The Netherlands’ national air pollution control programme (NAPCP-NL)
This NAPCP has been drawn up in accordance with Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1522 of 11 October 2018 laying down a common format for national air pollution control programmes in accordance with article 6 of Directive (EU) 2016/2284
1. FIELD DESCRIPTIONS
All fields in this common format that are marked (M) are mandatory and those marked (O) are optional.
2 COMMON FORMAT
2.1 Title of the programme, contact information and websites
2.1.1. Title of the programme, contact information and websites (M) Title of the programme: NAPCP-NL Date: 29 March 2019 Member State: The Netherlands Name of competent authority responsible for drawing up the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management
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programme: Telephone number of responsible service: - Email address of responsible service: - Link to website where the programme is published: www.rijksoverheid.nl and www.platformparticipatie.nl/nec Link(s) to website(s) on the consultation(s) on the programme: www.platformparticipatie.nl/nec
2.2 Executive summary
Background Over the past 20 years, partly as a result of EU policy, Europe has seen a significant improvement in anthropogenic atmospheric emissions and air quality. Directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (NECD) has been instrumental in that progress by setting limits for 2010 onwards. As set out in the 7th Environment Action Programme, the European Union is aiming to achieve levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on, and risks to, human health and the environment. This objective was one reason for revising the NECD. The revised Directive (2016/2284/EU) establishes
emission reduction commitments for each Member State’s anthropogenic atmospheric emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane
volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM2.5). The commitments are expressed as percentages, taking 2005 as the base year, and are applicable from 2020 to 2029 and from 2030 onwards. The revised NECD should contribute to achieving the European air quality objectives in a cost- effective manner.1 When determining the reduction commitments for each Member State, cost-effectiveness and technical feasibility were important criteria. This updated legislation is projected to almost halve the negative health impacts of air pollution, including premature death, by 2030 [European Commission, 2016].2
Under Article 6 of the NECD, each Member State must draw up a national air pollution control programme (NAPCP) indicating how it will comply with its emission reduction commitment. It must be updated every four years. This is the Netherlands’ first NAPCP under the revised NECD (2016/2284/EU). It has been
1 See, for example, points 1, 2, 7 and 9 in the NECD (2016/2284/EU). 2 A bibliography is provided at the end of the NAPCP.
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drawn up using the format specified by the European Commission in Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1522 and must be submitted to the Commission by 1 April 2019 (article 10, paragraph 1). The emission reduction commitments for the Netherlands are incorporated in the Environment and Planning Act (Omgevingswet) as environmental standards.
The Netherlands will comply with the NECD emission reduction commitments The Netherlands has been implementing policy since the 1990s to limit emissions of air pollutants in various sectors, one example being the regulatory emission requirements for industry and farms. These rules also stem from the transposing of European directives into national legislation. Conditions attached to environmental permits and the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree (Activiteitenbesluit) prescribe the use of best available techniques (BAT) and preventive measures to prevent or limit air pollutant emissions. In addition, tax incentive schemes such as the environmental investment tax credit (MIA) and arbitrary depreciation of environmental investments (VAMIL) offer businesses tax benefits for investing in environmentally-friendly solutions, including emission-reducing technologies. The European source-based policy for transport also does much to limit emissions. Policy on air quality has likewise had an effect, with the result that emissions of the five substances regulated under the NECD have fallen by 60-80% since 1990 (see also table 2.4.1 in this document). This substantial reduction is depicted in the figure below [Compendium voor de Leefomgeving, 2018].
Atmospheric emissions of acidifying pollutants 800 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 600 Non-methane volatile organic 400 compounds kiloton (NMVOC) 200 Ammonia (NH3)
0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
The bullets in the figure are the emission ceilings for 2010, 2020 and 2030 Source www.clo.nl/nl018324
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Considering the knowledge currently available and based on the measures taken and decided upon, the Netherlands appears likely to comply with its emission reduction commitments. This is confirmed by projections in the monitoring report published by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) entitled ‘Informative Inventory report 2018’ [Wever, 2018], which is why the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) concludes in its report (Balans van de Leefomgeving 2018, p. 266 [Egmond, 2018]) that the NECD targets for 2020 and 2030 are likely to be achieved if the policy is properly implemented. Table 2.5 of this NAPCP explains in more detail that the Netherlands is projected to comply with its emission reduction commitments for both 2020 and 2030 if it pursues the adopted policy.
New air quality policy in the making: the Clean Air Agreement In addition to the adopted policy measures, work is under way on a new national air quality policy. In a letter to parliament dated 25 April 2018 (Parliamentary Papers 30 175 no. 292), the Dutch government announced that it will work to improve air quality in order to reduce the health risks associated with air pollution, taking the targets of the World Health Organization as its guide. A new national air quality action plan had already been announced in the third Rutte government’s 2017-2021 coalition agreement. The government’s Clean Air Agreement will focus on the health gains of better air quality, in accordance with the advisory report of the Health Council of the Netherlands entitled Health benefits through cleaner air [Gezondheidsraad, 2018], published in January 2018. Over the past few years, experience has shown that cooperation between all tiers of government and at European and international levels is needed to achieve better air quality. The government aims to present the Clean Air Agreement to the Dutch parliament in 2019. It will comprise a mixture of source-based measures to limit emissions and local measures to improve air quality. These measures are not included in this NAPCP, as they have yet to be determined.
The National Climate Agreement Climate policy and air quality policy are closely intertwined. Energy efficiency and sustainable energy options such as solar and wind power reduce emissions of both greenhouse gases (GHG) and air pollutants. It is worth mentioning, in light of climate change, the bill prohibiting coal-based electricity production, which will result in the two oldest coal-fired power plants no longer firing coal by the end of 2024, and the remaining three by the end of 2029. The bill was submitted to the Council of State on 12 October 2018 [Wetgevingskalender 2018].
In connection with the Paris Agreement, a National Climate Agreement is being drafted, with one central goal: by 2030, to reduce GHG emissions in the Netherlands by 49% compared with 1990 levels. Additionally, the Dutch government’s efforts at EU level could result in an even more ambitious target of 55% [SER, 2018]. The impact of the National Climate Agreement on air pollutant emissions has not yet been incorporated into the Informative Inventory Report 2018 projections used
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in the NAPCP, but will be taken into account in the new air pollutant emission estimates to be calculated in 2019 for the National Energy Outlook (NEO). The updated NAPCP to be submitted by 1 April 2023 will, however, include the definitive impact of the climate policy.
Consultation of stakeholders and the public During the drafting stage, the NAPCP was discussed with provincial and municipal authorities, environment and planning agencies, civil society organisations and industry. These consultations took place on 19 April 2018 and 6 September 2018. The draft programme was sent to the Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers (VNO-NCW), the Association of Provincial Authorities (IPO) and the Association of Netherlands Municipalities (VNG). The subject was also on the agenda of the meeting of the Benelux countries on 28 March 2018. The programme was presented to neighbouring member states (Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom) with a request for comments. No reactions have been received. Finally, in accordance with article 6, paragraph 5 of the NECD, the government also held a public consultation on the programme, through the application of part 3.4 of the General Administrative Law Act. Four views were presented, three of which were from members of the public who mainly expressed their concern about air quality in the Netherlands, and one from Energie- Nederland, the trade association for energy suppliers. Energie-Nederland endorses the NAPCP programme. They made a few suggestions for improvement which have largely been incorporated in the text. The NAPCP was sent to the House of Representatives on 23 January 2019 (Parliamentary Papers 30 175 no. 326). In compliance with article 14, paragraph 1 of the NECD, the final version of the NAPCP will be published on www.platformparticipatie.nl/nec and www.rijksoverheid.nl.
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2.3 The national air quality and pollution policy framework
2.3.1. Policy priorities and their relationship to priorities set in other relevant policy areas
The national emission reduction commitments compared with 2005 base SO2 NOx NMVOC NH3 PM2.5 year (in %) (M): 2020-2029 (M): 28 45 8 13 37 From 2030 (M): 53 61 15 21 45 The air quality priorities: national policy Current statutory limit values The air quality requirements and obligations set out in European Directive 2008/50/EC have been incorporated priorities related to EU or national air into the Environmental Management Act (Wet milieubeheer, title 5.2 and schedule 2). Title 5.2 consists quality objectives (incl. limit values and essentially of air quality standards and also describes the basic obligations imposed by European directives, i.e. target values, and exposure concentration assessment of air quality, reporting and actions to take. Specific elements of the Act are set out in decrees obligations) (M): (orders in council) and ministerial orders. For more information, go to: Reference can also be made to https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/lucht-water/luchtkwaliteit/regelgeving/wet- recommended air quality objectives by the milieubeheer/beoordelen/grenswaarden/ WHO. National Air Quality Cooperation Programme (NSL) In the Netherlands, most of the measures are set out in the National Air Quality Cooperation Programme (Nationaal Samenwerkingsprogramma Luchtkwaliteit). Under this programme, central and subnational authorities work together in regions where atmospheric pollutants have exceeded the limit values. Regional programmes have been drawn up for these areas which, together with the national plan, form the basis for the NSL. The positive impact (measures to improve air quality) outweighs the negative impact (spatial planning
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projects that lead to a deterioration in air quality). Central government coordinates the development and implementation of the NSL, and reaches agreement with provincial and municipal authorities on verifiable results. The standards for air quality must be achieved in the NSL areas, as otherwise these subnational authorities can be held to account for the way they implement the NSL measures. The NSL was in force for five years, from 1 August 2009 until 1 August 2014. The Minister for the Environment extended it twice: first in 2013 until 1 January 2017, and then a second time in December 2016 until the date of entry into force of the Environment and Planning Act. For more information, go to: https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/lucht- water/luchtkwaliteit/regelgeving/wet-milieubeheer/nsl/ https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/lucht-water/luchtkwaliteit/overig/nieuws/nieuws/tweede-verlenging/
On 25 June 2018, the government presented its draft decision concerning adaptations to the NSL in 2018 (Aanpassing NSL 2018) to the House of Representatives (Parliamentary Paper 30 175, no. 299). In a number of areas in the Netherlands, air quality problems persist. These demand a joint approach by central government and the local authorities concerned. The adaptations will enable the Netherlands to accelerate resolution of these last bottlenecks. According to prognoses, the supplementary package will end all remaining exceedances of nitrogen dioxide in 2018 at the latest. This result will be achieved as soon as possible for fine particulates, but in 2023 at the latest. The government will strive to publish the decision in the Government Gazette by 30 September 2018.
Clean Air Agreement In addition to the adopted policy measures, work is under way on a new national air quality policy. In a letter to parliament dated 25 June 2018 (Parliamentary Papers 30 175 no. 292), the Dutch government affirmed its commitment to improving air quality with a view to reducing the health risks associated with air pollution. The new policy will be aimed at the targets of the World Health Organization. The 2017-2021 coalition agreement had already disclosed plans for a national air quality action plan. The government will go ahead with this under the title ‘Clean Air Agreement’ (SLA), which will focus on health gains, based on the advisory report of the
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Health Council of the Netherlands entitled Health benefits through cleaner air (Gezondheidsraad, 2018). Over the past few years, experience has shown that cooperation between all tiers of government and at European and international levels is needed to achieve better air quality. The government aims to present the Clean Air Agreement to parliament in 2019. It will comprise a mixture of source-based measures to limit emissions and local measures to improve air quality. These measures are not yet included in the NAPCP, as they have yet to be determined.
Relevant climate change and energy Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth (2013-2023) More than 40 parties, including the government, employers, trade unions, civil society organisations and policy priorities (M): financial institutions, signed the Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth on 6 September 2013, which tackles topics such as energy efficiency, clean technology and climate policy. The implementation of this agreement will lead to a sharp increase in the share of renewable energy – from 4.5% in 2013 to 16.7% in 2023. Annually the Netherlands will see a 1.5% increase in energy savings, and the target of additional savings of 100 petajoules by 2020 is within reach. The instruments available include providing public information, improving the European emissions trading system (ETS), adapting the energy infrastructure, setting up a financial expertise centre and making legislative and regulatory changes. It is relevant to note in the context of the Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth that an amendment to the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree entered into force on 1 January 2016, setting minimum efficiency standards for coal-fired power plants in the Netherlands [InfoMil, 2016]. As a result, three old coal-fired power plants were shut down on 1 January 2016 and two others were taken out of operation in June 2017 [Volkskrant, 2015]. For more information about the Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth, go to: https://www.energieakkoordser.nl/
Renewable Energy Grant Scheme (SDE+) The Renewable Energy Grant Scheme (SDE+) is an important policy instrument for promoting renewable energy in the Netherlands. It has separate categories for biomass, geothermal energy, hydropower, onshore
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wind (turbines on land, dykes and in lakes) and solar energy. The SDE+ category ‘offshore wind’ has its own budget and tender procedure. For more information, go to: https://www.rvo.nl/subsidies-regelingen/stimulering-duurzame-energieproductie-sde
Energy Report/Energy Agenda (up to 2050) The 2016 Energy Report sets out the government’s strategy for the period after the Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth ends, up until 2050. Businesses, organisations and members of the public have taken part in an energy dialogue on the subject. The government’s Energy Agenda details the Netherlands’ long-term energy and climate objectives and sets out four key elements to be addressed in order to achieve a gradual transition towards a low-carbon energy supply (80-95% CO2 reduction) by 2050: (1) power and light, (2) high- temperature heat, (3) low-temperature heat and (4) transport. The key points of the policy are outlined for each element. For example, the SDE+ scheme will be used for power and light until the ETS works sufficiently well. In addition, the electricity grid will be made more flexible in order to cope with non-dispatchable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Work is also being done to strengthen the ETS. In the area of transport, for instance, the ambition is to invest in large-scale infrastructure for refuelling/recharging vehicles. The Energy Agenda also discusses how the energy transition will be incorporated into the physical environment. For more information, go to: https://www.government.nl/documents/reports/2017/03/01/energy-agenda-towards-a-low-carbon-energy- supply
2017-2021 coalition agreement Inspired to some extent by the Paris climate agreement, the government announced a new climate target in its 2017-2021 coalition agreement: a 49% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. A national climate and energy agreement will be drawn up in order to give economic sectors certainty about the long-term targets. The government is also taking measures in the short term, including greening the tax system, designating more
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sites for offshore wind farms, and setting a minimum carbon price for the electricity sector. (In regard to this last point, in a letter to parliament on 5 October 2018 [Parliamentary Paper 31 813, no. 220, reprint] the Minister wrote that the government stands by the introduction of a minimum carbon price by 2020, but will take account of the risks to security of supply.) In addition, the coalition agreement stated that grants for using biomass as fuel will be discontinued in 2024 and that coal-based electricity production will be prohibited by 2030 at the latest. A draft bill has been drawn up to arrange the latter, and will result in the Netherlands’ two oldest coal-fired power plants no longer firing coal by the end of 2024, and the remaining three by the end of 2029. The public consultation on the proposal has since ended [Parliamentary Paper 34 775, no. AG] and the bill was submitted to the Council of State on 12 October 2018 [Wetgevingskalender 2018].
National Climate Agreement and NECP Following ratification of the Paris Agreement, a National Climate Agreement is being drafted, with one central goal: by 2030, to reduce GHG emissions in the Netherlands by 49% compared with 1990 levels. Additionally, the Dutch government’s efforts at EU level could result in an even more ambitious target of 55% (www.klimaatakkoord.nl). Four months of negotiations with stakeholders concerning five major sectors (‘climate tables’) – electricity, built environment, agriculture & land use, industry and transport – resulted in a Proposal for key points of the Climate Agreement which was sent to Parliament on 10 July 2018. The proposal elaborates policy for the aforementioned five sectors. In September 2018 PBL published its cost calculations for the Climate Agreement. Technically, the measures identified could be sufficient to achieve the emission reduction targets [Hekkenberg, 2018]. Negotiations continued in subsequent months, culminating in a Draft Climate Agreement [Ontwerp Klimaatakkoord] that was sent to Parliament on 21 December 2018 [SER, 2018]. This agreement will also form the basis of the draft integrated national energy and climate plan (NECP), which the Netherlands must submit to the EU by the end of 2018.
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Relevant policy priorities in relevant Industrial emissions policy In large part Dutch policy on industrial emissions is the result of transposing European directives into policy areas, incl. agriculture, industry national legislation. Furthermore, additional national requirements have been applicable since the 1990s. and transport (M): Tax incentive schemes are also in place, such as the environmental investment tax credit (MIA) and arbitrary depreciation of environmental investments (VAMIL), which both offer businesses tax benefits for investing in environmentally-friendly solutions, including emission-reducing technologies. Air quality policy for industry has reduced atmospheric pollutant emissions by 60-80% since 1990 [CLO, 2018].
Atmospheric emissions of acifying and other pollutants by industry 120 Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Non-methane volatile organic 100 compounds (NMVOC) Ammonia (NH3) 80 Suplhur dioxide (SO2) 60 Particulate matter (PM10) 40
Index (1990=100) Carbon monoxide (CO)
20
0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
For more information, go to: https://www.rvo.nl/subsidies-regelingen/mia-en-vamil-0 http://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0112-emissies-naar-lucht-door-de-industrie
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Implementation of IED and BAT conclusions In the Netherlands, the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) is largely transposed into the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree, which contains general environmental regulations for companies that carry out activities with an environmental impact. Chapter 5 outlines the requirements for combustion plants. Part 2.11 contains provisions on solvents, and part 2.4 provisions on exploration of the subsurface. Under section 2.14(1c) of the Environmental Licensing (General Provisions) Act (WABO, Wet algemene bepalingen omgevingsrecht) and article 5.4 of the Environmental Permitting Decree (Besluit Omgevingsrecht), BAT conclusions are included directly in companies’ environmental permits. Under the WABO, companies are obligated to apply BAT. For more information, go to: https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/integrale/rio/aanpassingen-per/lucht/implementatie-ied-0/ https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/duurzaamheid-energie/ippc-installaties/handleiding-ippc/1-inleiding/
Medium-sized combustion plants/MCPD The Netherlands has had emission requirements for small and medium-sized combustion plants since 1990, and these are now set out mainly in paragraph 3.2.1 of the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree. For the most part, the requirements are stricter than those in the Medium Combustion Plant Directive (MCPD). When the MCPD was transposed into Dutch law (2017), some additional requirements were introduced, for example in Chapter 5 of the aforementioned Decree. For more information, go to: https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/lucht-water/stookinstallaties/kleine-middelgrote/ https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/lucht-water/stookinstallaties/nieuws/nieuwsberichten/implementatie/
Dutch Emission Guidelines for Air/part 2.3 The Dutch Emission Guidelines for Air (Nederlandse emissierichtlijn lucht) were introduced in 1992 to regulate industrial emissions of air pollutants. Key objectives were to protect the environment and
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harmonise environmental permits. Since 1 January the general requirements in the guidelines have been included in part 2.3 of the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree. These act as a safety net, as they are applicable in the absence of any other emission requirements in the Decree. For more information, go to: https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/lucht-water/lucht/ner-archief/inbouw-ner/
Agricultural emissions policy The main instruments to prevent emissions of ammonia and particulate matter by the agriculture sector are as follows:
The Use of Animal Fertilisers Decree and the Fertilisers Act The Use of Animal Fertilisers Decree (Besluit gebruik meststoffen) and the Fertilisers Act (Meststoffenwet) stipulate requirements regarding the spreading of manure, also prohibiting above-ground application and limiting the amount spread. These measures are having a major effect on ammonia emissions. For more information, go to: https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/agrarisch-ondernemen/mestbeleid/mest/mest-uitrijden-en-gebruiken http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0009066/2017-03-28
Implementation of IED and BAT conclusions The IED is another important instrument for agriculture in preventing air emissions of ammonia, particulate matter and odours in particular. New BAT conclusions for intensive livestock farming were published in early 2017. The IED concerns only installations; fields and pasture are not part of installations. For more information, go to: https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/duurzaamheid-energie/ippc-installaties/brefs-bbt- conclusies/virtuele_map/intensieve/
The Air Quality Directive as transposed into the Environmental Management Act
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The EU Air Quality Directive has been transposed into the Dutch Environmental Management Act, which includes standards for atmospheric concentrations of substances that have a detrimental effect on air quality and health. Particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are relevant to the livestock industry. Now that the standards have been incorporated into the Environmental Management Act, permits are assessed on the basis of compliance. Establishments that fall under the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree are subjected to a limited environmental impact assessment to determine whether they meet the standards laid down in the Act. For more information, go to: https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/landbouw/stof/handreiking-fijn-1/
Ammonia Emissions and Livestock Production Act The Ammonia Emissions and Livestock Production Act (Wet ammoniak en veehouderij) limits ammonia emissions from animal housing in and around highly sensitive nature areas, by capping ammonia emissions per livestock farm. The provincial authorities are responsible for designating highly sensitive nature areas, while local authorities review permits in light of the ammonia emissions ceiling. Emissions from animal housing and emission-reducing technologies are set out in the Ammonia and Livestock Farming Regulations (Regeling ammoniak en veehouderij). For more information, go to: https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/landbouw/ammoniak/wav/ https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/landbouw/ammoniak/rav-0/
Low-Emission Livestock Housing Decree The Low-Emission Livestock Housing Decree (Besluit emissiearme huisvesting) which entered into force in 2015 sets maximum emission levels for ammonia (all animal categories) and particulate matter (only poultry) from animal housing. The ammonia requirements apply to new and existing housing on both IPPC and non-IPPC farms (as described in Annex I of the Industrial Emissions Directive). From 1 January 2020
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stricter ammonia requirements for new housing at IPCC-farms will be in place. The particulate matter requirements apply only to new poultry housing. The 2017 BAT conclusions have not been taken into account, however, competent authorities are required to update permits according to BAT conclusions. For more information, go to: https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/landbouw/ammoniak/nieuw-besluit/
Nature Conservation Act and the PAS The Nature Conservation Act protects nature areas from the impact of nitrogen and other emissions from livestock farming, traffic/transport/shipping, industry and electricity generation. This has been incorporated into the Dutch integrated nitrogen strategy (Programma Aanpak Stikstof, PAS), which entails assessing how the nitrogen emissions of an individual project contribute to total N deposition on a nitrogen-sensitive habitat. This helps determine whether, for example, a livestock farm can go ahead with a planned expansion. With regard to agriculture, the PAS includes the additional, more stringent management measures laid down in the two aforementioned decrees. Part of the scope for economic development created through the implementation of these measures can be used by agricultural or other businesses. For more information, go to: https://www.bij12.nl/onderwerpen/programma-aanpak-stikstof/
Grants and tax measures Various grants have been available to limit emissions from animal housing, for example to purchase filters and air washers to reduce emissions of particulate matter. The government has also invested in innovation programmes and awarded grants for the development of techniques to reduce ammonia and particulate matter emissions. The environmental investment tax credit (MIA) and arbitrary depreciation of environmental investments (VAMIL) scheme both offer a tax incentive for investing in emission-reducing techniques that go beyond the requirements of the above legislation. For more information, go to: https://www.rvo.nl/subsidies-regelingen/duurzame-veehouderij-miavamil
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Outline agreement on incentive scheme to scale back pig farming Very high livestock densities in certain areas in the Netherlands pose real risks to public health. The government has discussed this issue with the industry and the relevant provincial authorities and will earmark funding to address it. The approach is two-pronged: first, in the short term reduce odours from pig farms in areas with high livestock densities by scaling back or closing sites or farms wishing to do so. Second, develop and invest in new housing and husbandry systems. The latter measure will also extend beyond the pig sector. The House of Representatives was informed about the incentive scheme to scale back pig farming on 7 July 2018 (Parliamentary Papers 28 973 no. 200).
Environment and Planning Act The Environment and Planning Act, which is expected to enter into force in 2021, will incorporate all environmental regulations in the Netherlands, thus simplifying and harmonising the current body of law on the environment and spatial planning. The rules set out in the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree will largely be incorporated into the Physical Environment (Activities) Decree (Besluit activiteiten leefomgeving). The Environment and Planning Implementation Act will designate the mandatory NAPCP as a mandatory programme under the Environment and Planning Act. The corresponding decree will provide for the implementation of certain elements from the NECD in the Physical Environment (Quality) Decree (Besluit kwaliteit leefomgeving). The emission reduction commitments will be laid down as national environmental standards.
Transport emissions policy Source-based policy In the transport sector, European source-based policy is making a significant contribution towards improving air quality in the Netherlands. The Dutch government is therefore introducing a number of
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general measures as part of its review of the National Air Quality Cooperation Programme. • The emission standards for non-road mobile machinery will be progressively tightened up, starting in 2018. • The emission standards for passenger cars and delivery vehicles will be progressively tightened up, starting in 2018. • For heavier vehicles (lorries and buses), the emission test cycles will be more rigorous.
Promoting cleaner and zero-emission vehicles • Harmonising access to low-emission zones for passenger cars, delivery vans and lorries (Parliamentary Papers 30 175 no. 263). • Particulate filter testing a standard component of periodic vehicle inspections (APK) (Parliamentary Papers 30 175 no. 250). • Ban on using vehicles whose particulate filter has been removed. For more information, go to: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stcrt-2017-39710.html • Two schemes can be used for the purchase of electric vehicles: the environmental investment tax credit (MIA) and arbitrary depreciation of environmental investments (VAMIL). For more information, go to: https://www.rvo.nl/subsidies-regelingen/mia-en-vamil • A scheme focusing on climate technologies and innovations in transport (‘DKTI-Transport’) provides companies, research institutes and NGOs with funding for transport solutions with low or zero CO2 emissions. The aim is to support technology development and innovation at the pre-commercial stage. Eligible projects involve the use of vehicles powered by alternative fuels, which contribute towards reducing emissions in the transport sector, primarily of CO2 but also of NOx, particulate matter and noise. For more information, go to: https://www.rvo.nl/subsidies-regelingen/DKTI-Transport • Car and motorcycle tax (BPM: tax levied when a vehicle is first registered in the Netherlands) and
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motor vehicle tax both offer advantages for electric vehicles, such as a low notional income for private use of a company EV and reductions in BPM, depending on CO2 emissions per km. For more information, go to: https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/duurzaam-ondernemen/energie-en-milieu-innovaties/2-elektrisch- rijden/aan-de-slag/financi%C3%ABle-ondersteuning-elektrisch-rijden • For diesel cars without a factory-fitted particulate filter, motor vehicle tax will probably be increased by 15% in mid-2020. For more information, go to: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/belastingen-op-auto-en-motor/wegenbelasting-2018---2020 • ‘Choose the best tyre’ public information campaign designed to save fuel. For more information, go to: https://kiesdebesteband.nl/ Freight transport logistics
• The parties to the Green Deal on Zero Emission Urban Logistics are seeking to eliminate harmful emissions (CO2, NOx and particulate matter) caused by freight transport in cities. For more information, go to: https://greendealzes.connekt.nl/ • Experiment under this agreement, offering temporary exemption from LGV driving licence (category C licence) for zero-emission delivery vans up to 4,250 kg. Sustainable energy carriers • The Ministry is in the process of implementing alternative refuelling infrastructure. This is arranged in the Alternative Fuels (Infrastructure) Decree (Besluit infrastructuur alternatieve brandstoffen). For more information, go to: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2017-204.html. • For more information on legislation governing Energy for Transport, go to: https://www.emissieautoriteit.nl/onderwerpen/algemeen-ev-2018/ontwikkelingen-ev-2018. • The DKTI-Transport innovation scheme implements the transport section of the Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth. Further details are given in the Sustainable Fuel strategy, which sets out the long-
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term climate targets for the transport sector. This will promote the use of sustainable energy carriers, such as hydrogen.
Strategy for public-funded transportation services for people with special needs/alternative travel • Administrative agreement on zero emission transportation services for people with special needs (e.g. people with a disability that prevents them from travelling independently). For more information, go to: https://rwsduurzamemobiliteit.nl/praktijk-projecten/green-deals/zero-emissie/
Other topics • Initiative to minimise emissions from mobile machinery.
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2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities Describe the type of Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M): authority (e.g. Select from the following as appropriate: environmental
inspectorate, regional • Policy-making roles environment agency, • Implementation roles • Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) municipality) (M): • Reporting and monitoring roles Where appropriate, • name of authority (e.g. Coordinating roles Ministry of XXX, • Other roles, please specify:
List the relevant National Agency for
authorities(M): XXX, Regional office for XXX):
Policy-making roles / Implementation roles Ministry of Infrastructure and Water The Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management bears primary responsibility for developing Management policy to limit atmospheric emissions and improve air quality. Its tasks include conducting international negotiations on environmental regulations, implementing European legislation, National establishing national rules and developing additional national instruments (such as the National Air authorities (M): Quality Cooperation Programme) in conjunction with stakeholders. The NAPCP also falls under this Ministry’s remit. Ministry of Economic Policy-making roles / Implementation roles Affairs and Climate The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy is responsible for formulating national energy
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Policy and climate policy and participating in international negotiations in this area. Both topics are closely related to air quality.
Ministry of Agriculture, Policy-making roles / Implementation roles Nature and Food The Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality is responsible for policy aimed at ensuring the Quality economic viability and sustainability of the agriculture and fisheries sectors, now and in the future. Other responsibilities include meeting national and international targets in the areas of nature conservation and species protection through the implementation of N2000 policy, in which the integrated nitrogen strategy (PAS) is a key instrument for reducing nitrogen emissions. All stakeholders are thus able to work proactively to ensure nature conservation in the Netherlands. Agencies: Implementation role / enforcement roles / coordination roles
• RWS The Physical Environment division of Rijkswaterstaat, an executive agency of the Ministry of • RVO Infrastructure and Water Management, supports the Ministry in drafting environmental policy, • NEA including drafting the NAPCP. One of Rijkswaterstaat’s main tasks is to support the various tiers of government in implementing and enforcing environmental regulations. It runs a helpdesk and a website (www.infomil.nl) and gives training courses to inform competent authorities about new and Regional existing regulations (including those relating to atmospheric emissions and air quality). authorities (M): Rijkswaterstaat also monitors the National Air Quality Cooperation Programme and provides support for the implementation of some aspects of climate policy (energy efficiency and transport).
The Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO.nl) operates under the auspices of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy and helps businesses with funding, know-how and compliance with legislation, largely with a view to promoting sustainable and responsible business practices (www.rvo.nl). In this context, RVO runs the SDE+ Renewable Energy Grant Scheme and the MIA
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and VAMIL tax schemes.
The Dutch Emissions Authority (NEA) is the competent authority for the ETS in the Netherlands. It issues GHG emission permits and monitors compliance. (www.emissieautoriteit.nl).
The three main research institutes that advise the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management and others on air quality are: the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) and ECN part of TNO. Their tasks include monitoring air emissions and reporting on their findings to central government and the European Commission. See, for example: • http://www.emissieregistratie.nl/erpubliek/bumper.nl.aspx • Informative Inventory Report 2018 Research institutes • National Energy Outlook 2015 • Air pollutants in the National Energy Outlook 2015 (in Dutch) • • RIVM The costs and benefits of the European Commission's proposal to reduce national emissions of specific air pollutants (2013) (in Dutch) • PBL
• ECN RIVM is aimed at creating healthy communities and to this end it contributes scientific expertise in the fields of air pollution and public health.
PBL is the national institute for strategic policy analysis in the fields of the environment, nature and spatial planning. It contributes to better political and administrative decision-making by conducting outlook studies, analyses and evaluations in which an integrated approach is considered paramount. PBL conducts solicited and unsolicited research that is independent and scientifically sound.
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ECN part of TNO, develops new technologies and conducts research into innovative solutions to facilitate the transition to sustainable energy management. Provincial authorities, Implementation role / enforcement roles / policy-making roles municipal authorities and environment and In the Netherlands, the competent authority for environmental permits is usually the local authority, planning agencies or the provincial authority in the case of companies that are large and/or have a high environmental impact. There were 388 municipalities in the Netherlands in 2017, and 12 provinces. If relevant, the environmental permits granted to companies specify atmospheric emission requirements (e.g. for NMVOC, NOx, SO2, NH3 and PM2.5) that comply with BAT or are necessary to ensure air quality standards are met. Moreover, many emission requirements result from general rules. The municipal and provincial authorities have outsourced most of the work involved in issuing permits and monitoring compliance to 29 environmental and planning agencies (https://www.omgevingsdienst.nl/default.aspx ).
The municipal and provincial authorities are also responsible for formulating their own local and regional air quality and climate policy. The above-mentioned National Air Quality Cooperation Programme is a relevant instrument in this regard. In this programme all tiers of government work together, focusing on regions where atmospheric pollutants have exceeded the limit values (see also Table 2.3.1). Once the Environment and Planning Act comes into force in 2021, provincial authorities will be able to lay down rules concerning the physical environment in an environment and planning bye-law, provided this is consistent with national frameworks and regulations. Similarly, local authorities will be able to lay down rules in municipal environment and planning strategies. Both subnational authorities may, for instance, choose to lay down stricter air quality standards than those required under the Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC). Local authorities See above
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(M):
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2.4 Progress made by current policies and measures (PaMs) in reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union obligations, compared to 2005
2.4.1. Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and Union emission reduction obligations Describe progress made by current PaMs in The information that follows comes from the Environmental Data Compendium [Compendium reducing emissions, and the degree of voor de leefomgeving]. compliance with national and Union emission reduction legislation (M): Emissions are reported in accordance with the definitions in the NECD, i.e. excluding the contribution of maritime shipping.
NOx Between 1990 and 2015, NOx emissions fell from 604 kt to 228 kt (-62%), mainly as a result of the introduction of emission standards for passenger cars and freight vehicles (Euro standards) and measures in industry, refineries and the energy sector. Emissions decreased by 6 kt in 2015 compared with 2014, which meant that they were approximately 32 kt below the emission ceiling for NOx (260 kt as from 2010). This is primarily due to the stricter Euro emission standards introduced in 2015 for passenger cars and freight vehicles.
SO2 Between 1990 and 2015, SO2 emissions fell from 193 kt to 30 kt (-84%), which is well below the NECD emission ceiling for SO2 (50 kt as from 2010). The decrease reported between 1990 and 2007 can mainly be attributed to the Combustion Plants (Emission Requirements) Decree (Besluit emissie-eisen stookinstallaties) which applies to the energy sector, refineries and industry, as well
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as the voluntary agreement with energy producers on reducing environmental acidification. Specific measures that have reduced emissions include: - introduction of flue gas purification at refineries, in industry and in the energy sector; - the transition from oil-fired to gas-fired installations at refineries and in the chemical industry; - the use of low-sulphur coal in coal-fired power plants.
In addition, the sulphur content of transport fuels has been reduced, leading to a fall in SO2 emissions in this sector.
The lower SO2 emissions between 2007 and 2012 were mainly due to the shift from oil-fired to gas-fired installations at refineries and the introduction of stricter standards for the maximum sulphur content of red diesel, used by inland waterway vessels, fishing vessels and mobile machinery. Compared with 2012, SO2 emissions in 2013 fell by about 4 kt. Refinery emissions decreased by about 4 kt, mainly by reducing flaring, and industry saw a decline of more than 1 kt due to lower production. This was offset by a rise in emissions at power plants by more than 1 kt as a result of increased use of coal. In 2014 SO2 emissions fell by 0.6 kt compared with 2013 and increased by 1.1 kt in 2015 compared with 2014. This increase was mainly seen at refineries.
NH3 Since 1990 emissions of ammonia (NH3) have fallen from 379 kt to 127.6 kt in 2015 (-64%), which is just below the NECD ceiling of 128 kt as from 2010. The decrease since 1990 is due to a smaller livestock population, low-protein feed, covered manure stores, low-emission animal housing systems and, in particular, low-emission manure spreading (Van Bruggen et al., 2014). Where low-emission manure spreading techniques are used, very little ammonia evaporates. As a result, more nitrogen is available in the soil for crop uptake and less mineral fertiliser needs to be applied.
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Following a decrease in previous years, NH3 emissions rose again in 2014 for the first time in years. The two main reasons for this were the expansion of the national dairy herd and a change in the composition of animal feed. NH3 emissions in 2015 rose by 0.2 kt compared with 2014 due to increased use of chemical fertilisers. This was partly mitigated by lower emissions from cleaner housing systems for pigs and poultry.
NMVOC NMVOC emissions have fallen by 72% since 1990 to around 139 kt in 2015, which is well below the NECD emission ceiling for NMVOC (185 kt as from 2010). This is mainly due to measures introduced under the Dutch ‘Hydrocarbon 2000’ programme and the National NMVOC Reduction Plan (Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, 2005). In addition, emission standards for road vehicles (Euro norms) have become progressively more stringent, which has reduced emissions from the transport sector. Compared with 2014, NMVOC emissions in 2015 fell by almost 4 kt, which can mainly be attributed to the transport sector.
With this reduction in NMVOC emissions the Netherlands fully complies with the NECD commitments applicable from 2010. For the sake of completeness, the trend in particulate matter emissions is also given below, despite the fact that an emission reduction target will not be applicable for PM2.5 until 2020.
Particulate matter Between 1990 and 2015, PM10 emissions fell by about 64%, from approximately 74 kt to 26.4 kt, and by 75% for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), from 50.8 kt to approximately 12.8 kt. These mainly concerned emissions from companies and transport. The reduction achieved by companies (industry, energy sector and refineries) was mainly attributable to environmental legislation,
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including the Combustion Plants (Emission Requirements) Decree and the Dutch Emission Guidelines for Air. This legislation led to the introduction of various measures, such as process modifications and increased use of filters. Reduced emissions from transport were achieved through EU emission standards for new cars.
Compared with 2014, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions in 2015 fell slightly by 0.1 kt and 0.2 kt, respectively, as a result of lower emissions from the transport sector.
The Environmental Data Compendium has published the above information in this publication. Provide complete references (chapter and page) The following additional information about trends in emissions are also available online: to publically available supporting datasets (e.g. - The Pollutant Release and Transfer Register website contains emission data for the years 1990- historic emission inventory reporting) (M): 2016. - A graph and a table showing the historical trend in emissions can be found on pages 105 and 106 of the National Energy Outlook 2015. - Chapter 2 (pp. 23-31) of the Informative Inventory Report 2018 shows the trends in national emissions of NECD substances.
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Include graphics illustrating the emission reductions per pollutant and/or per main sectors Emissions of air pollutants (O): 800 Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) 600 Ammonia (NH3)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 400 Particulate matter (PM10) kilotonnes Particulate matter (PM2.5) 200 Ceiling 2010-2020-2030
0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Source: http://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0183-verzuring-en-grootschalige-luchtverontreiniging- emissies
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2.4.2. Progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union air quality obligations Air quality in the Netherlands has improved significantly over the past few decades. Below we Describe progress made by current PaMs in provide information about measured and calculated concentrations of NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and improving air quality, and the degree of ozone in this country. The measurements are made by the National Air Quality Monitoring compliance with national and Union air quality Network (LML), GGD Amsterdam (public health service) and DCMR (environmental obligations by, as a minimum, specifying the protection agency for the greater Rotterdam area). The large-scale air quality concentration and number of air quality zones, out of the total air deposition maps (known as GCN maps) show the calculated concentrations on a 1x1 km grid. quality zones, that are (non)compliant with EU Within these 1x1 grids higher concentrations may occur. The Netherlands is working on air quality objectives for NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and reducing these concentrations in the adaption of the NSL (see table 2.3.1) O3, and any other pollutant(s) for which there are
exceedances (M): NO2 In recent decades NO2 concentrations have fallen: from 24 µg/m³ in 1993 to 14 µg/m³ in 2015 as measured at regional background monitoring stations, by an average of 0.9 µg/m³ per year from 2004-2015 as measured at urban background stations, and by 1.1 µg/m³ per year during the same period as measured at heavy-traffic stations. In 2015 NO2 concentrations remained below the EU annual mean limit value (40 µg/m3) in most of the Netherlands.(1) Measurements by LML/GGD/DCMR show that this value was exceeded at two monitoring points in the Amsterdam/Haarlem conurbations and at a further two in Rotterdam and Dordrecht.(2)
PM10 The annual mean PM10 concentration has not exceeded the EU annual mean limit value of 40 µg/m3 at any monitoring site since 1998, although a concentration above 50 µg/m3 for more than 35 days was recorded at a few monitoring stations during this period. Since 2010 regional and urban monitoring sites have remained below this limit value of 35 exceedance days.(3)
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3 According to the GCN map for 2016, the annual mean limit value of 40 µg/m for PM10 was exceeded on more than one occasion at a few sites in the Amsterdam/Haarlem and Rotterdam/Dordrecht conurbations. These concentration levels occurred on industrial sites where, pursuant to Directive 2008/50/EC (Annex III, A.2), compliance with the limit values does not need to be assessed (applicability principle), and in the IJmond area, where the GCN map is not suitable for modelling the complexity of the situation. These situations have been disregarded in assessing whether particular zones and conurbations comply with the limit values.(2)
PM2.5 Compared with PM10 concentrations, PM2.5 concentrations have shown a fairly similar downward trend since 2009. The mean background PM2.5 levels measured were approximately 10 µg/m3 (9-12 µg/m3) in 2015, and about 12 µg/m3 (10-18 µg/m3) in urban and heavy-traffic areas, i.e. below the EU annual mean limit value (25 µg/m3) and below the EU exposure concentration obligation (20 µg/m3). (4) It can be seen from the GCN maps that the limit values and guideline value were not exceeded anywhere in 2016.(2)
Ozone Figure 1 below illustrates the trend in population exposure to ozone. The trend in the three-year rolling mean indicates that since about 1997 the target (maximum of 25 days when highest 8- hour mean was above 120 µg/m3) has been achieved.
The long-term target for ozone was exceeded in 2016 in all zones and conurbations, but not the guideline value. The information threshold of 180 µg/m3 was exceeded during 2016 in seven zones and conurbations; Utrecht and Kerkrade/Heerlen were the only exceptions. The number
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of days on which this threshold was exceeded was one or two per zone or conurbation. No ozone concentrations higher than the alert threshold were reported in 2016 in the Netherlands.(2)
Provide complete references (chapter and page) 1. For NO2: http://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0231-stikstofdioxide?ond=20888 to publically available supporting datasets (e.g. [CLO, October 2017] air quality plans, source apportionment) (M): 2. Report on the assessment of air quality in the Netherlands, 2016: http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/nl/eu/aqd/g/envxa4wcg/EU_rapportage_2017__over_2016__- _21_dec_2017.pdf 3. For PM10: http://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0243-fijn-stof-pm10-in-lucht?ond=20888 [CLO, March 2018] 4. For PM2.5 http://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0532-fijnere-fractie-van-fijn-stof-pm- 25?ond=20888 [CLO, March 2018] 5. For ozone: http://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0238-ozonconcentraties-en- volksgezondheid?ond=20888
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Maps or histograms illustrating the current Population exposure to ozone ambient air concentrations (for at least NO2, PM10, 60 PM2.5 and O3, and any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem) and which show, for instance, the number of zones, out of the total air Trend in three-year rolling mean Target from 2010 hour mean mean hour quality zones, that are (non)compliant in the base - year and in the reporting year (O): 40
20 exceeded 120 µg/m3 Number of days on which highest 8 highest which on days of Number
0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Figure 1. source: see cell above (Source 5)
Where problems are identified in (an) air quality All tiers of government in the Netherlands work together within the National Air Quality zone(s), describe how progress was made in Cooperation Programme, and have agreed on a raft of measures to improve air quality. reducing the maximum concentrations reported Independently of this programme, other measures have been taken or are planned specifically (O): for PM10.
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Livestock farms The amended Ministerial Order ‘Not Make a Significant Contribution (air quality standards)’ (Regeling Niet In Betekenende Mate bijdragen (luchtkwaliteitseisen), NIBM) entered into force in March 2013, designating areas where high background concentrations of particulate matter occur, largely due to livestock farming. Farms in these areas that wish to expand their operations may no longer invoke the argument that the expansion would not make a significant contribution to particulate levels. This will preclude any further increase in the already high concentrations of particulate matter recorded there and prevent the limit values being exceeded.
In addition, individual poultry farms are required to take measures to reduce particulate matter emissions from poultry houses. New animal housing and large extensions to existing housing systems must at least comply with maximum emission standards. This requirement stems from the Low-Emission Livestock Housing Decree (Besluit emissiearme huisvestingssystemen landbouwdieren), which came into effect on 1 August 2015. Municipalities where local increases in PM10 concentrations have been reported are taking corrective action in the framework of the adaptations to NSL 2018 (Parliamentary Paper 30 175, no. 299 and table 2.3.1).
IJmond region The authorities in IJmond are working on the details of an area-based approach to the region’s particulate matter problems, coordinated by the province of North Holland. In recent years, modelling has helped clarify the situation. Source research has shown that one large industrial complex is by far the principal local source of particulate matter. Further investigation confirms that PM concentrations drop sharply within a short distance of this source. To improve monitoring in the IJmond area, the authorities decided to make a regional adjustment to the large-scale background concentrations, which resulted in a more accurate picture of the actual
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distribution of concentrations. This indicates that limit values are not actually exceeded in Wijk aan Zee, as previously calculated. This conclusion is consistent with the measurement results3.(2)
2.4.3. Current transboundary impact of national emission sources
A report prepared within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) Where relevant, describe the (http://emep.int/publ/reports/2016/Country_Reports/report_NL.pdf) identifies the countries and areas listed below current transboundary impact as the main 'receptor areas’ for air pollutants from the Netherlands. The report differentiates between depositions of of domestic emission sources oxidised sulphur, oxidised nitrogen and reduced nitrogen [Gauss, 2016]. (M):
Progress can be reported in Oxidised sulphur from Dutch sources is deposited in the following countries/regions (see page 15 of the EMEP quantitative or qualitative report): terms. - North Sea (28%) If no issues were identified, then - The Netherlands (18%) state that conclusion. - Germany (15%) - North-East Atlantic Ocean (8%) - France (4%) - United Kingdom (4%) - Others (22%)
3 Source: Noordzeekanaalgebied (North Sea Canal area) environmental agency, May 2014. Data reports on air quality (IJmond, Haarlemmermeer, Amsterdam Port area)
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Oxidised nitrogen from Dutch sources is deposited in the following countries/regions (see page 16 of the EMEP report): - North Sea (17%) - North-East Atlantic Ocean (17%) - Germany (14%) - ‘Extended Russian Federation’ (6%) - France (6%) - Baltic Sea (5%) - Others (35%)
Reduced nitrogen from Dutch sources is deposited in the following countries/regions (see page 17 of the EMEP report): - The Netherlands (29%) - North Sea (22%) - Germany (19%) - North-East Atlantic Ocean (6%) - Belgium (3%) - France (3%) - Others (18%)
In case quantitative data is All model runs were performed with the EMEP MSC-W model, version rv4.9, using ECMWF-IFS meteorology. used to describe the results of The calculations were carried out with meteorological and emission data for the year 2014. Source: EMEP: the assessment, specify data http://emep.int/publ/reports/2016/Country_Reports/report_NL.pdf, page 5 [Gauss, 2016]. and methodologies used to
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conduct the above assessment (O):
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2.5 Projected further evolution assuming no change to already adopted policies and measures
2.5.1. Projected emissions and emission reductions (WM scenario)
Total emissions (kt), consistent with inventories Projected % emission reduction achieved National National for year x-2 or x-3 (year to be specified) (M): compared with 2005 (M): emission emission reduction reduction commitment commitment for 2020-2029 from 2030 (%) (M): (%) (M):
base year : Pollutants
(M): 2005 2020: 2025 * : 2030: 2020: 2025 * : 2030:
SO2: 67 30 30.5 31 55 54 54 28 53
NOx: 372 173 150 127 53 60 66 45 61 NMVOC: 190 144 145 146 24 24 23 8 15
NH3: 153 115 111 107 25 27 30 13 21
PM2.5: 22.1 10.9 10.4 9.9 51 53 55 37 45 The projected emissions are taken from Table 11.2 in the Informative Inventory Outline the associated uncertainties for the WM projections to Report 2018 [Wever, 2018] and are a partial update of the projections in the PBL meet the emission reduction commitments for 2020, 2025 and report on air pollutants in the National Outlook 2015 [Smeets, 2016]. The PBL 2030 onwards (O): report examines uncertainty analysis in detail (Appendix A) and also presents emission projections in ranges with a 90% confidence interval. The given
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uncertainty ranges for 2020 and 2030 reflect only the uncertainties relating to policy effects and economic growth. The uncertainties in the existing recorded historical emission levels have deliberately been omitted from the analysis. Based on this, PBL has deduced the following ranges for the projections in the IIR 2018:
2020 [range in kt per year] SO2: 28 - 33 NOx: 163 - 182 NMVOC: 132 - 152 NH3: 106 - 118 PM2.5: 10.5 - 11.2
2030 [range in kt per year] SO2: 27 - 34 NOx: 111 - 144 NMVOC: 129 - 160 NH3: 96 - 112 PM2.5: 9.0 - 10.8 Even if the actual emissions equal the highest value in the range, the Netherlands will still comply with the NEC emission reduction commitments. The only exception is the highest value for SO2 by 2030. It should be pointed out, however, that the IIR 2018 projections do not take into account the ban on coal-based electricity production (see Table 2.3.1 under ‘2017-2021 coalition agreement’). This also explains why PBL concluded in its report (Balans van de Leefomgeving 2018, p.266) that the NEC reduction commitments for 2020 and 2030 will
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probably be achieved if the policy is properly implemented. Another indication of the reliability of the estimated emissions in 2020 is the downward trend in emissions and the current emissions [Egmond, 2018]. Emissions in 2016 are not so very different from the 2020 estimates (see Table 2.4.1 above or Table 11.2 of the Informative Inventory Report 2018 [Wever, 2018].
Date of emission projections (M): 2018 *The projected emissions for 2025 are interpolations of 2020 and 2030. Where the projected evolution demonstrates non-attainment of the emission reduction commitments under the WM scenario, section 2.6 shall outline the additional PaMs considered in order to achieve compliance.
2.5.2. Projected impact on improving air quality (WM scenario), including the projected degree of compliance
2.5.2.1. Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality (M) As stated in table 2.3.1 the adaption tot he NSL will accelarate the resolution of the Provide a qualitative description of the projected last bottlenecks (Parliamentary Paper 30 175, no. 299). According to prognoses, the improvements in air quality and projected further evolution of supplementary package will end all remaining exceedances of nitrogen dioxide in degree of compliance (WM scenario) with EU air quality 2018 at the latest. This result will be achieved as soon as possible for fine objectives for NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3 values, and any other
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pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem by 2020, 2025 and 2030 particulates, but in 2023 at the latest. (M): In the text below the projected concentrations of air pollutants are described in Provide complete references (chapter and page) to publically general. The projected air pollutant concentrations originate from the GCN maps, and available supporting datasets (e.g. air quality plans, source are calculated based on 1x1 km grids. The scenarios incorporate adopted and apportionment) describing the projected improvements and proposed policy; one scenario is for high economic growth. Detailed information further evolution of degree of compliance (M): about the scenarios used can be found in a 2018 report (in Dutch) on large-scale concentration and deposition maps of the Netherlands (Velders, 2018). In the GCN maps the extra measures of the adaption to the NSL (Aanpassing NSL 2018) are not included.
NO2: Based on the proposed policy scenario, the large-scale concentration of NO2 shown in the GCN maps between 2018 and 2030 is lower, nearly everywhere in the Netherlands, than the annual mean of 40 μg/m3, which is the European limit value for human health. The map viewer shows that in 2020 NO2 concentrations will still exceed 40 μg/m3 at Maasvlakte (the Rotterdam/Dordrecht conurbation). However Maasvlakte is an industrial site where, pursuant to the principle of applicability, compliance with the limit value does not need to be assessed. The model used to draw up the large-scale concentration and deposition (GCN) maps predicts that the limit value around Schiphol in the Amsterdam/Haarlem conurbation will still be exceeded in 2030 due to an expected increase in flight movements.
PM10: In 2018 and between 2020 and 2030, the large-scale concentration of PM10 shown in
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the GCN maps is lower, nearly everywhere in the Netherlands, than the annual mean of 40 μg/m3, which is the European limit value for human health. The exceptions are a few locations in the IJmond region and at Maasvlakte, Rotterdam in 2020, 2025 and 2030, but these are on industrial sites where compliance with the limit values does not need to be assessed.
PM2.5: In 2018 and, based on the proposed policy scenario, between 2020 and 2030, the large-scale concentration of PM2.5 is lower than the European limit value for the annual mean of 25 μg/m3 everywhere in the Netherlands, and also lower than the target of 20 μg/m3 for 2020 nearly everywhere.
Ozone: O3 concentrations for outlook studies are calculated based on an empirical relationship between NOx and O3. The RIVM map viewer reveals that annual average concentrations of ozone will increase, partly as a result of the fall in NOx emissions.
Information sources: - Map viewer on http://geodata.rivm.nl/gcn/. Select required substance and year, and the map generated will show the concentrations. Click on a cell to display the value. - GCN report 2018: [Velders, 2018] the scenarios can be found on pages 19-24.
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2.6 Policy options considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020, and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025 The information required under this section shall be reported using the 'Policies and Measures Tool' ('PaM tool') provided for that purpose by the EEA.
As indicated below Table 2.5.1, no additional measures need to be taken and included in Table 2.6.1 if the projections demonstrate that the emission reduction commitments will be attained with existing and adopted policy measures. As a result, Table 2.6.2 and Table 2.6.3 are not applicable, nor is section 2.7 (selected measures) and most of section 2.8 (projections with additional measures). In the context of the Clean Air Agreement, work will continue on formulating the new air quality policy, as mentioned in the summary and in Table 2.3.1.
2.6.1. Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) :
Name and Affected Objectives Type(s) Primary, and Implementation Authorit(y)(ies) Details of the Quantified expected Qualitative brief pollutant(s), of of where period (M for responsible for methodologies emission reductions (for description description select as individual PaM(s)ᶺ appropriate, measures implementation used for individual PaM or for of of appropriate : PaM or (M): additional selected for (M for analysis (e.g. packages of PaMs, as uncertainties individual package sector(s) implementation): measures specific models appropriate) (kt, per (M, where SO2, NOx, PaM or of PaMs* affected† selected for or methods, annum or as a range, available): NMVOC, NH3, package of (M): (M): implementation underlying compared to WM PM2.5, (M); BC PaMs (M): ): data) (M): scenario) (M): as a component of PM2.5, other Refer to those (e.g. Hg, listed in table dioxins, GHG) 2.3.2 as (O) please appropriate.
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specify: Start Finish Type Name 2020 2025 2030
Add more rows as appropriate
2.6.2. Impacts on air quality and the environment of individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M, where available) Where available, impacts on air quality (reference can also be made to recommended air quality objectives by the WHO) and environment:
2.6.3. Estimation of costs and benefits of the individual PaM or package of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (O) Name and brief Costs in EUR Absolute Absolute Cost/benefit Price year: Qualitative description of the cost description of individual per tonne of costs per benefits per ratio: and benefit estimates:
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PaM or package of abated year in year: PaMs: pollutant: EUR:
Add more rows as appropriate
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2.6.4. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 targeting the agricultural sector to comply with the emission reduction commitments
Is the PaM If yes, Has the PaM been applied exactly? Yes/No (M): included in the - indicate If no, describe the modifications that have been national air section/page made (M): pollution control number in programme? programme: Yes/No (M): (M):
A. Measures to control ammonia emissions (M): This measure is not included in the NAPCP because the 1. Member States shall establish a national advisory code of good agricultural practice to control subjects named under a to f are already covered by existing ammonia emissions, taking into account the legislation or other policy. Requirements set out in, for UNECE Framework Code for Good Agricultural instance, general rules apply and where there are no specific rules, the duty of care applies, which means farm have a Practice for Reducing Ammonia Emissions of 2014, duty to prevent negative impacts on the environment. The covering at least the following items : following aspects are governed by specific rules: a) nitrogen management, taking into account the • Nitrogen accounting (a): whole nitrogen cycle; - nitrogen accounting in crop production b) livestock feeding strategies; (glasshouse horticulture) under the Environmental Management (General Rules for c) low-emission manure spreading techniques; Establishments) Decree
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d) low-emission manure storage systems; o open-field cultivation – nitrogen input/output (annual reporting) e) low-emission animal housing systems; - emission standards in crop production f) possibilities for limiting ammonia emissions (glasshouse horticulture) under the from the use of mineral fertilisers. Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree o substrate cultivation – maximum quantity of total nitrogen in discharge water (in kg/yr/ha growing area per crop category) - nitrogen application standards in crop production under the Fertilisers Act o application standards for grassland, various arable crops, fruit crops, bulb crops, tree nurseries (in kg nitrogen/ha/yr per crop or crop group) • Feed-related measures to reduce livestock ammonia emissions under the Ammonia and Livestock Farming Regulations. Application not mandatory (b) • Mandatory low-emission manure spreading under the Use of Fertilisers Decree (c) • Covering of slurry or digestate storage systems under the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree (d) • Weatherproof storage of dried poultry manure under the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree (d)
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• Low-emission animal housing systems under the Low-Emission Housing Decree (e) • Rules on the use of different types of fertiliser, including inorganic, chemical fertilisers under the Fertilisers Decree (Besluit meststoffen). To limit emissions, different rules, conditions and application periods apply per fertiliser (f)
2. Member States may establish a national nitrogen budget to monitor the changes in overall losses of reactive nitrogen from agriculture, including ammonia, nitrous oxide, ammonium, nitrates and nitrites, based on the principles set out in the UNECE Guidance Document on Nitrogen Budgets :
3. Member States shall prohibit the use of ammonium In the context of the revision of the European Fertiliser carbonate fertilisers and may reduce ammonia Regulation, a proposal has been put forward not to include emissions from inorganic fertilisers by using the trade in ammonium carbonate. This is how the Netherlands following approaches: will implement this ban. The new Fertiliser Regulation is a) replacing urea-based fertilisers by ammonium expected to be adopted by late 2018 or early 2019. nitrate-based fertilisers; Ammonium carbonate fertilisers are hardly ever used in the Netherlands. b) where urea-based fertilisers continue to be applied, using methods that have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 30 % compared with the use of the reference method, as specified in the Ammonia Guidance
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Document; c) promoting the replacement of inorganic fertilisers by organic fertilisers and, where inorganic fertilisers continue to be applied, spreading them in line with the foreseeable requirements of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil and nutrients from other fertilisers.
4. Member States may reduce ammonia emissions See also the answer to question A.1 in this Table. from livestock manure by using the following approaches: a) reducing emissions from slurry and solid manure application to arable land and grassland, by using methods that reduce emissions by at least 30 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document and on the following conditions: i. only spreading manures and slurries in line with the foreseeable nutrient requirement of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and phosphorous, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil and the nutrients from other
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fertilisers; ii. not spreading manures and slurries when the receiving land is water saturated, flooded, frozen or snow covered; iii. applying slurries spread to grassland using a trailing hose, trailing shoe or through shallow or deep injection; iv. incorporating manures and slurries spread to arable land within the soil within four hours of spreading; b) reducing emissions from manure storage outside of animal houses, by using the following approaches: i. for slurry stores constructed after 1 January 2022, using low emission storage systems or techniques which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 60 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document, and for existing slurry stores at least 40 %; ii. covering stores for solid manure; iii. ensuring farms have sufficient manure storage capacity to spread manure only
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during periods that are suitable for crop growth: c) reducing emissions from animal housing, by using systems which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 20 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document; d) reducing emissions from manure, by using low protein feeding strategies which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 10 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document.
B. Emission reduction measures to control emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (M)
1. Without prejudice to Annex II on cross-compliance of Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (1), Member States may ban open field burning of agricultural harvest residue and waste and forest residue. Member States shall monitor and enforce the implementation of any ban implemented in accordance with the first subparagraph. Any exemptions to such a ban shall be limited to preventive programmes to avoid uncontrolled wildfires, to control pest or to protect biodiversity.
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2. Member States may establish a national advisory code of good agricultural practices for the proper management of harvest residue, on the basis of the following approaches: a) improvement of soil structure through incorporation of harvest residue; b) improved techniques for incorporation of harvest residue; c) alternative use of harvest residue; d) improvement of the nutrient status and soil structure through incorporation of manure as required for optimal plant growth, thereby avoiding burning of manure (farmyard manure, deep-straw bedding).
C. Preventing impacts on small farms (M)
In taking the measures outlined in Sections A and B, Small farms in the Netherlands are exempt from a number Member States shall ensure that impacts on small and of measures. For instance, small manure stores up to 3m3 micro farms are fully taken into account. Member in volume do not need to be covered. This is provided for States may, for instance, exempt small and micro farms in article 3.45 of the Environmental Management (General Rules for Establishments) Decree. Furthermore, pursuant from those measures where possible and appropriate in to article 3.111 of the Decree, the rules on keeping view of the applicable reduction commitments (M): livestock animals do not apply to establishments with fewer than 10 sheep, 5 horses, 10 goats, 25 poultry birds, 25 rabbits or 10 other livestock animals.
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2.7 The policies selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the competent authorities responsible 2.7.1. Individual PaMs or package of PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities responsible Name and Currently Relevant Currently planned Interim targets and Currently planned Competent authorities brief planned comments timetable for indicators selected timetable for review responsible for the description of year of arising from implementation to monitor progress (in case different individual PaM or individual adoption consultation(s) (M) in implementation from general update package of PaMs (M): PaM or (M): in relation to of the selected of the national air Refer to those listed in table package of the individual PaMs (O): pollution control 2.3.2 as appropriate. PaMs (M): PaM or programme every Start End year Interim Indicators Refer to those package of four years) (M): year listed in table PaMs (O): Targets 2.6.1 as appropriate.
Insert more rows as appropriate
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2.7.2. Explanation of the choice of selected measures and an assessment of how selected PaMs ensure coherence with plans and programmes set up in other relevant policy areas
An explanation of the choice made among the measures considered under 2.6.1 to determine the final set of selected measures (O)
Coherence of the selected PaMs with air quality objectives at national level and, where appropriate, in neighbouring Member States (M):
Coherence of the selected PaMs with other relevant plans and programmes established by virtue of the requirements set out in national or Union legislation (e.g. national energy and climate plans) (M):
2.8 Projected combined impacts of PaMs ('With Additional Measures' - WAM) on emission reductions, air quality and the environment and the associated uncertainties (where applicable) 2.8.1. Projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM)
Total emissions (kt), consistent % emission reduction National emission National emission reduction with inventories for year x-2 or achieved compared with 2005 reduction commitment from 2030 (%) (M): x-3 , please specify the year (M): (M) commitment for 2020-2029 (%) (M):
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Pollutants (M) r 2005 base yea 2020 2025 2030 2020 2025 2030
SO2:
NOx: NMVOC:
NH3:
PM2.5: Date of emission projections (M):
2.8.2. Non-linear emission reduction trajectory
Where a non-linear emission reduction trajectory is followed, Not applicable demonstrate that it is technically or economically more efficient (alternative measures would involve entailing disproportionate costs), will not compromise the achievement of any reduction commitment in 2030, and that the trajectory will converge on the linear trajectory from 2025 onwards (M, where relevant):
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Refer to costs listed in table 2.6.3 as appropriate.
2.8.3. Flexibilities Where flexibilities are used, provide an account of their use (M): Not applicable
2.8.4. Projected improvement in air quality (WAM)
A. Projected number of non-compliant and compliant air quality zones (O)
Projected number of non-compliant air Projected number of compliant air Total number of air quality zones: quality zones: quality zones:
AAQD values: Specify year:base 2020: 2025: 2030: Specify year:base 2020: 2025: 2030: Specify year:base 2020: 2025: 2030:
PM2.5 (1 yr):
NO2 (1 yr):
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PM10 (1 yr):
O3 (max 8 hr mean):
Other (please specify):
B. Maximum exceedances of air quality limit values and average exposure indicators (O):
Projected maximum exceedances of air quality limit values Projected average exposure indicator (only for across all zones: PM2.5 (1 year):
AAQD values: Specify year:base 2020: 2025: 2030: Specify year:base 2020: 2025: 2030:
PM2.5 (1 yr):
NO2 (1 yr):
NO2 (1 hr):
PM10 (1 yr):
PM10 (24 hrs):
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O3 (max 8 hr mean):
Other (please specify):
C. Illustrations demonstrating the projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (O)
Maps or histograms illustrating the projected evolution of ambient air concentrations (for at least NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3, and any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem) and which show, for instance, the number of zones, out of the total air quality zones, that will be (non)compliant by 2020, 2025 and 2030, the projected maximum national exceedances, and the projected average exposure indicator:
D. Qualitative projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (WAM) (in case no quantitative data is provided in the tables above) (O)
Qualitative projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (WAM):
For annual limit values, projections should be reported against the maximum concentrations across all zones. For daily and hourly limit values, projections should be reported against the maximum number of exceedances registered across all zones.
2.8.5. Projected impacts on the environment (WAM) (O)
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Base year used to assess 2020: 2025: 2030: Description: environmental impacts
(please specify:
Member State territory exposed to acidification in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%):
Member State territory exposed to eutrophication in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%):
Member State territory exposed to ozone in exceedance of the critical level threshold (%):
Indicators should be aligned with those used under the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution on exposure of ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone4.
4 https://www.rivm.nl/media/documenten/cce/manual/Manual_UBA_Texte.pdf
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reports
• Egmond, P. van et al. (2018) Balans voor de Leefomgeving 2018; Nederland duurzaam vernieuwen. PBL, The Hague 2018. • Gauss, M. et al. (2016) EMEP, Transboundary air pollution by main pollutants (S, N, O3) and PM in 2014, The Netherlands. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo 2016. • Gezondheidsraad (2018) [Health Council of the Netherlands] Health benefits through cleaner air. Gezondheidsraad, The Hague 2018. • Hekkenberg, M. et al. (2018) Analyse van het voorstel voor hoofdlijnen van het klimaatakkoord. The Hague 2018. • Schoots, K et al. (2015) Nationale Energieverkenning 2015. ECN Petten, PBL, The Hague 2015. • Smeets, W. et al. (2015) De kosten en baten van het Commissievoorstel ter vermindering van de nationale emissies van bepaalde luchtverontreinigende stoffen. PBL, The Hague 2015. • Smeets, W. et al. (2016) Luchtverontreinigende stoffen in de Nationale Energieverkenning 2015. Achtergronden van de NEV-raming luchtverontreinigende stoffen. PBL, The Hague 2016. • Sociaal Economische Raad (2018) [Social and Economic Council] Proposal for key points of the Climate Agreement. SER, The Hague 2018. • Sociaal Economische Raad (2018) Ontwerp van het Klimaatakkoord. SER, The Hague 2018 • Third Rutte government (2017) 2017-2021 Coalition Agreement: Confidence in the Future. The Hague 2017. • Velders, G.J.M. et al. (2018) Grootschalige concentratie- en depositiekaarten Nederland. Rapportage 2018. RIVM, Bilthoven 2018. • Wever, D. et al. (2018) Informative Inventory Report 2018: Emissions of transboundary air pollutants in the Netherlands 1990-2016. RIVM, Bilthoven 2018.
Websites
• Compendium voor de Leefomgeving (5 april 2018). Emissies naar lucht door de industrie, 1990-2016. Consulted on 20 October 2018 at https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0112-emissies-naar-lucht-door-de-industrie. • Compendium voor de Leefomgeving (17oktober 2018). Stikstofdioxide in lucht, 1990-2017. Consulted on 20 October 2018 at https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0231-stikstofdioxide?ond=20888.
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• Compendium voor de Leefomgeving (24 maart 2018). Fijn stof (PM10) in lucht, 1992-2015. Consulted on 20 October 2018 at https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0243-fijn-stof-pm10-in-lucht?ond=20888. • Compendium voor de Leefomgeving (3 mei 2013). Ozon in lucht en volksgezondheid, 1990-2012 https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0532-fijnere-fractie- van-fijn-stof-pm-25?ond=20888. • Compendium voor de Leefomgeving (17 januari 2017). Fijnere fractie van fijn stof (PM2,5) in lucht, 2009-2015 https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0238- ozonconcentraties-en-volksgezondheid?ond=20888. • Compendium voor de Leefomgeving (5 juli 2018). Verzuring en grootschalige luchtverontreiniging: emissies, 1990 – 2016. Consulted on 20 October 2018 at https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0183-verzuring-en-grootschalige-luchtverontreiniging-emissies. • Emissieregistratie (2018) Emissies NEC stoffen en PM. Consulted on 20 October 2018 at http://www.emissieregistratie.nl/erpubliek/erpub/international/nec.aspx. • European Commission (14 December 2016). EU approves new rules for Member States to drastically cut air pollution. Consulted on 20 October 2018 at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-4358_nl.htm. • InfoMil (1 januari 2016). Wijziging Activiteitenbesluit rendementseisen kolencentrales. Consulted on 17 December 2018 at https://www.infomil.nl/onderwerpen/integrale/rio/aanpassingen-per/lucht/vierde-tranche/. • Rijksoverheid (18 mei 2018). Kabinet verbiedt elektriciteitsproductie met kolen. Consulted on 20 October 2018 at https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2018/05/18/kabinet-verbiedt-elektriciteitsproductie-met-kolen. • Volkskrant (31 december 2015) Drie kolencentrales dicht, nog acht te gaan. Consulted on 17 December 2018 at https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws- achtergrond/drie-kolencentrales-dicht-nog-acht-te-gaan~b97a46c1/ . • Wetgevingskalender (2018). Consulted on 17 December 2018 at https://wetgevingskalender.overheid.nl/Regeling/WGK009153.
Legislation:
• Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants. • Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC. • Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1522 of 11 October 2018 laying down a common format for national air pollution control programmes under Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants.
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