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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ Interplay Between Modes Of UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ Interplay between modes of strain release along the shallow northern Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in EARTH SCIENCE by Erin K. Todd March 2017 The Dissertation of Erin K. Todd is approved: __________________________________ Professor Susan Y. Schwartz, chair __________________________________ Professor Thorne Lay __________________________________ Professor Emily E. Brodsky _____________________________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Erin K. Todd 2017 Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix Abstract…… .......................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1 - Tectonic tremor along the northern Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand between 2010 and 2015 ......................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Tectonic Setting ............................................................................................................ 3 1.2.1 Slow slip, tremor, and the seismogenic zone along the Hikurangi Margin ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Shallow SSEs between 2010-2015 ....................................................................... 7 1.3 Tremor Detection and Location ............................................................................ 15 1.4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................. 18 1.4.1 Characterizing Northern Hikurangi Tremor .................................................. 22 1.4.2 Tremor associated with ofFshore slow slip events ...................................... 25 1.4.3 Deep inland tremor ................................................................................................... 28 1.4.4 Tremor and increased seismicity ....................................................................... 32 1.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 2 - Shallow Slow Slip and Tremor Associated with Seamount Subduction Offshore Gisborne, Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand ........................................................................................................................ 38 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 38 2.1.1 Northern Hikurangi slow slip, tremor, and seismicity .............................. 41 iii 2.1.2 Seamount subduction .............................................................................................. 47 2.1.2.1 Seamount subduction along the northern Hikurangi Margin ...................... 48 2.2 The HOBITSS experiment ........................................................................................ 51 2.3 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 54 2.3.1 Tremor detection and location ............................................................................ 54 2.3.2 Detecting and locating local earthquakes ....................................................... 59 2.3.3 Calculating changes in Coulomb Failure stress ............................................. 60 2.4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................. 61 2.4.1 Tremor collocated with slow slip and subducted seamounts ................ 61 2.4.1.1 Puketiti tremor and seismicity: evidence of a subducted seamount? ....... 66 2.4.2 Seismicity beFore, during, and aFter slow slip ............................................... 71 2.4.3 Change in Coulomb Failure stress on megathrust From slow slip ......... 75 2.4.4 Slip heterogeneity on the shallow megathrust ............................................. 80 2.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 84 Chapter 3 - Effects of slow slip events on the stress state of the shallow subduction interface along the northern Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand ........................................................................................................ 86 3.1 Introduction and Motivation .................................................................................. 86 3.1.1 Slow slip along the northern Hikurangi Margin 2010-2016 ................... 87 3.2 Data and Methods ...................................................................................................... 95 3.2.1 Error estimation in tremor and earthquake locations .............................. 95 3.2.1.1 Tremor location ................................................................................................................ 95 3.2.1.2 Earthquake location ........................................................................................................ 96 3.2.2 Coulomb Failure stress calculations ................................................................... 96 3.3 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................... 104 iv 3.3.1 Coulomb Failure stress From select SSEs 2010-2014 .............................. 104 3.3.1.1 Gisborne SSEs ................................................................................................................. 107 3.3.2 EFFects of SSEs on the shallow subduction interFace ............................... 117 3.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 125 Appendices .................................................................................................................... 127 References. ..................................................................................................................... 207 v List of Figures Figure 1–1. North Island tectonic setting and seismic station array. ............................. 5 Figure 1–2. Northern Hikurangi cGPS timeseries for 2010-2016. ................................ 9 Figure 1–3. Tremor locations 2010-2015. ................................................................... 20 Figure 1–4. Tremor signal from March/April 2010 Gisborne SSE. ............................ 23 Figure 1–5. Tremor and earthquake locations for 2010 Puketiti and Gisborne SSEs. 26 Figure 1–6. Deep, inland tremor episodes from 2010-2015. ....................................... 30 Figure 1–7. Weekly tremor and earthquake occurrence 2010-2015. .......................... 34 Figure 2–1. Hikurangi Margin tectonics and the HOBITSS experiment. ................... 43 Figure 2–2. Northern Hikurangi Margin seamounts. .................................................. 51 Figure 2–3. The HOBITSS experiment and the 2014 Gisborne SSE. ......................... 53 Figure 2–4. Stacked power spectral densities for earthquakes, tremor and noise. ...... 57 Figure 2–5. Tectonic tremor associated with the 2014 Gisborne SSE. ....................... 63 Figure 2–6. Tremor and earthquakes associated with Puketiti SSEs from 2010-2015. ................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 2–7. December 2014 Puketiti SSE earthquake and tremor episodes. .............. 69 Figure 2–8. Earthquakes associated with the September/October 2014 Gisborne SSE. ................................................................................................................. 73 Figure 2–9. Coulomb failure stress change from the 2014 Gisborne SSE. ................. 77 Figure 2–10. Slip modes on the megathrust from the 2014 Gisborne SSE. ................ 82 Figure 3–1. New Zealand-wide tectonic setting. ......................................................... 88 Figure 3–2. Northern Hikurangi cGPS timeseries: 2010-2016. .................................. 90 Figure 3–3. Northern Hikurangi subducted seamounts. .............................................. 94 Figure 3–4. Coulomb failure stress change results for the 2010 Gisborne SSE. ....... 102 vi Figure 3–5. Minimum and maximum Coulomb failure stress changes imparted on plate interface from seven SSEs between 2010-2014. ........................... 105 Figure 3–6. Slip and CFS changes from the 2010 and 2014 large Gisborne SSEs. .. 108 Figure 3–7. Cumulative slip and CFS changes for 2010 and 2011 SSEs. ................. 112 Figure 3–8. Spatiotemporal evolution of slow slip along the northern Hikurangi margin 2010-2013. ................................................................................. 114 Figure 3–9. Cumulative CFS changes from seven SSEs between 2010 and 2014. ... 119 Figure 3–10. Slip deficit and cumulative slow slip over 5 years. .............................. 123 Figure
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