certain places where you go straight and then they built this thing, which the architect thought it would be a nice thing to have, but this small bend that you see on the map, if you are moving a bit faster with the bike you have crashes. You have crashes with the person coming from the other side, because you cannot see them. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Yes, the guys that do this, they never sat on a bike. It looks good on paper, but it does not work. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Habit/approach Cypriots are nice people, accept they have a history of home-grown Cypriot versus UK Cypriot. (Appendix 3i-IV)

And like most of these islands they have become very protective of their own culture and their way of life. (Appendix 3i-IV)

They know their island. They are very self-centred in one way. They are very nice people, but they are very protective. (Appendix 3i-IV)

From the 750 000 inhabitants of Cyprus, Greek Cyprus, there are 100 000 gun licences. And the male population is cars, and shooting, it is very masculine, very macho tendency. You know, you do as I say and not as I do. (Appendix 3i-IV)

So, it is, the problem is it is a Mediterranean hot blooded existence. They are hot blooded, even the women. When they have an argument, they have an argument. But then it is forgotten tomorrow and they will have another argument about something else. (Appendix 3i-IV)

269 They are very lovable, but very hot blooded. (Appendix 3i-IV)

We believe, and of course the culture is the part that not everything is aligned to push people to do it properly. You have to do things that are very convenient to people, so that they will participate. (Appendix 3i-V)

But, we have also another thing, here we think we are the center of the world. It sounds funny, but really, because we are on this island and you have to travel with a plane or a boat to go outside. How to say, you think everything is here, but when you go out you see what is going on. So, the people that go out usually, I do not know, they change their point of view on things. Well, we are known for our hospitality here, especially up in the villages, like amazing. Which I think is not so common in other countries outside the Mediterranean. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to show they have like a nice car, a nice house. (Appendix 3i-VI)

What they care about is what car they will have. You tell them there is a hybrid car, but I like the BMW it is nicer. (Appendix 3i-VI)

People slowly slowly, from mouth to mouth, you see your neighbour doing it. That is one thing we do in Cyprus, you see the neighbour doing something and you want to do the same. That is one way to make things happen. So, this is how things are spreading now. You see your neighbour and you think I also want to do that. Something like that. (Appendix 3i-VI)

And the thing is be have been through war many many times and this made us as a nation very suspicious. Although we are very hospital, we are not that open to new ideas and stuff. We need to meet someone that tried it and then we do it. You can see, unless you are open minded, it is not so easy to cooperate. And due to the last war we had, in 1974, and the Turkish invasion, people lost their homes and whatever they had. They lost it when they came to the southern part of Cyprus. So, was this tendency to buy expensive stuff, giving your kids everything they did not have. (Appendix 3i-VI)

We have a lot of cars in the streets as you can see, everyone drives a car. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

We cycled yesterday, it was sometimes a little bit dangerous. … Oh yes, because drivers do not pay that much attention. I14 (Appendix 3i-XIV)

For instance, if you are a Cypriot and you are lost or so, they will not give you the name of the street. They will say: do you know where so and so shop is? This traffic lights of, we give for example the name of the shop that was near the traffic lights twenty years ago. The shop is not there anymore, but we say the traffic lights of … We do not know the street. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

But, do a lot of people use the river then here, or the park? Oh yes, now it is working day and you will not see many people. But if you go, for instance in the weekend, yes. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Problem But the problem is either they stayed abroad, or if they came back they all wanted to be managers. So, one of the problems with the level of education here, is that you have a mix of education and mentally. And this is a big problem in Cyprus. They have this external education, but this Mediterranean sort of ‘avrio, avrio’, you will get it done tomorrow. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Well, it is a strange time for the municipalities to say the truth. The last two years have been very difficult, most of them are, for the first time, facing very serious financial problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on with consults from the UK, about the future of the local authorities. So, most of these people are not sure if they will be there as a municipality as they are today six months from today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this time. (Appendix 3i-V)

Awareness But, it also makes them very much aware of how they have been exploited or how they are not been able to fulfill their own culture, because of you know being occupied by all these other people, or peoples. (Appendix 3i-IV)

This thing does not exist in many countries. Another thing we have is with the family, we consider it very important here Like, having say lunch or dinner with the family, is something standard. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Every new idea needs time and patience, but it will become a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think this is the right time to show what you can do in design. (Appendix 3i-X)

The Government is more open for listening and people also tend to talk a little more. There is an improvement, but people are still not trusting the government very much. Therefore, they tend to go to independent body, like the Commissioner of Environment or NGOs. (Appendix 3i-X)

270 People know that there is a river, but we do not know the name. People know, yes yes yes yes. But, we do not know the name. It is a peculiarity. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Change/future plan But, for the local people it was also an opportunity. They started sending their children tom they could afford to send their children to better schooling. A lot of their children went to universities outside of Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-IV)

If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a longer way ahead. (Appendix 3i-V)

Well, one things I can tell you for sure, is because we are a small island people might be, how to say, prejudiced. Like they are not so easy to new ideas. Now the new generation is slightly better in this. (Appendix 3i-VI)

And they killed of the public transport we used to have before. Because when I was young I used to go with the bicycle, busses, everyone was using the public transport. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Politics/policy Info on Limassol: • Around 1990 Limassol got a new Planning Law, which from then looked at the Greater Limassol and not only at the municipality. (Appendix 3i-XI)

So, I am not happy, I criticise the legislation quite a lot. Because there are always loopholes if you look in our legislation. We transpose the European Directive to national legislation and you find loopholes. I know everybody does that. That is why a lot of the members of Parliament are very angry. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Second problem here is. That is good, it is good that we have legislation, we have problems, but it is good. The big problem is that we are not usually strict in applying the legislation. From the moment that it passes parliament until whoever needs to implement the legislation understands it. In the day to day work, whether they will implement it. We lose people. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

271 q Questionnaire

I Characteristics

A questionnaire was made with general questions (Q1-6), and questions about water (Q7-10) and energy (Q11-14) use etcetera of households. This English questionnaire was translated into Greek for better understanding under the Greek Cypriots.

Goal The first goal of this questionnaire was to find out what the opinions (and habits) are of Cypriots and foreigners who live in Limassol or Nicosia (for at least 6 months a year). This to compare the two cities, as well as Cypriots and foreigners. Beforehand, the goal was set on 100 filled in questionnaires. After conducting and analysing the questionnaire, the choice was made to only look at Limassol. Nevertheless is Nicosia still mentioned in distribution, response, and reliability.

Distribution The initial idea was to distribute the questionnaire on the street, at different locations and at several time slots. Whilst trying this it became clear that this is quite difficult in Cyprus. People tend to be in their cars or in restaurants/bars/shops, not ‘loose’ on the street. Therefore, the questionnaire was digitalised and put online using Qualtrics.com, to distribute the questionnaire via email and Facebook. People were reached using contact persons on the island. So-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005) made sure the questionnaire reached inhabitants of Limassol and Nicosia.

NB. In the online questionnaire four questions were added at the beginning to be able to get the informatie we would have gotten whilst approaching people on the street:

Question Answer options a) Where does your household live? (Greater) Nicosia, Cyprus (Greater) Limassol, Cyprus Other city/village b) What is your gender? Male Female c) What is the environmental view of your household? We think the environment is important We do not think the environment is important d) I originally come from … Cyprus Abroad

Response Online 122 questionnaires were (partly) filled in, of which 96 were usable. The division was as following:

Limassol Nicosia TOTAL Cypriots 27 53 80

Foreigners 6 10 16

TOTAL 33 63 96

Eventually the 33 questionnaires of the people living in Limassol were used in this thesis.

Reliability The question is how reliable the results of this questionnaire are. The results might be biased.

Snowballing Due to the fact that people were reached through snowballing, the results of this questionnaire can be biased. Most of the contact persons on the island were somehow connected with creating a better environment. If they only shared the questionnaire with people with a similar mindset, this influences the questionnaire.

272 Social desirability bias When filling in questionnaires people sometimes tend to answer in a way they think is wanted, instead of their real opinion (Van de Mortel, 2008). Therefore, this questionnaire - with a strong environmental vibe - could have gotten a more optimist response towards environment than is true. Also, there is the possibility people answer differently to online questionnaires than to paper questionnaires (Sax, Gilmartin & Bryant, 2003).

Response and results The response and some of the results from the general questions can give ome insights on the level of bias.

The division between responses from Limassol and Nicosia:

Reality Questionnaire Conclusion Limassol: 42.9% Limassol 34.4% It would have been better to have more response from Nicosia: 57.1% (Appendix Nicosia: 65.6% Limassol, but it is not assumed that this will severely alter 3s-I) the outcomes because of the minor difference.

The division between responses from Cypriots and foreigners:

Reality Questionnaire Conclusion Cypriots: 79.4% Cypriots: 83.3% The difference between reality and our questionnaire is not Foreigners: 20.3% Foreigners: 16.7% extreme, it is not assumed that this will severly alter the Not stated: 0.3% outcomes. Although it might be the case that less foreigners (Appendix 3s-I) are reached because of the snowballing.

The environmental view:

Reality Questionnaire Conclusion Important: 1% Important: 99% The difference between reality and our questionnaire is Not important: 99% Not important: 1% extreme, maybe the result of the snowballing or ‘social (Appendix 3i-X) desirability’. It is assumed that this will severely alter the outcomes and this needs to be remembered when using the results.

The number of people in a household:

Reality Questionnaire Conclusion 1 person: 20.8% 1 person: 18.8% It would have been better to have more response from 2 or 3 persons: 49.1% 2 or 3 persons: 45.8% people living with 1, or 2 or 3 persons in a household, but 4 or 5 persons: 26.0% 4 or 5 persons: 28.1% it is not assumed that this will severely alter the outcomes 6+ persons: 4.1% 6+ persons: 7.3% because of the minor difference. (Appendix 3s-I)

The type of house:

Reality Questionnaire Conclusion Apartment: 28.7% Apartment: 44.8% It would have been better to have more response from Terraced: 7.6% Terraced: 5.2% people living in terraced or semi-detached houses. It is Semi-detached: 13.7% Semi-detached: 7.3% assumed that this could alter the outcomes and nthis needs Freestanding: 40.1% Freestanding: 42.7% to be remembered when using the results. Other: 9.9% (Appendix 3s-I)

273 Αξιότιμοι κύριοι, κυρίες Dear mister, madam, Είμαστε φοιτητές του Πανεπιστημίου του Βαχενίνγκεν της Ολλανδίας. Για να ολοκληρώσουμε τις We are students from Wageningen University, The Netherlands. To fi nish our Master study Landscape μεταπτυχιακές μας σπουδές στην Αρχιτεκτονική Τοπίου πραγματοποιούμε μία έρευνα στις πόλεις της Architecture we are doing research in Limassol and Nicosia. We are looking at ways to naturally clean Λεμεσού και της Λευκωσίας. Ερευνάμε φυσικούς τρόπους για να καθαρίσουμε και να διατηρήσουμε and retain storm water and ways how to use waste products to produce renewable biomass energy. το νερό της βροχής και τρόπους για να χρησιμοποιήσουμε τα αστικά απόβλητα για να παράγουμε ανανεώσιμη ενέργεια από βιομάζα. In this research we fi nd the inhabitant’s opinion, your opinion, very important. Therefore, we would appreciate it very much if you could take the ti me to fi ll in this double-sided questi onnaire about your household’s water and energy use. The 14 questi ons take just a litt le more than 5 minutes to fi ll in. Σ ’αυτή την έρευνα θεωρούμε τη γνώμη των κατοίκων των περιοχών, τη δική σας γνώμη, πολύ This questi onnaire is confi dent and no names are asked or used. The results will only be used in our σημαντική. Για το λόγο αυτό θα εκτιμούσαμε πολύ αν θα μπορούσατε να συμπληρώσετε αυτό το research (connected to the Wageningen University in The Netherlands). δισέλιδο ερωτηματολόγιο που αφορά τη χρήση νερού και ενεργείας του νοικοκυριού σας. Για να συμπληρώσετε τις 14 ερωτήσεις θα χρειαστείτε λίγο περισσότερο από 5 λεπτά. Το ερωτηματολόγιο αυτό είναι εμπιστευτικό και δε θα ζητηθούν ή χρησιμοποιηθούν τα προσωπικά σας στοιχεία. Τα αποτελέσματα θα χρησιμοποιηθούν μόνο για την έρευνα μας (οι οποία συνδέεται με το Πανεπιστήμιο του Βαχενίνγκεν της Ολλανδίας). 274 275 GENERAL ΓEΝΙΚΕΣ Q1: How many people does your household consists of? Choose one answer… Ε1: Από πόσα άτομα αποτελείται το νοικοκυριό σας; Επιλέξτε μια απάντηση… 1 2 or 3 4 or 5 6 or 7 8 or more 1 2 ή 3 4 ή 5 6 ή 7 8 ή περισσότερα =

Q2: In what type of house does your household live? Choose one answer … Ε2: Σε τι είδους κατοικία διαμένετε; Επιλέξτε μία απάντηση… Apartment Terraced Semi-detached Freestanding Διαμέρισμα Σειρά όμοιων σπιτιών που χωρίζονται με Μεζονέτα Μονοκατοικία (more houses under (3 or more roofs (2 roofs connected) (1 roof) (περισσότερα από μεσοτοιχία (2 συνδεδεμένες (1 ανεξάρτητη 1 roof) connected) ένα σπίτια κάτω (3 ή περισσότερες συνδεδεμένες στέγες) στέγες) στέγη) από την ίδια στέγη) Q3: Does your house have outside space(s)? More answers possible … Ε3: Διαθέτει η κατοικία σας εξωτερικό(υς) χώρο(υς); Περισσότερες από μία πιθανές απαντήσεις… Garden Balcony (or more) Rooftop garden No outside space(s) (ground floor) Κήπος (ισόγειο) Μπαλκόνι(α) Κήπος στον Κανένας εξωτερικός χώρος τελευταίο όροφο Q4: Which characteristic fits the best with your outside space(s)? Choose one answer… Ε4: Ποιο χαρακτηριστικό ταιριάζει περισσότερο με τον εξωτερικό σας χώρο(υς); Επιλέξτε μια απάντηση… No outside space(s) Mostly water Mostly plants Mostly stone Κανένας εξωτερικός Κυρίως νερό (πισίνα) Κυρίως φυτά Κυρίως πέτρα (πέτρινο μονοπάτι, ταράτσα κτλ.) (swimming pool) (path, terrace, etc.) χώρος

Q5: Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Choose one answer per statement … E5: Σε τι βαθμό συμφωνείται ή διαφωνείται με τις ακόλουθες δηλώσεις; Επιλέξτε μία απάντηση για κάθε δήλωση… STATEMENT Totally Mostly Neutral Mostly Totally ΔΗΛΩΣΕΙΣ Συμφωνώ Κυρίως Ουδέτερη Κυρίως Διαφωνώ agree agree disagree disagree απόλυτα συμφωνώ στάση διαφωνώ απόλυτα With temperatures above 30C, the household goes outside. Όταν η θερμοκρασία ξεπερνάει τους 30oC, το νοικοκυριό μεταφέρεται έξω.

Within 1 km (0.6 miles) from my house there is public green space. Σε απόσταση 1χλμ. (0.6 μιλίων) από το σπίτι μου υπάρχει δημόσιος χώρος πρασίνου. This city is a healthy place to be. Η πόλη είναι ένα υγειές μέρος για να βρίσκεται κάποιος. My household only lives in this city because of work. Ο μόνος λόγος για τον οποίο το νοικοκυριό μου στεγάζεται στην πόλη είναι η εργασία. My household would like to be able to visit nature more. Το νοικοκυριό μου θα ήθελε να επισκέπτεται τη φύση περισσότερο. Public green space is important for my household. Οι δημόσιοι χώροι πρασίνου είναι σημαντικοί για το νοικοκυριό μου. My household likes living in this city. Στο νοικοκυριό μου αρέσει να διαμένει στην πόλη.

There are enough places in this city for meeting people. Υπάρχουν αρκετοί χώροι σε αυτή την πόλη για να συναντήσεις ανθρώπους. Το νοικοκυριό μου επισκέπτεται τη φύση μόνο όταν είμαστε ελεύθεροι όλη My household only visits nature when free for most of the day. την ημέρα. My household likes meeting people in public green space. Στο νοικοκυριό μου αρέσει να συναντά ανθρώπους σε δημόσιους χώρους πρασίνου.

Q6: Rank the importance of nature, culture and economy in this city: 1 for most important, 2 for semi-important, and 3 for Ε6: Ταξινομείστε κατά σημαντικότητα τα ακόλουθα: φύση, κουλτούρα και οικονομία. Επιλέξτε 1 για το πιο σημαντικό, 2 για least important (use every number just one time) … το όχι και τόσο σημαντικό και 3 για το λιγότερο σημαντικό. (χρησιμοποιείστε τον κάθε αριθμό τουλάχιστον μια φορά)… Nature Culture Economy Φύση Κουλτούρα Οικονομία Current state Τωρινή κατάσταση Household’s wish for the future Επιθυμία της οικογένειας μου για το μέλλον WATER ΝΕΡΟ Q7: For what does your household use the most water in and around your house? Choose one answer … Ε7: Για ποια λειτουργία του νοικοκυριού σας χρησιμοποιείτε το περισσότερο νερό μέσα και γύρω από την κατοικία σας; Επιλέξτε μία απάντηση… Shower Toilet Cleaning (incl. Washing (clothes) Swimming pool Ντουζ Τουαλέτα Καθάρισμα (συμπ. Πλύσιμο (Ρούχων) Πισίνα Cooking Watering plants or washing car) Other I do not know Αυτοκινήτου) grass Μαγείρεμα Πότισμα Άλλο Δε γνωρίζω Q8a: For what does your household use the least water in and around your house? Choose one answer … Ε8α: Για ποια λειτουργία του νοικοκυριού σας χρησιμοποιείτε το λιγότερο νερό μέσα και γύρω από την κατοικία σας; Shower Toilet Cleaning (incl. Washing (clothes) Swimming pool Επιλέξτε μία απάντηση… Cooking Watering plants or washing car) Other I do not know Ντουζ Τουαλέτα Καθάρισμα (συμπ. Πλύσιμο (Ρούχων) Πισίνα grass Μαγείρεμα Πότισμα Αυτοκινήτου) Άλλο Δε γνωρίζω Q8b: Would your household like to be able to use more water for the answer given on question 8a? Ε8β: Θα θέλατε το νοικοκυριό σας να είναι σε θέση να χρησιμοποιήσει περισσότερο νερό για την Choose one answer ... απάντηση που δώσατε στην ερώτηση 8α; Επιλέξτε μια απάντηση… Yes No Ναι Όχι Q9: For what would your household use treated storm water in and around your house? More answers possible … Ε9: Για ποια λειτουργία του νοικοκυριού σας θα χρησιμοποιούσατε επεξεργασμένο νερό βροχής μέσα και γύρω από την Shower Toilet Cleaning (incl. Washing (clothes) Swimming pool κατοικία σας; Περισσότερες από μία δυνατές απαντήσεις. Cooking Watering plants or washing car) Other Nothing Ντουζ Τουαλέτα Καθάρισμα (συμπ. Πλύσιμο (Ρούχων) Πισίνα grass Μαγείρεμα Πότισμα Αυτοκινήτου) Άλλο Καμία

Q10: Does your household agree or disagree with the following statements? Choose one answer per statement … Ε10: Σε τι βαθμό συμφωνείτε ή διαφωνείτε με τις ακόλουθες δηλώσεις? Επιλέξτε μία απάντηση για κάθε δήλωση… STATEMENT Totally Mostly Neutral Mostly Totally ΔΗΛΩΣΕΙΣ Συμφωνώ Κυρίως Ουδέτερη Κυρίως Διαφωνώ agree agree disagree disagree απόλυτα συμφωνώ στάση διαφωνώ απόλυτα Το νοικοκυριό μου δε θα ενοχλούταν από μετατροπές του σπιτιού (οροφή) My household would not mind alterations on the house (roof) to harvest προκειμένου να συλλέγουμε το νερό της βροχής. storm water. Αν το νοικοκυριό μου υποστήριζε τη συγκομιδή του νερού της βροχής, το να είχαμε άμεσα οφέλη θα ήταν απαραίτητο (παράδειγμα: νερό για πότισμα). If my household supports storm water harvesting, having direct benefits Αν το νοικοκυριό μου υποστήριζε τη συγκομιδή του νερού της βροχής, το να would be necessary (example: water for gardening). είχαμε έμμεσα οφέλη θα ήταν αρκετό (παράδειγμα: πιο πράσινη γειτονιά). ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑ If my household supports storm water harvesting, having indirect benefits Ε11: Για ποια λειτουργία του νοικοκυριού σας χρησιμοποιείτε τη περισσότερη ενέργεια μέσα και γύρω από την κατοικία would be enough (example: greener neighbourhood). σας; Επιλέξτε μία απάντηση… ΕNERGY Θέρμανση (συμπ. Συντήρηση Μαγείρεμα (συμπ. Ηλεκτρονικές Κλιματισμός Ζεστού νερού για (καθαριότητα, κήπος, φούρνου, μίξερ, συσκευές Q11: For what does your household use the most energy in and around your house? Choose one answer… ντουζ κτλ.) κτλ.) πλυντηρίου πιάτων (τηλεόραση, Πλύσιμο (ρούχων) Heating Maintenance Cooking Electronics Air conditioning κτλ.) ηλεκτρονικός (also water for (cleaning, garden, (incl. oven, mixer, (television, Φωτισμός κτλ. Μεταφορές Άλλο υπολογιστής Δε γνωρίζω shower etc.) etc.) dishwasher, etc.) computer, Washing (clothes) τηλέφωνο κτλ.) telephone, etc.) Lightening, etc. Transportation Other I do not know Ε12α: Για ποια λειτουργία του νοικοκυριού σας χρησιμοποιείτε τη λιγότερη ενέργεια μέσα και γύρω από την κατοικία σας; Επιλέξτε μία απάντηση… Θέρμανση (συμπ. Συντήρηση Μαγείρεμα (συμπ. Ηλεκτρονικές Κλιματισμός Q12a: For what does your household use the least energy in and around your house? Choose one answer … Ζεστού νερού για (καθαριότητα, κήπος, φούρνου, μίξερ, συσκευές Heating Maintenance Cooking Electronics Air conditioning ντουζ κτλ.) κτλ.) πλυντηρίου πιάτων (τηλεόραση, Πλύσιμο (ρούχων) (also water for (cleaning, garden, (incl. oven, mixer, (television, κτλ.) ηλεκτρονικός shower etc.) etc.) dishwasher, etc.) computer, Washing (clothes) Φωτισμός κτλ. Μεταφορές Άλλο υπολογιστής Δε γνωρίζω telephone, etc.) τηλέφωνο κτλ.) Lightening, etc. Transportation Other I do not know Ε12β: Θα θέλατε το νοικοκυριό σας να είναι σε θέση να χρησιμοποιήσει περισσότερο ενέργεια για Q12b: Would your household like to be able to use more energy for the answer given on question την απάντηση που δώσατε στην ερώτηση 12α; Επιλέξτε μια απάντηση.. 12a? Choose one answer … Ναι Όχι Yes No Ε13: Πιο από τα παρακάτω θα χρησιμοποιούσατε στο νοικοκυριό σας αν παραγόταν από βιομάζα; Περισσότερες από μία Q13: Which product from biomass energy production would your household use? More answers possible … δυνατές απαντήσεις… Electricity Fuel Heat (e.g. warm water) Ηλεκτρισμός Καύσιμα Θέρμανση (π.χ. ζεστό νερό) Gas Compost Charcoal Nothing Αέριο Λίπασμα Κάρβουνο Κανένα

Q14: Does your household agree or disagree with the following statements? Choose one answer per statement … Ε14: Σε τι βαθμό συμφωνείτε ή διαφωνείται με τις ακόλουθες δηλώσεις? Επιλέξτε μία απάντηση για κάθε δήλωση… STATEMENT Totally Mostly Neutral Mostly Totally ΔΗΛΩΣΕΙΣ Συμφωνώ Κυρίως Ουδέτερη Κυρίως Διαφωνώ agree agree disagree disagree απόλυτα συμφωνώ στάση διαφωνώ απόλυτα My household would not mind separating the organic waste (leftovers from Το νοικοκυριό μου δε θα ενοχλούταν αν διαχώριζε τα οργανικά απόβλητα cooking, garden residues, etc.). (υπόλειμμαta φαγητού, κατάλοιπα κήπου κτλ.). Αν το νοικοκυριό μου υποστήριζε τη παραγωγή ενέργειας από βιομάζα, το If my household supports biomass energy production, having direct benefits να είχαμε άμεσα οφέλη θα ήταν απαραίτητο (παράδειγμα: φυσικό αέριο would be necessary (example: gas for cooking). για μαγείρεμα). Αν το νοικοκυριό μου υποστήριζε τη παραγωγή ενέργειας από βιομάζα, If my household supports biomass energy production, having indirect το να είχαμε έμμεσα οφέλη θα ήταν αρκετό (παράδειγμα: καθαρότερος benefits would be enough (example: cleaner air). αέρας). 276 Thank you very much for cooperating! Σας ευχαριστούμε πολύ για την συνεργασία! II Single results

The single results of Q2 to Q14 for Limassol are shared here (Nicosia has been left out of the single results).

Most Cypriots live in a freestanding house, whereas most foreigners live in an apartment

Most Cypriots have both a garden and a balcony, whereas most foreigners only have a balcony

Both Cypriots as well as the foreigners have mostly plants outside

277 Most Cypriots do not think Limassol is a healthy place to be

Some Cypriots dislike meeting people in public

green space.

Cypriots seem to dislike living in the city more than foreigners It seems they agree on the fact that there is public green nearby

278 At the moment economy is seen as the most important, but in the future Cypriots would like nature to be the most important

Both Cypriots as well as the foreigners think the

shower uses the most water

279 The opinions of the foreigners are quite divided on what uses the Cypriots think they least water use the least water for cleaning and cooking

Most Cypriots and foreigners do not want to use more water for the categories they use the

least in

Most Cypriots and foreigners would use treated stormwater for fl ushing the toilet, watering the plants, and cleaning

280 The majority of Cypriots and foreigners would not mind alteration on their houses, but some kind of (direct) benefi t is appreciated

Most Cypriots think heating and cooling the house usesenergy the most

Lightening and maintenance uses the least energy in the house, Cypriots believe

281 Most Cypriots and foreigners do not want to use more energy for the categories they use the

least in

Most Cypriots would use the electricitycompost and the Most foreigners would use the electricity

The majority of Cypriots and foreigners would not mind alteration on their houses, but some kind of (direct) benefi t is appreciated

282 III Cross results

With the help of the statistic analysis program SPSS, cross tables are created to see how certain answers are related to other answers. Again only the results for Limassol are shared.

NUMBER 1 Type of house <> Type of outside space

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (0 of 27 responses missing) Garden Balcony Rooftop

No outside CYPRIOTS Apartment 40% 80% 0% 0% 100% = 5 Semi-detached and freestanding Terraced 100% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 houses often have Semi-detached 100% 100% 0% 0% 100% = 3 both a garden and balcony Freestanding 94% 78% 0% 0% 100% = 18

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (0 of 6 responses missing) Garden Balcony Rooftop

No outside FOREIGNERS Apartment 25% 75% 0% 0% 100% = 4 Always only one type of outside Terraced 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% = 1 space per type of Semi-detached 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% = 1 house Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

NUMBER 2 Type of house <> Characteristics of outside space

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (0 of 27 responses missing) No Stone Plants Water

CYPRIOTS Apartment 40% 0% 40% 20% 100% = 5 Appartments sometimes do Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% = 1 not have outside Semi-detached 0% 0% 67% 33% 100% = 3 space, the rest is mostly with plants Freestanding 0% 0% 83% 17% 100% = 18

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (0 of 6 responses missing) No Stone Plants Water

FOREIGNERS Apartment 0% 0% 50% 50% 100% = 4 Outside spaces Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% = 1 of terraced and semi-detached Semi-detached 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% = 1 houses are with Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 plants

283 NUMBER 3 S1: Going outside with temperature above 30C S2: Visiting nature for whole day

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M M disagree M Under: S1 T disagree CYPRIOTS T agree 0% 11% 0% 0% 0% Opinions are spread M agree 11% 7% 4% 7% 0% Neutral 4% 11% 0% 0% 4% M disagree 0% 7% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 11% 0% 7% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M M disagree M Under: S1 T disagree FOREIGNERS T agree 17% 0% 0% 0% 17% Opinions are spread M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% Neutral 0% 0% 17% 0% 0% M disagree 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

S1: Enough public green S2: Public green is important

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M CYPRIOTS T agree 37% 19% 0% 0% 4% Most opinions totally/mostly M agree 4% 7% 4% 4% 0% agree on both Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% statements M disagree 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 11% 0% 0% 0% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M FOREIGNERS T agree 50% 17% 0% 0% 0% Most opinions totally agree on M agree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% both statements Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% M disagree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

284 S1: Enough public green S2: Visiting mature for whole day

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M CYPRIOTS T agree 7% 33% 4% 11% 4% Most opinions totally agree with M agree 0% 11% 4% 4% 0% S1 and mostly Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% agree with S2 M disagree 0% 7% 7% 0% 0% T disagree 7% 0% 0% 0% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M FOREIGNERS T agree 33% 17% 0% 0% 17% Most opinions totally/mostly M agree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% agree with both Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% statements M disagree 0% 0% 17% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

S1: Enough public green S2: Meeting people in public green

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M CYPRIOTS T agree 22% 30% 7% 0% 0% Most opinions totally/mostly M agree 0% 4% 4% 11% 0% agree with both Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% statements M disagree 0% 4% 4% 0% 0% T disagree 4% 4% 0% 4% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M T agree 33% 17% 0% 17% 0% FOREIGNERS M agree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Most opinions totally/mostly Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% agree with both M disagree 0% 0% 0% 17% 0% statements T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

285 S1: City is healthy S2: Public green is important

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M CYPRIOTS T agree 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% Most opinions disagree with S1 M agree 7% 11% 0% 0% 0% and agree with S2 Neutral 11% 4% 4% 0% 4% M disagree 22% 11% 0% 4% 0% T disagree 15% 0% 0% 0% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M FOREIGNERS T agree 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% Most opinions are neutral concerning M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% S1 and agree with Neutral 33% 17% 0% 0% 0% S2 M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

S1: Living in city only for work S2: Like living in city

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree

M disagree M CYPRIOTS Under: S1 Opinions are T agree 0% 4% 7% 7% 0% spread M agree 0% 11% 4% 7% 0% Neutral 0% 4% 4% 0% 4% M disagree 7% 15% 11% 0% 0% T disagree 4% 7% 0% 0% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M FOREIGNERS T agree 17% 0% 17% 0% 0% Most opinions disagree with S1 M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% and agree with S2 Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 33% 0% 0% 0%

286 NUMBER 4 Ranking now <> Ranking future (Nature - Culture - Economy)

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (9 of 27 responses missing) Right: future N E - C N - E - C - NC - E - EC - N E - N - C E N - C

Under: now CYPRIOTS N - C - E 7% 4% 4% 0% 0% 0% Most think it is E-C-N now and N - E - C 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% want N-C-E in C - N - E 4% 0% 7% 0% 0% 0% the future C - E - N 7% 0% 0% 7% 0% 0% E - N - C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% E - C - N 19% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (5 of 6 responses missing) Right: future N E - C N - E - C - NC - E - EC - N E - N - C E N - C

Under: now FOREIGNERS N - C - E 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% No conclusion, too many reponses N - E - C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% missing C - N - E 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% C - E - N 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% E - N - C 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% E - C - N 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

NUMBER 5 Type of house <> Most water used

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) ? Pool Toilet Other Plants Shower Cooking Cleaning Washing CYPRIOTS Apartment 60% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 5 Apartments, Terraced and Terraced 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 semi-detached Semi-detached 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 3 houses use the most water for Freestanding 33% 0% 17% 17% 0% 22% 0% 0% 11% 100% = 18 the shower

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 responses missing) ? Pool Toilet Other Plants Shower Cooking Cleaning Washing FOREIGNERS Apartment 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 25% 100% = 4 Opinions are spread Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

287 NUMBER 6 Type of house <> Least water used

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) ? Pool Toilet Other Plants Shower Cooking Cleaning Washing CYPRIOTS Apartment 0% 20% 0% 40% 20% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 5 Semi-detached and freestanding Terraced 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 houses use the Semi-detached 0% 33% 0% 0% 67% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 3 least water for cleaning Freestanding 0% 22% 11% 0% 39% 0% 6% 11% 11% 100% = 18

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing) ? Pool Toilet Other Plants Shower Cooking Cleaning Washing FOREIGNERS Apartment 0% 0% 0% 25% 25% 0% 25% 0% 0% 100% = 4 Opinions are spread Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

NUMBER 7 Wish for more <> Least water used

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (missing responses irrelevant) ? Pool Toilet Other Plants Shower Cooking Cleaning Washing CYPRIOTS Yes x 29% 100% 50% 40% x 0% 50% 50% When least water is used for the No x 71% 0% 50% 60% x 100% 50% 50% toilet, more water 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% for this is wanted, also sometimes for 0 = 7 = 2 = 2 = 10 0 = 1 = 2 = 2 watering plants

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (missing responses irrelevant) ? Pool Toilet Other Plants Shower Cooking Cleaning Washing FOREIGNERS Yes x x 0% 0% 0% x 0% x x No conclusion, too many reponses No x x 100% 100% 100% x 100% x x missing 100% 100% 100% 100% 0 0 = 1 = 1 = 1 0 = 1 0 0

288 NUMBER 8 S1: Alterations on house S2: Direct benefits

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M CYPRIOTS T agree 44% 11% 0% 0% 0% Alterations are accepted by most, M agree 7% 22% 0% 0% 0% but all people Neutral 0% 7% 0% 0% 0% would like direct benefits M disagree 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M FOREIGNERS T agree 33% 0% 0% 17% 0% Alterations are accepted by all, M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% not everyone Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% wants direct benefits M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

S1: Alterations on house S2: Indirect benefits

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M CYPRIOTS T agree 37% 15% 4% 0% 0% Alterations are accepted by most, M agree 7% 22% 0% 0% 0% but most people Neutral 0% 7% 0% 0% 0% would like indirect benefits (less than M disagree 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% direct) T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M FOREIGNERS T agree 33% 17% 0% 0% 0% Alterations are accepted by all, all M agree 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% people would like Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% indirect benefits (more than direct) M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

289 NUMBER 9 Type of house <> Most energy used

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing) ? Other Air-co Heating Cooking Lighting Washing Maintain Transport Electronics CYPRIOTS Apartment 20% 20% 0% 20% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 100% = 5 Opinions are spread Terraced 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 0% 33% 0% 33% 33% 0% 0% 100% = 3 Freestanding 22% 6% 0% 6% 6% 11% 22% 17% 0% 11% 100% = 18

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing) ? Other Air-co Heating Cooking Lighting Washing Maintain Transport Electronics FOREIGNERS Apartment 0% 25% 0% 25% 0% 0% 25% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 4 Opinions are spread Terraced 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

NUMBER 10 Type of house <> Least energy used

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (2 of 27 responses missing) ? Other Air-co Heating Cooking Lighting Washing Maintain Transport Electronics CYPRIOTS Apartment 0% 20% 20% 0% 20% 0% 0% 20% 0% 0% 100% = 5 Terraced and freestanding Terraced 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 houses use the Semi-detached 0% 67% 33% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 3 least energy for maintenance, Freestanding 11% 28% 33% 0% 17% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 18 semi-detached houses for lighting LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing) ? Other Air-co Heating Cooking Lighting Washing Maintain Transport Electronics FOREIGNERS Apartment 25% 0% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 4 Apartments use the least energy Terraced 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 for maintenance, Semi-detached 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% = 1 terraced houses for heating Freestanding 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0

290 NUMBER 11 Wish for more <> Least energy used

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (missing responses irrelevant) CYPRIOTS

? When least energy is used Other

Air-co for the washing, Heating Cooking Lighting more energy for Washing Maintain Transport this is wanted, Electronics also sometimes Yes forheating and 50% 25% 22% x 50% 0% x 100% x x cooking No 50% 75% 78% x 50% 100% x 0% x x 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% = 2 = 8 = 9 0 = 4 = 1 0 = 1 0 0

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (missing responses irrelevant) ? Other Air-co Heating Cooking Lighting Washing Maintain Transport Electronics FOREIGNERS Yes 0% x 0% x x x x x x x No conclusion, too many reponses No 100% x 100% x x x x x x x missing 100% 100% = 2 0 = 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

NUMBER 12 S1: Separating organic waste S2: Direct benefits

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (3 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M CYPRIOTS T agree 37% 15% 7% 0% 0% Waste separation would be done by M agree 4% 19% 4% 0% 0% most, but most Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% people would like direct benefits M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M FOREIGNERS T agree 17% 0% 17% 17% 0% Waste separation would be done M agree 0% 0% 17% 0% 0% by all, and a Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% minority would like direct benefits M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

291 S1: Separating organic waste S2: Indirect benefits

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (3 of 27 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M CYPRIOTS T agree 41% 19% 0% 0% 0% Waste separation would be done by M agree 7% 15% 4% 0% 0% most, but most Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% people would like indirect benefits M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% (more an direct) T disagree 4% 0% 0% 0% 0%

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing) Right: S2 T agree Neutral M agree M T disagree Under: S1 disagree M FOREIGNERS T agree 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% Waste separation would be done M agree 0% 0% 17% 0% 0% by all, but most Neutral 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% people would like indirect benefits M disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% (more than direct) T disagree 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

292 s Statistics

I Stati sti cs Cyprus

1. Populati on per district and urban/rural 2. Census of populati on 3. Water resources 4. Water use 5. Price of potable water - households 6. Energy/electricity use 7. Renewable energy capacity 8. Price of electricity - households 9. Generati on and treatment of municipal waste 10. Populati on per municipality/community 11. Populati on growth

1. Populati on per district and urban/rural

293 (Source: Excel fi le from htt p://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/stati sti cs.nsf/populati onconditi on_21main_en/ populati onconditi on_21main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

2. Census of populati on

294 (Source: Excel fi le from htt p://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/ cystat/stati sti cs.nsf/index_en/index_en?OpenDocument)

3. Water resources

(Source: Table from htt p://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ portal/page/portal/stati sti cs/ search_database)

295 (Source: Table from htt p://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ portal/page/portal/stati sti cs/ search_database)

4. Water use

(Source: Table from htt p://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ portal/page/portal/stati sti cs/ search_database)

296 5. Price of potable water - households

(Source: Water Board Lemesos)

297 6. Energy/electricity use

(Source: Excel fi le from htt p://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/stati sti cs.nsf/energy_environment_81main_en/energy_ environment_81main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

298 7. Renewable energy capacity

(Source: Table from Cyprus Energy Agency)

299 8. Price of electricity - households

(Source: Table from htt p://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ portal/page/portal/stati sti cs/ search_database)

9. Generati on and treatment of municipal waste

(Source: Excel fi le from htt p://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/stati sti cs.nsf/energy_environment_82main_en/energy_ environment_82main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2)

300 10. Populati on per municipality/community

301 302 (Source: Excel fi le from htt p://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/stati sti cs.nsf/populati onconditi on_21main_en/ populati onconditi on_21main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

303 11. Populati on growth

(Source: Excel fi le from htt p://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/stati sti cs.nsf/populati onconditi on_21main_en/ populati onconditi on_21main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

304 II Stati sti cs the Netherlands

1. Price of potable water - households 2. Price of electricity - households

1. Price of potable water - households

(Source: Private bills)

305 2. Price of electricity - households

(Source: Table from htt p://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ portal/page/portal/stati sti cs/ search_database)

306 307 PART 4

308 c Calculations

I Calculati ons chapter 4.4 1. Treatment surface

Surface Little Garyllis watershed in m2 1,072,798.3 Surface treatment in m2 (2% (1)) 21,455.97

SUB-W 1 SUB-W 2 SUB-W3 SUB-W 4 Surface sub-watersheds in m2 231,726.1 374,619.4 359,982.6 106,470.2 Surface treatment sub-watersheds in m2 (2% (1)) 4,634.5 7,492.4 7,199.7 2,129.4

(1) = (Bratieres et al., 2008)

309 e Extra information

I Design explorati ons Litt le Garyllis scale level

1. Urban organic waste harvesti ng locati ons 2. Path locati ons

1. Urban organic waste harvesti ng locati ons

The initi al idea was to use empty plots for urban organic waste harvesti ng, but this resulted in some areas having a lot of harvesti ng possibiliti es and others almost none.

310 Therefore, besides empty plots also spacious streetscapes and multi functi onal areas (car parks, sports fi elds, etcetera) were used to make sure everyone in the Litt le Garyllis had to only walk 100 m to the nearest harvesti ng locati on.

311 2. Path locati ons

For the placement of the 3.5 m wide pedestrian and cyclist path in Litt le Garyllis Performing Park, an explorati on on the opti ons for the locati on was conducted. Including the locati ons: river, park, treatment and city, six opti ons are possible. In the design of Litt ke Garyllis Performing Park it is made sure that all path opti ons are present, and ensure variety. river - river city - river

park - park park - treatment

treatment - treatment city - park

city - city city - treatment

park - river

river - treatment

312 II Design explorati ons Four Fanaria scale level

1. Basin shapes of Four Fanaria 2. Diff erent paths for experience

1. Basin shapes of Four Fanaria

During the design explorati on quite some shapes of the basins of the third treatment facility were tested. Also, the amount of basins was elaborated. Although more basins would be bett er for the experience, in the end the third treatment facility only consists of three basins. The reason for this is the height diff erences needed to keep the water fl owing. To make sure the experience is high enough, gabions are used to create smaller ‘fake’ basins at Four Fanaria.

2

1 3

313 2. Diff erent paths for experience

The role of the paths is important in the Performing Park, as they bring people to certain parts of the park. Beside the ongoing pedestrian and cyclist path with a width of 3.5 m, Four Fanaria also has a ground level pedestrian path with a width of 2.5 m, and narrow 1.5 m wide paths going into the second and third basin. Although the locati ons of these paths are related to the locati on of the energy building (see chapter 4.4), also some explorati ons are done to fi nd the most opti mal locati ons for the experience.

2

1 3

314 i Interviews

I Transcript Achterkamp

Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Wouter Achterkamp Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv

Medium: Face-to-face, notes Location: Van Der Valk Hotel Cuijk Date: 30 January 2014 Duration: approximately 30

Info: • The Swillgasser is an anaerobic digester, which fits in a standard container. • On and around this container an one meter safety zone is needed, although there is almost no danger. • The digester should be odorless and quiet. • At Van Der Valk only swill (kitchen waste) is processed, but more woody materials should be possible too. Most likely some other bacteria have to be added, and more compost will be produced. • Op en rondom deze container hoeft er maar één meter vrij te blijven als veiligheidszone, maar er is vrijwel geen gevaar. • In principle is de Swillgasser gereukloos en geluidloos. • At Van Der Valk nothing is really done with the biogas at the moment, but test are done to see what the possibilities are. Electricity as well as green gas seem an option. • A Swillgasser, in a standard container, costs around € 150,000.

315 Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Wouter Achterkamp Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv

Medium: Email Location: - Date: 27 Februari 2014 Duration: -

Beste Wouter,

De uitleg in Cuijk vonden we erg nuttig, nogmaals bedankt daarvoor. Wij hebben wel nog een paar vragen over de Swillgasser.

• Op de site staat dat de Swillgasser geschikt is voor minimaal 100 m3 organisch afval, zou je kunnen zeggen hoeveel kg dat ongeveer is? • Wat is de maximale hoeveelheid organisch afval wat de Swillgasser (opstelling Cuijk) aan kan? • Hoeveel m3 biogas kan er met de Swillgasser worden geproduceerd met 1 kg organisch afval? • Zal de biogas productie sterk afnemen als er meer houtig organisch afval wordt verwerkt, zou je iets kunnen zeggen over het effect? • Hoeveel water per kg organisch afval is er nodig tijdens het proces? • Hoeveel energie per kg organisch afval is er nodig tijdens het proces?

We zullen het voor nu bij deze vragen houden, hopelijk kunnen ze beantwoord worden.

Alvast bedankt!

Vriendelijke groeten, Dianne & Vivien

ANSWER:

Hallo Dianne & Vivien,

Onderstaand in rood de antwoorden op jullie vragen.

Met vriendelijke groet, Kind regards, Huisman Elektrotechniek Wouter Achterkamp (Projectengineer)

• Het soortelijk gewicht is ca. 1kg/liter, dus ca. 100.000kg • Dit is afhankelijk van de samenstelling, maar komt neer op ca. 150 m3/jaar in een container uitvoering. Grotere installaties buiten een container zijn uiteraard ook mogelijk. Daarbij zijn er in theorie geen beperkingen meer. • Uit 1kg swill komt ca. 200liter biogas. • Zie onderstaande tabel wat betreft de biogasproductie van verschillende materialen. Over het algemeen kun je zeggen dat vezelachtig materiaal niet wordt afgebroken. Mark van der Ham kan je hier overigens veel meer over vertellen dan ik. [http://www.fibronot.nl/images/opbrengstschema-biogas.jpg] • Uitgaande van voedselafval, dienen wij een 25% water toe aan de ‘grondstof’ • Op jaarbasis verbruikt de installatie ca. 5.800 kWh (verwarming, pomp, besturing, etc.). Uitgaande van 100 m3/jaar komt dit neer op 58W/kg.

316 Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Wouter Achterkamp Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv

Medium: Email Location: - Date: 6 June 2014 Duration: -

Beste Wouter,

We hadden nog een klein vraagje over een assumptie die wij hebben.

Wij denken dat het omzetten van biogas naar electriciteit minder gevaren (explosie etc.) met zich mee brengt, dan biogas naar groengas? Kan je dit bevestigen?

Groeten, Dianne & Vivien

ANSWER:

Hallo Dianne, Vivien,

Excuus voor mijn late reactie, maar door wijzigingen in mijn werkzaamheden heb ik nog maar beperkte toegang tot mijn email.

Met onderstaande bewering omtrent de veiligheid ben ik het niet eens. Beide situaties zijn zonder problemen veilig uitvoerbaar, het is hooguit een kwestie welke van de twee opties de meeste/minste kosten met zich mee zal brengen. Dit is echter weer sterk afhankelijk van de situatie. Het aardgasnet in Nederland zou vergelijkbaar kunnen zijn met een biogasnet en is daarmee dus niet onveilig te noemen.

Met vriendelijke groet, Kind regards, Huisman Elektrotechniek Wouter Achterkamp

317 Interviewer: Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis Interviewee: Wouter Achterkamp Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv

Medium: Email Location: - Date: 12 June 2014 Duration: -

Hallo Wouter,

Bedankt voor het antwoord, hier kunnen we wel iets mee. Je zegt dat het misschien een kwestie is van meeste/minste kosten. Wat heeft gemiddeld gezien een hoger rendement groene elektriciteit of groen gas? Hiermee bedoelen we wat is de betere optie als we het toch voor het kiezen hebben?

We stellen jouw hulp erg op prijs.

Groeten, Dianne & Vivien

ANSWER:

Hallo Dianne, Vivien, rendement zegt iets over verliezen. De verliezen hebben betrekking op de gekozen verbruiker, niet of deze elektrisch of op gas werkt.

Met het ‘rendement’ wat jullie noemen bedoelen jullie denk ik wat kostentechnisch het beste terugverdien model geeft. Dit is weer afhankelijk van de ter plaatse geldende kWh (kiloWatt-uur) en aardgas prijzen. Kortom, lastig om hier een uitspraak over te doen.

Over het algemeen is elektriciteit breder toepasbaar en gemakkelijk te transporteren (de buurman gebruikt het immers weer van je). Het opwekken op kleine schaal is echter nog lastig. Toch zou ik aanhouden dat wanneer er in er omgeving van de vergister GEEN warmte vraag is, dat er DAN beter elektriciteit van gemaakt kan worden. Dit met name in verband met het transport.

Hoop dat dit jullie iets verder helpt.

Met vriendelijke groet, Wouter Achterkamp

318 319 PART 5

320 c Calculations

I Calculations chapter 5.2

1. Detention surface 2. Show digester

1. Detention surface

Needed SUB-W 1 SUB-W 2 SUB-W3 SUB-W 4 Precipitation in mm (1) 57,9 57,9 57,9 57,9 Runoff in mm 46,32 46,32 46,32 46,32 Surface 231726,1 374619,4 359982,6 106470,2 Runoff in m3 10.733,55 17.352,37 16.674,39 4.931,70

Runoff in mm Precipitation * 0.8 (run-off coefficient) Runoff in m3 Runoff in mm * surface / 1000

Available in design SUB-W 1 SUB-W 2 SUB-W3 SUB-W 4 Detention 1 1.072 3.717 3.053 4.287 Detention 2 6.332 1.610 4.129 1.340 Detention 3 3.348 12.111 2.953 Detention 4 7.043 TOTAL 10.752 17.438 17.178 5.627

(1) = (Appendix 3c-III)

2. Show digester

Households Park Potential urban organic waste Little Garyllis in kg (1) 897.413 195.757 Percentage 82% 18%

Capacity show digester in kg 300.000 = 27%

Housholds Park Contribution in kg 246.000 54.000 Biogas yield in m3 (2) 24.599,89 3,781,40 Electricity yield in kWh (2) 49.199,79 7.562,76

TOTAL electricity yield show digester in kWh 56.762,55 TOTAL electricity yield show digester in MWh 56,76

(1) = (Appendix 3c-I) (2) = infobox 1.2

321 II Calculations chapter 5.3

1. Water use 2. Electricity use

1. Water use

Water use by digester Water use in L per kg feedstock (1) 0,35 Amount of feedstock per year in kg (2) 300.000 Water use in m3 by digester 105

Water use for irrigation Water yield stormwater harvesting in m3 (3) 255.862,39 Water use in m3 by digester 105 Excess water 255.757,39

Eto in inch Plant factor Square feet Constant per day (4)

January 0,055880112 1 961.055,70 0,63 Februari 0,075928009 1 961.055,70 0,63 March 0,106680213 1 961.055,70 0,63 April 0,148293963 1 961.055,70 0,63 May 0,190500381 1 961.055,70 0,63 June 0,224409449 1 961.055,70 0,63 July 0,232410465 1 961.055,70 0,63 August 0,214630429 1 961.055,70 0,63 September 0,17191601 1 961.055,70 0,63 October 0,120650241 1 961.055,70 0,63 November 0,077427822 1 961.055,70 0,63 December 0,054610109 1 961.055,70 0,63

Gallons of TOTAL water Efficiency water per day m3 per day in m3 per (5) month January 0,75 45,111.28 170.76 5,293.71 Februari 0,75 61,295.68 232.03 6,496.82 March 0,75 86,121.53 326.01 10,106.17 April 0,75 119,715.76 453.17 13,595.20 May 0,75 153,788.44 582.15 18,046.73 June 0,75 181,162.78 685.78 20,573.27 July 0,75 187,621.90 710.23 22,017.01 August 0,75 173268.31 655.89 20,332.65 September 0,75 138,785.52 525.36 15,760.81 October 0,75 97,399.35 368.70 11,429.60 November 0,75 62,506.46 236.61 7,098.38 December 0,75 44,086.02 166.88 5,173.40 TOTAL 155.923,70 100% can be covered by the stormwater harvesting

(1) = (Appendix 4i-I) (0.35 L / kg is used due to drier feedstock) (2) = (Appendix 5c-I) 322 (3) = (Appendix 3c-I) (4) = (Bruggeman et al., 2011) (5) = (Irrigationtutorials, 2011) ( (Eto * plant factor * square feet * 0.63) / efficiency = gallons of water per day) Water use by digester Water use in L per kg feedstock (1) 0,35 Amount of feedstock per year in kg (2) 300.000 Water use in m3 by digester 105

Water use for irrigation Water yield stormwater harvesting in m3 (3) 255.862,39 Water use in m3 by digester 105 Excess water 255.757,39

Eto in inch Plant factor Square feet Constant per day (4)

January 0,055880112 1 961.055,70 0,63 Februari 0,075928009 1 961.055,70 0,63 March 0,106680213 1 961.055,70 0,63 April 0,148293963 1 961.055,70 0,63 May 0,190500381 1 961.055,70 0,63 June 0,224409449 1 961.055,70 0,63 July 0,232410465 1 961.055,70 0,63 August 0,214630429 1 961.055,70 0,63 September 0,17191601 1 961.055,70 0,63 October 0,120650241 1 961.055,70 0,63 November 0,077427822 1 961.055,70 0,63 December 0,054610109 1 961.055,70 0,63

Gallons of TOTAL water Efficiency water per day m3 per day in m3 per (5) month January 0,75 45,111.28 170.76 5,293.71 Februari 0,75 61,295.68 232.03 6,496.82 March 0,75 86,121.53 326.01 10,106.17 April 0,75 119,715.76 453.17 13,595.20 May 0,75 153,788.44 582.15 18,046.73 June 0,75 181,162.78 685.78 20,573.27 July 0,75 187,621.90 710.23 22,017.01 August 0,75 173268.31 655.89 20,332.65 September 0,75 138,785.52 525.36 15,760.81 October 0,75 97,399.35 368.70 11,429.60 November 0,75 62,506.46 236.61 7,098.38 December 0,75 44,086.02 166.88 5,173.40 TOTAL 155.923,70 100% can be covered by the stormwater harvesting

(1) = (Appendix 4i-I) (0.35 L / kg is used due to drier feedstock) (2) = (Appendix 5c-I) (3) = (Appendix 3c-I) (4) = (Bruggeman et al., 2011) (5) = (Irrigationtutorials, 2011) ( (Eto * plant factor * square feet * 0.63) / efficiency = gallons of water per day)

2. Electricity use

Electricity use by digester Electricity use in kWh per kg feedstock (1) 0,058 Amount of feedstock per year in kg (2) 300.000 Electricity use in MWh by digester 17,4

Electricity use for lighting Electricity yield show digester in MWh 56,76 Electricity use in MWh by digester 17,4 Excess electricity 39,36

Length of path in m 5.000 Amount of lights (one every 10 m) 500 Annual consumption per LED light in kWh (3) 292 Total electricity use lights in MWh 146

27% can be covered by the show digester

(1) = (Appendix 4i-I) (2) = (Appendix 5c-I) (3) = (LED, n.d.)

323 III Calculations chapter 5.4

1. Urban organic waste farm potential 2. Cars as comsumer

1. Urban organic waste farm potential

73% of watershed's urban organic waste Housholds Park Contribution in kg 651.413 141.757 Biogas yield in m3 (2) 65.141,30 9926,62 Electricity yield in kWh (2) 130.282,60 19.853,24 Green gas yield in kg (3) 39.084,78 5.955,97

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 75,067.92 Electricity yield in kWh (3) 150,135.84 Electricity yield in MWh 150.14 Green gas yield in kg (3) 45,040.75

Remaining household organic waste Greater Limassol Amount of inhabitants Greater Limassol (1) 180,201 Number of people in one household (1) 2.76 Number of households 65,290.22 Amount of organic waste / household / year (2) 780 Amount of household organic waste Greater Limassol in kg 50926371.60 Amount of household organic waste Little Garyllis in kg 897,413 Remaining household organic waste in kg 50028958.60

Biogas yield in m3 (3) 5002895.86 Electricity yield in kWh (3) 10005791.72 Green gas yield in kg (3) 300173.52

TOTAL TOTAL electricity yield in kWh 10.155.927,56 TOTAL electricity yield in MWh 10.155,93 TOTAL electricity yield in GWh 10,16 TOTAL green gas yield in m3 934.855,30

(1) = (Appendix 3s-I) (2) = infobox 3.2 (15 kg per week is used for cities, instead of the 20 kg per week for rural areas) (3) = infobox 1.2

324 2. Cars as consumer

Driving electric or on green gas Electric Green gas Efficiency 10 m3 biogas = 20 kWh (1) 1 km = 0.08-0.3 kWh (2) 10 m3 = 67-250 km 10 m3 = 100 km (1)

Comparing costs petrol and electric Petrol (95 unleaded) Electric Costs 8.3 L = 100 km (1:12) 8-30 kWh = 100 km (2) 2011: 1 L = 1.208 euro (3) 2011: 1 kWh = 0.22 euro (4) 100 km = 11.93 euro 100 km = 1.76-6.60 euro

(1) = infobox 1.2 (2) = (Driven by Helmond, n.d.) (3) = (Enemalta, 2011) (4) = (Appendix 3s-I)

325 e Extra information

I Slope types

326 II Vegetation list

This vegetation list is made with the help of TsTsintides, Hadjikyriakou & Christrodoulou (2002), Janssen (2006) and images on Google. The following aspects were of importance whilst chosen vegetation: • Able to grow in lower altitudes up to 100 m. • Mostly trees and shrubs are chosen that are already present on the island, the only exception is made for filter plants. • Fitting in the white, green-yellow, orange, red, brown, black colour scheme.

Schemes In three schemes (indigenous/endemic, adventive/cultivated/extotic, and new to the island) the following characteristics are shared.

Type • Origin: indigenous/endemic or adventive/cultivated/exotic • State: evergreen or deciduous • Tree, shrub or different (possibly climbing)

Height • Maximum height

Transparency • Estimate: open/medium/dense

Crown shape • Only if it is a tree, otherwise: N.A. • Estimate: columnar/oval/round/oblate/narrow pyramidal/wide pyramidal/ovate/wide ovate/narrow obovate/v-shaped/ wide v-shaped/ narrow weeping/wide weeping

Indigenous/endemic

Latin name English name Type Height Trans- Crown shape parency

Alnus orientalis Oriental Alder indigenous deciduous 20 m medium oval tree Arbutus unedo Strawberry Tree indigenous evergreen 5 m medium oblate shrub Asparagus stipularis Wild Asparagus indigenous shrub 2 m open n.a.

Ballota integrifolia Entire-Leaved endemic shrub 1.5 m dense n.a. Horehound Bosea cypria Cyprus Bosea endemic evergreen 2 m dense n.a. shrub Celtis australis Southern Nettle-Tree indigenous deciduous 20 m medium oblate tree Ceratonia siliqua Carob Tree indigenous evergreen 10 m dense oblate tree

Clematis cirrhosa Virgin’s Bower indigenous evergreen 5 m medium n.a. climbing shrub Crataegus monogyna One-Styled Hawthorn indigenous deciduous 7 m medium round tree/shrub Cyprinia gracilis ? indigenous deciduous 8 m medium n.a. climbing shrub Ficus carica Common Fig Tree indigenous deciduous 6 m medium oblate tree/shrub

327 Leaves • Type • Size: small/medium/large • Colour: pale/medium/dark

Flowers • Type • Colour • Time

Seed/fruit • Type • Colour • Time

Role • Role in providing human comfort: shade in summer (HS) and or wind barrier in winter (HB), medium crown transparency: + needles or hairy leaves = fine dust (HF), + needles or waxy/leathery leaves = volatile organic matter (HP), + flat large leaves = ozone (HO) (Hiemstra, Schoenmaker – Van der Bijl & Tonneijck, 2008) • Role in filtering stormwater (F) • Appearance: crown shape (AC), flowers (AF), seeds/fruit (AS), leaves (AL), odour (AO) • Storytelling capacity of: ‘where there is water, there is vegetation’ (SW) or of cultural (SC)

In: 1. Winter 2. Spring 3. Summer 4. Autumn

Leaves Flowers Seeds/fruits Role alternate, simple, ovate, serrate, glabrous – catkins – yellow/red nuts – brown – HS (2-4) medium – medium green – winter summer SW alternate, simple, leathery, narrowly elliptic – petals – white – berries – orange/red HP (1-4) medium – medium green autumn/winter – spring AS (2) alternate, scaly, membranous – small – pale petals – green/yellow berries – black – AL (2-4) green – spring autumn/winter SC opposite, simple, obovate – small – dark green blossoms – white/red nuts – brown – SC – spring summer alternate, simple, glabrous, broadly lanceolate petals – green/brown berries – red – HB (1-4) – small – medium green – spring summer AS (3) alternate, simple, narrowly ovate – medium – petals – green/yellow drupes – green/ HS (2-4) medium green - spring brown – autumn alternate, compound, parinnate, leathery – petals – green/ pods – brown – HB (1-4) medium – medium green brown/orange – summer HP (1-4) autumn AF (4) AS (3) SC opposite, simple – medium – medium green blossoms – white/ achenes – white – AF (1) yellow – winter spring AS (2) alternate, simple, lobed, ovate, oblong – blossoms – white – pomes – red – AS (3) medium – medium green spring autumn opposite, simple, leathery, glabrous, elliptical – petals – yellow/green follicles – brown – HP (2-4) small – medium green – summer autumn alternate, simple, lobed, ovate – large – dark blossoms – white – syncarps – brown/ HO (2-4) green spring purple – summer AF (2) AS (3) AL (2-4) SW 328 Hedera Helix Ivy indigenous evergreen ? medium n.a. climbing shrub Helichrysum Everlasting indigenous subshrub 80 cm medium n.a. conglobatum Inula viscosa Clammy Inula indigenous subshrub 1.5 m medium n.a.

Juniperus Phoenician indigenous evergreen 10 m medium oblate phoenicea Juniper tree/shrub

Laurus nobilis Laurel indigenous evergreen 10 m dense round tree/shrub

Lawsonia inermis Henna Plant indigenous evergreen 6 m medium round tree/shrub

Myrtus communis Common Myrtle indigenous evergreen 3 m medium n.a. shrub

Nerium oleander Oleander indigenous evergreen 4 m medium n.a. shrub

Olea europaea Olive Tree indigenous evergreen 10 m medium round tree/shrub

Ononis spinosa Spiny Resth-harrow indigenous subshrub 80 cm medium n.a.

Origanum majorana Sweet Marjoram endemic shrub 1 m open n.a.

Phragmites australis Reed indigenous perennial 3 m medium n.a. herb

Pistacia atlantica Terebinth Tree indigenous deciduous 15 m medium oblate tree

Pinus brutia Calabrian Pine indigenous evergreen 25 m open wide pyramidal tree

Platanus orientalis Oriental Plane indigenous deciduous 30 m medium round tree

Polygonum Horsetail Knotweed indigenous subshrub 1 m medium n.a. equisetiforme

Cyprus Oak Quercus infectoria indigenous semi- 15 m medium oblate deciduous tree

Rubus sanctus Holy Bramble indigenous evergreen 2 m dense oblate shrub

Salix alba White Willow indigenous deciduous 30 m medium round tree

Sarcopoterium Prickly Burnet indigenous shrub 50 cm medium n.a. spinosum 329 alternate, simple, ovate, elliptic – medium – petals – green/yellow berries – black/yellow SW dark green – autumn – autumn/winter SC alternate, simple, hairy, ovate – small – pale petals – white/yellow achenes – white – HF (?) green – spring spring numerous, simple, lanceolate – small – petals – white/yellow achenes – white – AS (4) medium green – summer/autumn autumn SW opposite, scale-like – small – dark green cones – yellow/brown cones – red/brown – HB (1-4) – winter autumn HF (1-4) HP (1-4) AS (1-4) alternate, simple, coriaceous, elliptic – small petals – white/green berries – black – HB (1-4) size – dark green – winter autumn AS (4) AO (1-4) SW opposite, simple, obovate – large – medium petals – white/yellow capsules – orange/ HO (1-4) green – spring brown – summer/ AS (2) autumn SC opposite, simple, ovate – medium – medium blossoms – white – berries – black/white AO (1-4) green spring/summer – autumn/winter SW SC opposite, simple, think, narrowly lanceolate – blossoms – white follicles – brown – HB (1-4) medium – dark green – spring/summer/ autumn/winter AF (2-4) autumn SW alternate, simple, leathery, narrowly elliptic – petals – white/green drupes – black/purple HP (1-4) small – pale green – spring – autumn/winter AS (4-1) SC alternate, compound, hairy, ovate – small – blossoms – white/ pods – brown – HF (1.4) medium green pink – spring/ summer/autumn SW summer/autumn opposite, simple, lamina long, hairy – small – petals – white – nuts – green/brown – HF (1-4) pale green spring/summer/ summer/autumn AO (?) autumn SC alternate, distichous, linear, glabrous – medium panicles – brown – caryopsises – F – pale green summer/autumn brown – summer/ SW autumn alternate, compound, pinnate, lanceolate – petals – brown/green drupes – red/green – HS (2-4) medium – medium green – winter/spring autumn SC spirally, scale-like, needle-like – medium – pale cones – yellow/red – cones – brown - HF (1-4) green spring spring HP (1-4) AC (1-4) SC alternate, simple, leathery, hairy/glabrous – petals – green – achenes – brown - HS (2-4) large – pale green spring autumn HF (2-4) HP (2-4) SW alternate, simple, linear-lanceolate – small – petals – white/red achenes – brown dark green – spring/summer/ – spring/summer/ autumn autumn alternate, simple, glabrous, - medium – catkins – green/ nuts – brown/green – HS (2-4) medium green yellow – spring autumn alternate, compound, imparippinate, obovate – blossoms –pink/white berries – black – all AF (1-4) small – medium green – all year year AS (1-4) SW alternate, simple, lanceolate, hairy – small – catkins – green/ capsules – green/ HS (2-4) pale green yellow – winter yellow – spring HF (2-4) F SW alternate, compound, ovate – small – medium petals – white/ achenes – green/red AS (3) green yellow/red – winter – spring 330 Silene fruticosa Woody Catchfly indigenous subshrub 50 cm dense n.a.

Styrax officinalis Storax indigenous deciduous 6 m medium round tree/shrub Tamarix tetragyna Desert Tamarisk indigenous deciduous 15 m medium oblate tree/shrub

Tamarix tetrandra Tamarisk indigenous deciduous 3 m open n.a. shrub Ulmus canescens Mediterranean Elm indigenous deciduous 10 m medium oval tree Vitex agnus-castus Caste Tree indigenous deciduous 3 m medium n.a. shrub

Adventive/cultivated/exotic

Latin name English name Type Height Trans- Crown shape parency

Acacia salicina Willow Wattle exotic evergreen 10 m open round tree/shrub Agave americana Century Plant adventive evergreen 7 m medium n.a. perennial herb Albizia julibrissin Silk Tree exotic deciduous tree 15 m medium oblate

Alcea setosa Bristly Hollyhock adventive herb 1.5 m open n.a.

Aracaria heterophylla Norfolk Island Pine exotic evergreen tree 70 m medium narrow pyramidal

Artemisia Shrubby Wormwood adventive shrub 1 m dense n.a. arborescens Arundo donax Giant Reed adventive evergreen 6 m medium n.a. perennial herb

Arundo plinii ? adventive evergreen 3 m medium n.a. perennial herb Caesalpinia gilliesii adventive deciduous adventive evergreen 4 m medium round shrub/tree perennial herb

Campsis radicans exotic deciduous adventive evergreen 10 m medium n.a. climbing shrub perennial herb

Cestrum nocurnum Night Jessamine exotic evergreen 3 m medium n.a. shrub

Citrus sinensis Sweet Orange cultivated evergreen 6 m dense ovate tree

Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo exotic deciduous tree 10 m medium round

Dodonaea viscosa Hopseed-Bush adventive evergreen 4 m dense n.a. shrub Eucalyptus Eucalypt, Tuart exotic evergreen tree 45 m medium oval gomphocephala

331 opposite, simple, glabrous, obovate – small – petals – white – capsules – brown – medium green spring spring/summer alternate, simple, broadly ovate, hairy – petals – white – drupes – brown – HF (2-4) medium – pale green spring summer/autumn AO (2) alternate, scale-like – small – medium green petals – white – achenes – green/red HS (2-4) winter/spring capsules – brown/ SW white – spring alternate, scale-like – small – medium green petals – white – capsules – brown/ SW spring white - spring alternate, simple, ovate-elliptic – medium – petals – red/brown – samaras – brown – HS (2-4) medium green winter summer opposite, compound, linear-lanceolate – small petals – white – drupes – brown - AO (1-4) – pale green summer/autumn autumn SW

Leaves Flowers Seeds/fruits Role alternate, linear, slightly falcate – medium – petals – green/white pods – brown – AO (4) pale green – autumn spring crowned in rosettes, lanceolate – large – pale panicles – yellow/ capsules – brown - ? AC (1-4) green green – ? SW alternate, bipinnate, oblong – large – medium blossoms – white/red pods – brown – HS (2-4) green – spring/summer autumn HO (2-4) AF (2-3) alternate, simple, hairy – large – medium green blossoms – white/red schizocarps – brown HF (2-4) – spring/summer/ – summer/autumn HO (2-4) autumn dimorphic, spirally arranged cones – brown – cones – brown – HB (1-4) autumn spring HF (1-4) HP (1-4) AC (1-4) alternate, oblong-deltoid – medium – medium petals – yellow/white achenes – brown – AO (1-4) green – spring summer/autumn SC alternate, distichous – medium – medium panicles – grey – caryopsises – brown HB (1-4) green summer/autumn – autumn F SW alternate, distichous – medium – pale green panicles – grey – caryopsises – brown F summer/autumn – autumn SW alternate, bipinnate, oblong – small – pale blossoms – yellow/ pods – brown – AF (2-4) green red – spring/summer/ summer/autumn autumn opposite, compound, imparipinnate, hairy – petals – orange/red capsules – green/ HF (1-4) large – medium green – spring/summer/ brown – summer/ HO (2-4) autumn autumn alternate, simple, entire, ovate – large – dark petals – white/green berries – white – HP (1-4) green – summer/autumn autumn HO (1-4) AL (1-4) alternate, simple, ovate, leathery – medium – petals – white – berries – orange – HP (1-4) dark green spring autumn/winter AS (4-1) SC alternate, compound, imparipinnate – medium petals – green/yellow pods – green/brown HS (2-4) – medium green – spring – autumn/winter alternate, simple, lamina lanceolate – small – blossoms – yellow/ capsules – yellow/ HB (1-4) medium green green – winter brown – summer AF (1) alternate, simple, leathery, lanceolate – petals – white – capsule – green/ HB (1-4) medium – pale green spring brown - summer HP (1-4) AO (1-4) SW 332 Fallopia aubertii Russian Vine exotic evergreen 8 m medium n.a. climbing shrub

Ficus benjamina Benyan Fig exotic evergreen 12 m dense wide weeping tree/shrub

Gleditsia triacanthos Honey Locust exotic deciduous tree 20 m open round

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Rose exotic evergreen 4 m dense round tree/shrub

Jasminum Spanish Jasmine exotic deciduous 4 m open n.a. grandiflorum climbing shrub Justicia adhatoda Justicia adventive evergreen 4.5 m dense n.a. shrub

Leucena White Popinac exotic evergreen tree 10 m open wide v-shape leucocephala Liquidambar Sweet Gum adventive deciduous 12 m medium oval styraciflua tree

Lonicera japonica Japanese exotic climbing shrub 6 m medium n.a. Honeysuckle Melaleuca armillaris Bracelet Honey exotic evergreen 14 m dense oblate Myrtle tree/shrub Opuntia ficus- Prickly Pear adventive shrub 5 m medium n.a. barbarica

Parthenocissus Ampelopsis exotic deciduous 20 m medium n.a. quinquefolia climbing shrub

Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm adventive evergreen 30 m medium narrow obovate tree Phytolacca dioica Bellasombra exotic evergreen tree 15 m medium round

Plumeria alba Frangipani exotic deciduous tree 8 m medium oblate

Punica granatum Pomegranate adventive deciduous 7 m medium round tree/shrub

Pyracantha coccinea Firethorn cultivated evergreen 3 m medium n.a. shrub Quercus ilex Holm Oak exotic evergreen tree 25 m medium oblate

Robinia pseudoacacia False Acacia adventive deciduous 25 m medium round tree Schinus Brazialian Pepper exotic evergreen tree 15 m medium oblate terebinthifolius Tree Sophora japonica Japanese Pagoda Tree exotic deciduous tree 20 m medium round

Sambucus nigra Common Elder adventive deciduous 10 m medium round tree/shrub

333 alternate, simple, ovate – medium – medium petals – white/green nuts – black - AC (1-4) green – spring/summer/ summer/autumn autumn alternate, simple, leathery oblong-ovate – blossoms – white (?) syncarps – yellow/ HB (1-4) medium – dark green – summer/autumn brown - ? HP (1-4) AC (1-4) alternate, compound, lanceolate – small – petals – white/green pods – brown HS (2-4) medium green – spring summer/autumn AS (3-4) alternate, simple, broadly ovate – medium – blossoms – red – capsules – brown - ? HB (1-4) medium green spring/summer/ AF (2-4) autumn opposite, compound, imparippinate, ovate – blossoms – white – berries – black – AO (3-4) small – medium green summer/autumn autumn/winter opposite, simple, entire, elliptic – large – dark blossoms – white – capsules – brown – HB (1-4) green spring/summer summer HO (1-) AF (2-3) AL (1-4) alternate, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate – small blossoms – white/ pods – brown - AO (2) – medium green green – spring summer alternate, simple, glabrous – medium – petals – green – capsules – brown - HS (2-4) medium green spring summer AL (4) SW opposite, simple, lamina oblong – medium – petals – white/yellow berries – black – AC (?) medium green – spring/summer summer alternate, simple, very narrow – small – dark petals – white/yellow capsules – brown – HB (1-4) green – autumn/winter winter/spring AF (4-1) areoles round, hairy – large – pale green blossoms – yellow/ berries – orange/red HF (1-4) orange – spring – summer/autumn AF (2) AS (3-4) AL (1-4) alternate, petiolate, elliptical oblong-ovate – petals – white/red berries – black – HO (2-4) large – dark green – spring/summer/ summer/autumn AL (4) autumn pinnate, arched – large – medium green petals – white/yellow drupes – red/brown - AC (1-4) – spring autumn alternate, simple, entire, ovate – medium – petals – green/white berries – black – medium green – spring autumn alternate, simple, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate blossoms – white/ follicles – brown – HS (2-4) – large – dark green yellow – summer autumn HO (2-4) AF (3) AO (3) opposite, simple, lamina oblanceolate, leathery blossoms – red – syncarps – red/yellow HP (2-4) – medium – pale green spring – summer/autumn AF (2) AS (3-4) SC alternate, simple, lanceolate, elliptic or petals – white – pomes – red/orange HB (1-4) obovate – small – medium green spring – autumn AS (4) alternate, simple, leathery, ovate – medium – catkins – green/ nuts – brown – HB (1-4) dark green yellow – spring autumn HP (1-4) AL (1-4) alternate, compound, immparipinnate, oblong petals – white – pods – green/brown HS (2-4) – medium – medium green spring – summer alternate, compound, pinnate, imparipinnate, petals – white – drupes – orange/red AS (4) ovate-lanceolate – medium – medium green summer – autumn alternate, compound, imparipinnate, obate- panicles – green/ pods – green/yellow HS (2-4) oblong – medium – medium green yellow – summer – autumn AF (3) opposite, compound, imparipinnate, oblong- petals – white - spring drupes – purple/black HS (2-4) lanceolate, hairy – large – dark green - summer HF (2-4) HO (2-4) AF (2) SW 334 Taxodium distichum Swamp Cypress exotic deciduous tree 40 m medium wide pyramidal

Tecomaria capensis Cape Honeysuckle exotic evergreen 4 m medium n.a. shrub

Vitis vinifera Grape adventive deciduous 6 m open n.a. climbing shrub

Washingtonia filifera Washingtonia adventive evergreen 30 m medium narrow ovate tree Withania somnifera Common Winter- adventive subshrub 1.5 m medium n.a. Cherry

Yucca elephantipes Spineless Yucca exotic evergreen tree 12 m medium v-shape

Zizyphus zizyphus Jujube adventive deciduous 7 m medium oblate tree/shrub

New to the island (species for filtering (Bratieres et al., 2008)

Latin name English name Type Height Trans- Role parency

Carex appressa Tall Sedge Perennial grass 1 m medium F Dianella revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Perennial herb 1 m medium F Leucaphyta brownii Cushion Bush Perennial subshrub 70 cm dense F Melaleuca ericifolia Swamp Paperbark Tree/shrub 8 m medium F Microleana stipoides Weeping grass Perennial grass 70 cm medium F

335 linear, flat, spirally arranged – small – medium catkins – green/ cones – brown – HS (2-4) green brown – spring summer AC (2-4) SW opposite, compound, imparipinnate, ovate – blossoms – orange/ capsules – brown HB (1-4) medium – dark green red – autumn/winter – autumn/winter/ AF (4-1) spring alternate, simple, broadly cordate – large – petals – green/white berries – purple/red - HO (2-4) medium green – spring autumn AL (2-4) AS (4) terminal clusers – large – medium green panicles – white/ drupes – black – AL (1-4) yellow – summer autumn alternate, simple, broadly ovate – large – dark petals – green – all berries – red – HO (?) green year spring/summer/ winter dense fascicles, lanceolate – large – dark green blossoms – white – capsules – red/brown AL (1-4) summer - ? AF (3) alternate, simple, oblong – medium 0 medium petals – yellow/green drupes – red/brown – HS (2-4) green – spring autumn AL (2-4) AS (4)

336 337