Supplementary Fig. 1. Galerida macrorhyncha randoni PFP CL2a 1.00 Galerida cristata brachyura 1.00 Cytochrome b Galerida malabarica 1.00 Galerida theklae ruficolor PFP TkL Galerida magnirostris 0.85 0.88 Galerida modesta nigrita Alauda arvensis arvensis PFP SkyL1 0.68 1.00 Alauda gulgula inconspicua NRM 20066712 0.71 Alauda razae Melanocorypha leucoptera Lullula arborea pallida 0.96 Spizocorys starki Pseudalaemon freemantlii delamerei 1.00 Spizocorys conirostris conirostris Spizocorys fringillaris Spizocorys personata intensa Spizocorys sclateri 0.82 0.95 Calandrella raytal raytal DZUG 2200 1.00 Calandrella rufescens minor PFP LST1 0.95 Calandrella cheleensis cheleensis U2202 0.97 Calandrella athensis PFP AST1 Eremalauda dunni eremodites Chersophilus duponti duponti 1.00 0.86 Melanocorypha maxima DZUG U588 0.88 1.00 Melanocorypha mongolica 1.00 Melanocorypha yeltoniensis 1.00 Melanocorypha calandra psammochroa Melanocorypha bimaculata DZUG U2283 Calandrella acutirostris tibetana DZUG U577 1.00 Calandrella brachydactyla rubiginosa 1.00 Calandrella cinerea cinerea 1.00 Eremophila alpestris praticola Eremophila bilopha 0.52 affinis 0.89 Mirafra erythrocephala 1.00 Mirafra erythroptera sindiana 1.00 Mirafra assamica Mirafra microptera 0.74 1.00 Mirafra cantillans cantillans 0.94 Mirafra javanica williamsoni 0.50 Mirafra cheniana 1.00 0.56 Mirafra williamsi KNM WL1 Mirafra passerina 1.00 Mirafra africana harterti KNM RN1 0.85 Mirafra hypermetra hypermetra 1.00 Mirafra apiata apiata 0.56 Mirafra fasciolata fasciolata Mirafra angolensis antonii ruddi 0.81 1.00 Heteromirafra archeri sidamoensis Mirafra rufocinnamomea torrida 1.00 barlowi patae 0.96 Calendulauda erythroclamys 1.00 Calendulauda burra 0.87 Calendulauda albescens guttata 1.00 Calendulauda africanoides austinrobertsi 1.00 Calendulauda alopex intercedens 0.51 0.58 Calendulauda sabota bradfieldi Calendulauda poecilosterna 0.89 Certhilauda brevirostris 1.00. Certhilauda semitorquata algida 1.00 Certhilauda curvirostris curvirostris 1.00 0.97 Certhilauda benguelensis benguelensis Certhilauda subcoronata subcoronata 1.00 Certhilauda chuana 1.00 Chersomanes albofasciata boweni 0.93 0.81 Chersomanes beesleyi 1.00 Ammomanopsis grayi hoeschi Alaemon alaudipes desertorum PFP HpB4 0.75 Eremopterix leucopareia Eremopterix verticalis verticalis 0.59 Eremopterix nigriceps affinis 1.00 Eremopterix signatus 0.97 Eremopterix griseus DZUG 2257 1.00 Mirafra hova Eremopterix australis 1.00 1.00 Ammomanes cinctura arenicolor PFP BrTdLk1 0.79 Ammomanes deserti payni PFP DLS6 0.93 Ramphocoris clotbey PFP CLOT1 1.00 Pinarocorys erythropygia DZUG U2818 Pinarocorys nigricans nigricans Panurus biarmicus Prinia bairdii 0.08 Supplementary Fig. 2. 0.67 Spizocorys personata intensa 16S 0.52 Spizocorys conirostris conirostris Pseudalaemon freemantlii delamerei 0.66 Spizocorys sclateri 0.92 Spizocorys starki Spizocorys fringillaris Lullula arborea pallida 1.00 Alauda razae 0.78 Alauda arvensis arvensis/cantarella Galerida theklae ruficolor 0.88 Galerida macrorhyncha randoni 0.56 0.81 Galerida cristata brachyura Galerida magnirostris 1.00 Calandrella cinerea williamsi 0.60 Calandrella cinerea cinerea 1.00 Eremophila alpestris praticola Eremophila bilopha 1.00 Calandrella rufescens minor PFP LST ad 1.00 Calandrella rufescens minor PFP LST1 0.98 Calandrella athensis 1.00 Mirafra cantillans simplex 0.91 Mirafra cantillans marginata 0.84 0.97 Mirafra cheniana 0.98 Mirafra passerina Mirafra williamsi 0.76 Mirafra rufocinnamomea torrida 0.60 Mirafra apiata apiata 0.81 0.91 Mirafra africana harterti Mirafra hypermetra hypermetra Eremalauda dunni eremodites 0.54 0.99 Calendulauda erythroclamys 0.99 Calendulauda barlowi patae 1.00 Calendulauda albescens guttata Calendulauda burra 0.98 1.00 Calendulauda alopex intercedens 0.59 Calendulauda africanoides austinrobertsi Calendulauda poecilosterna Calendulauda sabota bradfieldi Heteromirafra ruddi 0.75 Eremopterix leucopariea 0.96 Eremopterix signatus 0.99 1.00 1.00 Eremopterix verticalis verticalis 1.00 Eremopterix nigriceps affinis Eremopterix australis Mirafra hova 1.00 1.00 Ammomanes cinctura arenicolor PFP BrTdLk1 1.00 Ammomanes cintura arenicolor PFP BTL 1.00 Ammomanes deserti payni Ramphocoris clotbey 0.99 Certhilauda benguelensis benguelensis 0.82 Certhilauda subcoronata subcoronata 0.94 0.88 0.66 Certhilauda semitorquata algida 1.00 Certhilauda curvirostris curvirostris Certhilauda brevirostris 0.60 Certhilauda chuana 1.00 1.00 1.00 Chersomanes beesleyi 0.88 Chersomanes albofasciata boweni Ammomanopsis grayi hoeschi Alaemon alaudipes desertorum 1.00 Cisticola brachyptera Prinia bairdii Aegithalos concinnus Acrocephalus arundinaceus 0.03 Supplementary Fig. 3. ODC introns 6–7 Alauda arvensis arvensis EF625336 1.00 Alauda gulgula inconspicua 1.00 Melanocorypha leucoptera 0.94 Galerida macrorhyncha randoni 1.00 Galerida modesta nigrita 0.82 Pseudalaemon freemantlii delamerei 0.84 Spizocorys conirostris conirostris Spizocorys personata intensa 0.97 0.59 Lullula arborea pallida 0.53 Eremophila alpestris elwesi 0.99 Eremophila alpestris praticola 0.99 Eremophila bilopha 0.95 Calandrella brachydactyla rubiginosa 0.88 0.98 Calandrella cinerea williamsi Calandrella acutirostris tibetana Melanocorypha yeltoniensis 0.94 Melanocorypha mongolica 0.99 Melanocorypha maxima DZUG U578 Melanocorypha maxima DZUG U588 1.00 1.00 Melanocorypha calandra calandra Melanocorypha bimaculata 1.00 Calandrella cheleensis cheleensis 0.96 Calandrella raytal raytal 1.00 Calandrella rufescens minor 0.58 1.00 Calandrella athensis 0.99 Eremalauda dunni eremodites Chersophilus duponti duponti 1.00 Calendulauda sabota bradfieldi Calendulauda sabota suffusca 1.00 Calendulauda burra Calendulauda poecilosterna 0.51 Ammomanes deserti payni 0.75 Ammomanes deserti annae 0.99 Ammomanes deserti phoenicuroides Ammomanes cinctura arenicolor 1.00 Ramphocoris clotbey Pinarochorys erythropygia 0.80 Pinarochorys nigricans nigricans 0.53 Mirafra hova 0.94 Eremopterix australis 1.00 Eremopterix leucopareia 1.00 Eremopterix griseus Eremopterix nigriceps melanauchen 0.99 0.94 Mirafra cantillans marginata 0.55 Mirafra javanica javanica 0.97 Mirafra javanica williamsoni 0.65 Mirafra cantillans cantillans Mirafra rufocinnamomea torrida 0.89 Mirafra angolensis antonii 0.98 Mirafra passerina Mirafra williamsi 0.97 Mirafra assamica Mirafra affinis 0.86 0.74 1.00 Mirafra erythrocephala Mirafra microptera 1.00 Mirafra erythroptera sindiana 1.00 Mirafra apiata apiata 1.00 Mirafra fasciolata fasciolata Mirafra africana harterti Heteromirafra ruddi Chersomanes albofasciata ssp. 0.58 Ammomanopsis grayi hoeschi 1.00 Certhilauda semitorquata algida Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes Prinia bairdii Panurus biarmicus 0.01 Supplementary Fig. 4. Myoglobin intron 2 Melanocorypha yeltoniensis 0.96 Melanocorypha calandra calandra 1.00 Melanocorypha mongolica Melanocorypha maxima Melanocorypha bimaculata 1.00 Calandrella raytal raytal 1.00 1.00 Calandrella rufescens minor 1.00 Calandrella cheleensis cheleensis Calandrella athensis Chersophilus duponti duponti 1.00 Alauda arvensis arvensis Alauda gulgula inconspicua 0.98 1.00 Galerida macrorhyncha randoni 0.63 Galerida modesta nigrita Melanocorypha leucoptera 0.89 1.00 Lullula arborea pallida 1.00 Pseudalaemon freemantlii delamerei Spizocorys personata intensa 1.00 Calandrella acutirostris tibetana Calandrella cinerea williamsi 1.00 Eremophila bilopha Eremophila alpestris elwesi Mirafra affinis Mirafra assamica 1.00 Mirafra erythroptera sindiana 0.93 Mirafra erythrocephala 0.99 Mirafra microptera Mirafra passerina 0.91 1.00 Mirafra cantillans cantillans Mirafra javanica williamsoni 1.00 0.95 Mirafra angolensis antonii Mirafra rufocinnamomea torrida 0.90 Mirafra apiata apiata 1.00 Mirafra fasciolata fasciolata Mirafra africana harterti 1.00 Calendulauda sabota bradfieldi 0.77 0.96 Calendulauda sabota suffusca 1.00 Calendulauda poecilosterna Calendulauda burra 0.92 1.00 Heteromirafra archeri archeri 1.00 Heteromirafra archeri sidamoensis Heteromirafra ruddi Ammomanes deserti payni 1.00 Ammomanes deserti annae Ammomanes deserti phoenicuroides 0.54 Pinarochorys nigricans nigricans 1.00 1.00 Pinarochorys nigricans occidentis Pinarocorys erythropygia Ammomanes cinctura arenicolor 1.00 0.68 Ramphocoris clotbey 1.00 Eremopterix leucopareia Eremopterix nigriceps melanauchen 1.00 0.92 Mirafra hova Eremopterix australis 0.63 Ammomanopsis grayi hoeschi 1.00 Certhilauda semitorquata algida 0.85 Chersomanes albofasciata ssp. Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes Prinia bairdii Panurus biarmicus 0.0050 Supplementary Fig. 5. 1.00 Melanocorypha calandra calandra RAG 1+2 0.88 Melanocorypha yeltoniensis 0.76 Calandrella cinerea williamsi 0.87 0.97 Calandrella athensis 0.78 Calandrella rufescens minor Eremophila alpestris praticola 1.00 Melanocorypha mongolica 0.92 Chersophilus duponti duponti Eremalauda dunni eremodites 0.97 1.00 Alauda arvensis arvensis 0.93 Alauda gulgula inconspicua 1.00 Galerida modesta nigrita Galerida macrorhyncha randoni 0.77 Melanocorypha leucoptera 0.98 0.68 Lullula arborea pallida Spizocorys conirostris conirostris 1.00 0.98 Pseudalaemon freemantlii delamerei 1.00 Mirafra erythroptera sindiana 1.00 Mirafra microptera Mirafra javanica williamsoni 1.00 0.54 Mirafra passerina 1.00 Mirafra angolensis antoni 0.96 1.00 Mirafra rufocinnamomea torrida Mirafra apiata apiata 1.00 Heteromirafra ruddi Calendulauda burra 1.00 Calendulauda poecilosterna 1.00 Calendulauda sabota bradfieldi 0.92 Ammomanes deserti payni 1.00 Ammomanes deserti annae 1.00 0.87 Ammomanes deserti phoenicuroides BZU 14/11 1.00 Ammomanes deserti phoenicuroides BZU 200A/11 Ammomanes cinctura arenicolor Ramphocoris clotbey 1.00 0.74 Eremopterix leucopareia 0.86 Eremopterix griseus 1.00 Eremopterix australis 1.00 Mirafra hova 0.61 Ammomanopsis grayi hoeschi 1.00 Chersomanes beesleyi Certhilauda semitorquata algida 0.92 Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes Prinia bairdii Panurus biarmicus 0.08 Supplementary Table 1. Primers used for amplification and sequencing of Pinarocorys samples.

Cyt b Forward Reverse 1344F 5’-AGCCTCCCTCTTCTTC-3’ 1444R 5’-AGGGTGGGGTTGTCTAC-3’ 1544F 5’-CGGCCAAACCCTAGTAGAATGAGC-3’ 1644R 5’-GGGGTTGGCGGGTGTGAA-3’ 1744F 5’-TCCTAGGAGACCCCGAAAAC-3’ 1844R 5’-TAGGACGAGAATGATGGTGAAGTA-3’

Myo Forward Reverse 2144F 5’-CTGTCAAATATCTGGAGGTA-3’ 2244R 5’-TTGGAATGGGAAATCTAA-3’ 2344F 5’-AGAGTTGGGCTTTCATTTAC-3’ 2444R 5’-GGGTCCTCCAGGGCTTACT-3’ 2544F 5’-TGACTGGACACAAGGGACATA-3’ 2644R 5’-GAGAAAGAAAAACTGAAGGAACAC-3’

ODC Forward Reverse 2944F 5’-TTACCAAATAGCAACTGA-3’ 3044R 5’-AAAAATTCCAACAACAT-3’ 3344F 5’-TGGCAGCTCAAACTC-3’ 3444R 5’-AGGGAAGCCACCACCAAT-3’

Appendix 1. List of samples (in alphabetical order), with GenBank accession numbers. New sequences are in bold. follows Gill & Donsker (2012). ANWC – Australian National Wildlife Collection, Australia; BZU – Institute of Pure & Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; CEFE – CEFE, Montpellier, France; DZUG – Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; FMNH – Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA; MNHN – Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; NMK – National Museums of Kenya, Kenya; NHMO – National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, Oslo, Norway; NRM – Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden; PFP – Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; RMCA – Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; UWBM – University of Washington Burke Museum, Seattle, USA; VH – Vogelwarte Hiddensee, Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Sequences used in the multilocus analyses are in italics. Samples without voucher specimens or photos have an * after the specimen number; samples with only photo documentation have P after the specimen number (in Appendix 2). 1Incorrectly labelled Ammomanes phoenicurus in GenBank. 2 Incorrectly stated to refer to sample from Saudi Arabia in Fregin et al. (2012). 3See comments on subspecies in Shirihai (1996). 3Described in Khan (1999).

Taxon Locality Sample No. / Locus Specimen No. / Reference

Cytochrome b 16S ODC Myoglobin RAG

Alaemon alaudipes W Saudi Arabia Tieleman et al. AY165148 – – – – desertorum (2003)

Alaemon alaudipes W Saudi Arabia Tieleman et al. AY165159 – – – – desertorum (2003)

Alaemon alaudipes W Saudi Arabia Tieleman et al. AY165161 – – – – desertorum (2003)

Alaemon alaudipes W Saudi Arabia PFP HpB4 * KF060400 KF060343 – – – desertorum Alaemon alaudipes S Morocco MNHN 2003-2729 – – KF060550 KF060498 KF060609 alaudipes Alauda arvensis Sweden Johansson et al. – – EF625336 AY228284 – arvensis (2007) (ODC); Ericson and Johansson (2003) (myo)

Alauda arvensis Netherlands PFP SkyL2 * – – – – KF060610 arvensis Alauda arvensis Nimes, France Tieleman et al. AY165156 KF060362 – – – arvensis/cantarella (2003) / PFP SkyL1 *

Alauda arvensis SE Kazakhstan DZUG U581 (P) KF060401 – – – – dulcivox Alauda gulgula SE Kazakhstan NRM 20066712 KF060402 – KF060551 KF060499 KF060611 inconspicua Alauda gulgula Haryana, India DZUG U3267 (P) KF060403 – – – – inconspicua Alauda razae Raso Island, Cape PFP Raz * KF060404 KF060361 – – – Verde Islands

Ammomanes cinctura Morocco PFP BrTdLk1 (P) KF060405 KF060353 – – – arenicolor Ammomanes cinctura S Morocco MNHN 2003-2735 KF060406 – KF060552 KF060500 KF060612 arenicolor Ammomanes cinctura W Saudi Arabia Tieleman et al. AY165150 KF060352 – – – arenicolor (2003) / PFP BTL *

2 Ammomanes deserti Azraq, Jordan Fregin et al. (2012) JX236373 – JX236460 JX236343 JX236414 annae / VH A1592 (B0703)

1 Ammomanes deserti W Saudi Arabia Tieleman et al. AY165152 – – – – isabellina (2003)

Ammomanes deserti Arava valley, Israel DZUG U770 * KF060411 – – – – 3 deserti Ammomanes deserti Morocco PFP DLS6 (P) KF060410 KF060351 – – – payni Ammomanes deserti S Morocco MNHN 2013-66 KF060409 – KF060553 KF060501 KF060613 payni Ammomanes deserti Dera Ghazi Khan BZU 200A/11 KF060407 – KF060554 KF060502 KF060615 phoenicuroides district, Punjab, Pakistan

Ammomanes deserti Mari Indus, BZU 15/11 KF060408 – KF060614 phoenicuroides Mianwali, Pakistan

Ammomanopsis grayi Van Zyl’s Pass, NW Tieleman et al. AY165168 KF060374 KF060556 KF060503 KF060617 hoeschi Namibia (2003) / PFP P94 *

Calandrella NE Qinghai, China DZUG U577 * KF060412 – KF060557 KF060504 – acutirostris tibetana Calandrella S Xizang, China NHMO 17039 * KF060413 – – – – acutirostris tibetana Calandrella athensis S Kenya PFP AST1 * KF060414 – KF060558 KF060505 KF060618

Calandrella athensis N Tanzania Tieleman et al. AY165166 KF152963 – – – (2003) / PFP AST2 *

Calandrella E Mongolia UWBM 59838 / KF060417 – – – – brachydactyla CSW5805 dukhunensis Calandrella SE Kazakhstan DZUG U582 (P) KF060416 – – – – brachydactyla longipennis Calandrella C Morocco CEFE Cbra1 * KF060415 – KF060559 – – brachydactyla rubiginosa Calandrella cheleensis NE Nei Mongol, DZUG U2202 * KF060418 – KF060560 KF060506 – cheleensis China

Calandrella cheleensis E Mongolia UWBM 59820 / KF060419 – – – – cheleensis CSW5787 Calandrella cinerea St Helena Bay, PFP CcinP119 * KF060421 KF060358 – – – cinerea Western Cape, South Africa

Calandrella cinerea near Nairobi, Kenya PFP RC2 * – – KF060561 KF060507 KF060619 williamsi Calandrella cinerea Oldonyo sambu, PFP RCL13 * KF060420 KF060357 – – – williamsi Tanzania

Calandrella raytal Haryana, India DZUG 2200 (P) KF060422 – – KF060508 – raytal Calandrella raytal Haryana, India DZUG 2201 (P) KF060423 – KF060562 – – raytal Calandrella rufescens Mahazat, Saudi Tieleman et al. AY165154 KF060355 KF060563 KF060509 KF060620 minor Arabia (2003) / PFP LST1 *

Calandrella rufescens Morocco PFP LST ad * KF060424 KF060354 – – – minor Calendulauda Groblershoop, PFP P175 * KF060425 KF060370 – – – africanoides Northern Cape, South austinrobertsi Africa

Calendulauda Prince Albert, PFP Pi3 * KF060426 KF060365 – – – albescens guttata Western Cape, South Africa

Calendulauda alopex Oldonyo sambu, PFP FCL15 * KF060427 KF060369 – – – intercedens Tanzania

Calendulauda barlowi Alexander Bay, PFP Pi4 * KF060428 KF060367 – – – patae Northern Cape, South Africa

Calendulauda burra Kleinputz, Northern PFP P119 * KF060429 KF060364 KF060564 KF060510 KF060621 Cape, South Africa

Calendulauda Walvis Bay, Namibia Tieleman et al. AY165167 KF060366 – – – erythrochlamys (2003) / PFP P- Dune

Calendulauda Chyulu Hills, S NMK PBR4 * KF060430 KF060368 KF060598 KF060541 KF060643 poecilosterna Kenya

Calendulauda sabota Prieska, Northern Tieleman et al. AY165172 KF060363 KF060600 KF060543 KF060645 bradfieldi Cape, South Africa (2003) / PFP P181 *

Calendulauda sabota Dwaalhoek Farm, DZUG U2344 (P) KF060432 – KF060601 KF060544 – bradfieldi Northern Cape, South Africa

Certhilauda Uniab River, PFP P204/L * KF060433 KF060376 – – – benguelensis Namibia benguelensis Certhilauda Bredasdorp, Western PFP P215/L2 * KF060434 KF060377 – – – brevirostris Cape, South Africa

Certhilauda chuana Pietersburg, PFP P96 * KF060435 KF060375 – – – KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Certhilauda Pater Noster, PFP P220/L7 * KF060436 KF060379 – – – curvirostris curvirostris Western Cape, South Africa

Certhilauda Stutterheim, Eastern PFP P214/L1 * KF060437 KF060378 KF060565 KF060511 KF060622 semitorquata algida Cape, South Africa

Certhilauda near Brandvlei, PFP P219/L6 * KF060438 KF060380 – – – subcoronata Northern Cape, South subcoronata Africa

Chersomanes Van Zyl’s Pass, Tieleman et al. AY165165 KF060373 – – – albofasciata boweni Namibia (2003) / PFP P203 *

Chersomanes ? Johansson et al. – – EU680716 EU680604 – albofasciata ssp. (2007)

Chersomanes beesleyi Oldonyo sambu, PFP ShTz * KF060440 KF060372 – – KF060623 Tanzania

Chersophilus duponti Spain DZUG U2255 * KF060441 – KF060566 KF060512 KF060624 duponti Eremalauda dunni Saudi Arabia Tieleman et al. AY165153 AY165128 KF060555 – KF060616 eremodites (2003) / PFP DNL1 *

Eremophila alpestris Morocco MNHN 2003-2730 KF060443 – – – – atlas Eremophila alpestris SE Kazakhstan DZUG U2491 (P) KF060444 – – – – brandti Eremophila alpestris Deosai, Baltistan, BZU 20120608- KF060447 – – – – 4 deosaiensis Pakistan D32

Eremophila alpestris Deosai, Baltistan, BZU 20120608- KF060448 – – – – 4 deosaiensis Pakistan D35

Eremophila alpestris NE Qinghai, China DZUG U576 (P) KF060445 – KF060567 – – elwesi Eremophila alpestris NE Qinghai, China DZUG U154 * – – – KF060513 – elwesi Eremophila alpestris Qinghai or Xizang, Qu et al. (2000) FJ952456 elwesi China

Eremophila alpestris Qinghai or Xizang, Qu et al. (2000) FJ952457 – – – – elwesi China

Eremophila alpestris Sweden NRM 20046759 KF060442 – – – – flava Eremophila alpestris Montana, USA Klicka et al. AF290137 – – – – leucolaema (2000)

Eremophila alpestris Illinois, USA FMNH 351146 KF060446 KF060359 KF060568 – KF060625 praticola Eremophila bilopha Saudi Arabia Tieleman et al. AY165157 KF060360 KF060569 – – (2003) / PFP THL *

Eremophila bilopha Morocco MNHN 2003-2732 – – – KF060514 –

Eremopterix australis Droëgrond, Northern PFP P176 * KF060449 KF060348 KF060570 KF060515 – Cape, South Africa

Eremopterix australis South Africa Barker et al. – – – – AY319982 (unpublished)

Eremopterix griseus Sind, Pakistan DZUG 2257 * KF060450 – KF060571 – KF060627

Eremopterix griseus Sind, Pakistan DZUG 2258 * KF060451 – – – –

Eremopterix Arusha, Tanzania PFP FFL6 * KF060452 KF060346 KF060572 KF060516 KF060628 leucopareia Eremopterix nigriceps Saudi Arabia Tieleman et al. AY165149 KF060344 – – – affinis (2003) / PFP BCL *

Eremopterix nigriceps Sind, Pakistan DZUG U2259 * KF060453 – KF060573 KF060517 – melanauchen Eremopterix nigriceps Sind, Pakistan DZUG U2260 * KF060454 – – – – melanauchen Eremopterix signatus Shaba Game NMK CHSL * KF060455 KF060347 – _ _ Reserve, C Kenya

Eremopterix verticalis Western Cape, South Tieleman et al. AY165164 KF060345 – – – verticalis Africa (2003) / PFP P99

Galerida cristata Taif, Saudi Arabia Tieleman et al. AY165151 KF060399 brachyura (2003) / PFP CL

Galerida cristata S Iran Guillaumet et al. EF445424 – – – – (iwanowi?) (2008)

Galerida cristata ssp. Iran Guillaumet et al. DQ028951 – – – – (2006)

Galerida cristata NW Morocco Guillaumet et al. AY769746 – – – – kleinschmidti (2005)

Galerida cristata SE Russia Guillaumet et al. EF445427 – – – – leautungensis (2008)

Galerida cristata S Kazakhstan Guillaumet et al. EF445425 – – – – magna (2008)

Galerida cristata Kenya Guillaumet et al. EF445429 – – – – somaliensis (2008)

Galerida Errachidia, Morocco PFP CL2a (P) KF060456 KF060398 KF060574 KF060518 KF060629 macrorhyncha randoni Galerida E C Morocco Guillaumet et al. AY769749 – – – – macrorhyncha randoni (2005)

Galerida E C Morocco Guillaumet et al. AY769750 – – – – macrorhyncha randoni (2005)

Galerida magnirostris St Helena Bay, Tieleman et al. AY165169 KF060396 – – – Western Cape, South (2003) / PFP TL * Africa

Galerida malabarica India Guillaumet et al. EF445430 – – – – (2008)

Galerida modesta Guinea VH A1428 * KF060457 – KF060575 KF060519 KF060630 nigrita Galerida theklae S Tunisia Guillaumet et al. EF445418 – – – – carolinae (2008)

Galerida theklae ellioti Somalia Guillaumet et al. EF445423 – – – – (2008)

Galerida theklae NW Morocco Guillaumet et al. AY769740 – – – – erlangeri (2005) Galerida theklae NW Ethiopia Guillaumet et al. EF445421 – – – – praetermissa (2008)

Galerida theklae NE Morocco Guillaumet et al. AY769741 ruficolor (2005)

Galerida theklae Errachidia, Morocco PFP TkL (P) KF060458 KF060397 – – – ruficolor Heteromirafra archeri Liben Plain, SE Spottiswoode et al. KC512763 – – KF060521 – sidamoensis Ethiopia (2013) / DZUG U2810 (P)

Heteromirafra archeri Jijiga, SE Ethiopia Spottiswoode et al. KC512760 – – – – archeri (2013) / DZUG 2805 (P)

Heteromirafra ruddi Wakkerstroom, South PFP L8 * KC869742 KF060371 KF060576 KF060520 KF060631 Africa

Lullula arborea pallida Nimes, France Tieleman et al. AY165158 KF060356 KF060577 KF060522 KF060632 (2003) / PFP WL *

Melanocorypha SE Kazakhstan DZUG U2281 (P) KF060459 – – – – bimaculata Melanocorypha SE Kazakhstan DZUG U2282 (P) KF060460 – – KF060523 – bimaculata Melanocorypha SE Kazakhstan DZUG U2283 (P) KF060461 – KF060578 – – bimaculata Melanocorypha NE Morocco MNHN 2003-2733 – – KF060579 KF060524 KF060633 calandra calandra Melanocorypha SE Kazakhstan DZUG U583 (P) KF060462 – – – – calandra psammochroa Melanocorypha SE Kazakhstan DZUG U579 (P) KF060463 – KF060580 KF060525 KF060634 leucoptera Melanocorypha Qinghai, China DZUG U578 (P) KF060464 – KF060581 – – maxima Melanocorypha Qinghai, China DZUG U588 (P) KF060465 – KF060582 KF060526 – maxima Melanocorypha Mongolia UWBM 59839 / KF060466 – KF060583 KF060527 KF060635 mongolica CSW5806

Melanocorypha SE Kazakhstan DZUG U575 (P) KF060467 – KF060584 KF060528 KF060636 yeltoniensis Mirafra affinis Andhra Pradesh, DZUG U3268 (P) KF060468 – KF060585 KF060529 – India

Mirafra africana Chyulu Hills, S NMK RN1 * KF060469 KF060389 – – – harterti Kenya

Mirafra africana S Kenya NMK RN2 * – – KF060586 KF060530 – harterti Mirafra angolensis Hillwood Farm, NW PFP MA1 * KF060470 – KF060587 KF060531 KF060637 antonii Zambia

Mirafra apiata apiata Silwerstroomstrand, PFP P174 * KC869741 KF060388 KF060588 KF060532 KF060638 Western Cape, South Africa

Mirafra assamica Punjab, India DZUG U3269 (P) KF060471 – KF060589 KF060533 –

Mirafra cantillans Punjab, India DZUG U3273 (P) KF060472 – KF060590 KF060534 – cantillans Mirafra cantillans Sanya Juu, Tanzania PFP SBL * KF060473 KF060386 – – – marginata Mirafra cantillans Mahazat, Saudi Tieleman et al. AY165155 KF060385 – – – simplex Arabia (2003) / PFP SBL1 *

Mirafra cheniana Boskop, Free State, PFP P192 * KF060474 KF060384 – – – South Africa

Mirafra erythrocephala Thailand DZUG U3270 * KF060475 – KF060591 KF060535 –

Mirafra erythroptera Haryana, India DZUG U3271 (P) KF060476 – KF060592 KF060536 KF060639 sindiana Mirafra fasciolata Northern Cape, South DZUG U2345 (P) KF060477 – KF060593 KF060537 – fasciolata Africa Mirafra hova Madagascar FMNH 352844 KF060478 KF060349 KF060594 KF060538 KF060640

Mirafra hypermetra Shaba Game NMK RWBL * KF060479 KF060387 – – – hypermetra Reserve, C Kenya

Mirafra javanica Queensland, ANWC B31226 KF060484 – – – – athertonensis Australia

Mirafra javanica NE Western ANWC B55078 KF060482 – – – – forresti Australia

Mirafra javanica Java, indonesia DZUG U3272 * KF060480 – KF060595 – – javanica Mirafra javanica W Western Australia ANWC B33326 KF060481 – – – – woodwardi Mirafra javanica SE South Australia ANWC B45130 KF060483 – – – – horsfieldii Mirafra javanica Thailand Alström et al. DQ008520 – HQ333089 DQ008571 JX236441 williamsoni (2006) (cytb, myo); Alström et al. (2011) (ODC); Fregin et al. (2012) (RAG)

Mirafra microptera Myanmar DZUG U3275 (P) KF060485 – KF060596 – KF060641

Mirafra microptera Myanmar DZUG U3276 (P) – – – KF060539 –

Mirafra passerina Rooipoort, Northern Tieleman et al. AY165163 KF060383 KF060597 KF060540 KF060642 Cape, South Africa (2003) / PFP P186 *

Mirafra Iringa, S Tanzania PFP FLTz * KF060486 KF060381 KF060599 KF060542 KF060644 rufocinnamomea torrida Mirafra williamsi C Kenya NMK WL1 * KF060487 KF060382 – – –

Mirafra williamsi C Kenya PFP WillLk4 * – – KF060602 – – Pinarocorys Mali RMCA 105748 KF060488 – – KF060545 – erythropygia Pinarocorys NE D. R. Congo RMCA 101081 KF060489 – KF060603 – – erythropygia Pinarocorys nigricans SE D. R. Congo RMCA 106597 KF060490 – – – – nigricans Pinarocorys nigricans SW D. R. Congo RMCA 101105 KF060491 – KF060604 KF060546 – occidentis Pseudalaemon Oldonyo Sambo, N PFP STL9 * KF060492 KF060390 KF060605 KF060547 KF060646 fremantlii delamerei Tazania

Ramphocoris clotbey Morocco PFP CLOT1 * KF060493 KF060350 – – –

Ramphocoris clotbey Morocco CEFE Rhcl1 * KF060494 – KF060606 KF060548 KF060647

Spizocorys conirostris Volksrust, KwaZulu- PFP P177 * KF060495 KF060395 KF060607 – KF060648 conirostris Natal, South Africa

Spizocorys fringillaris Vaalpoort, PFP P179 * KF060496 KF060394 – – – Mpumalanga, South Africa

Spizocorys personata Shaba Game NMK ML1 * KF060497 KF060393 – – – intensa Reserve, C Kenya

Spizocorys personata C Kenya PFP MSKLk6 * – – KF060608 KF060549 intensa Spizocorys sclateri near Brandvlei, Tieleman et al. AY165170 KF060391 – – – Northern Cape, South (2003) / PFP P191 Africa *

Spizocorys starki Grunau, S Namibia Tieleman et al. AY165162 KF060392 – – – (2003) / PFP P178 *

Outgroup

Acrocephalus A.J. Vastermark – AB492871 – – – arundinaceus (unpublished) Aegithalos concinnus Päckert et al. – GU433980 – – – (2010)

Panurus biarmicus Barker et al. JX236397 – EU680747 AY228308 AY319993 (unpublished) (RAG); Ericson and Johansson (2003) (myo); Fregin et al. (2012) (cytb); Johansson et al. (2008) (ODC)

Prinia bairdii Barker (2004) AY352536 AF094647 JX236470 JX236364 AY319998 (cytb); Barker et al. (unpublished) (RAG); Cibois et al. (1999) (16S); Fregin et al. (2012) (ODC, myo)

Cisticola brachyptera Cibois et al. (1999) – AF094670 – – –

References not in reference list of paper: Alström, P., Fjeldså, J., Fregin, S., Olsson, U., 2011. Gross morphology betrays phylogeny: the Scrub Warbler Scotocerca inquieta is not a cisticolid. Ibis 153, 87–97. Cibois, A., Pasquet, E., Schulenberg, T.S., 1999. Molecular systematics of the Malagasy babblers (Passeriformes: Timaliidae) and warblers (Passeriformes: Sylviidae), based on cytochrome b and 16S rRNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 13, 581–595. Khan, A.A., 1999. A new Horned Eremophila alpestrs deosaiensis, (subsp. Nov.) from Deosai, Baltistan Pakistan. Pak. J. Ornithol. 3, 27– 33. Klicka, J., Johnson, K.P., Lanyon, S.M., 2000. New world nine-primaried oscine relationships: constructing a mitochondrial DNA framework. Auk 117, 321–336. Päckert, M., Martens, J., Sun, Y.-H. 2010. Phylogeny of long-tailed tits and allies inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Aves: Passeriformes, Aegithalidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 55, 952–967. Qu, Y., Lei, F., Zhang, R., Lu, X., 2000. Comparative phylogeography of five avian species: implications for Pleistocene evolutionary history in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Mol. Ecol. 19, 338–351. Shirihai, H. 1996. The of Israel. London. Supplementary data

Alauda arvensis dulcivox DZUG U581 SE Kazakhstan (from video) Alauda gulgula inconspicua DZUG U3267 Haryana, India Ammomanes cinctura arenicolor PFP BrTdLk1 Morocco Ammomanes deserti payni PFP DLS6 Morocco Calandrella brachydactyla longipennis DZUG U582 SE Kazakhstan (from video) Calandrella raytal raytal DZUG U2200 Haryana, India Calandrella raytal raytal DZUG U2201 Haryana, India Eremophila alpestris brandti DZUG U2491 SE Kazakhstan (from video) Eremophila alpestris elwesi DZUG U576 NE Qinghai, China Melanocorypha bimaculata DZUG U2281 SE Kazakhstan (from video) Melanocorypha bimaculata DZUG U2282 SE Kazakhstan Melanocorypha bimaculata DZUG U2283 SE Kazakhstan Melanocorypha calandra psammochroa DZUG U583 SE Kazakhstan (from video) Melanocorypha leucoptera (male) DZUG U579 SE Kazakhstan (from video) Melanocorypha maxima DZUG U578 NE Qinghai, China (from video) Melanocorypha maxima DZUG U588 NE Qinghai, China Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (male) DZUG U575 SE Kazakhstan (from video) Mirafra affinis DZUG U3268 Andhra Pradesh, India Mirafra assamica DZUG U3269 Punjab, India Mirafra cantillans cantillans DZUG U3273 Punjab, India Mirafra erythroptera DZUG U3271 Punjab, India Mirafra fasciolata DZUG U2345 Benfontein, Kimberley, South Africa Galerida macrorhyncha randoni PFP CL2a (right in both pictures)

Galerida theklae ruficolor PFP TkL (left bird in both pictures)

Errachidia, Morocco Heteromirafra archeri archeri DZUG U2805 Jijiga, Ethiopia Heteromirafra archeri sidamoensis DZUG U2810 Liben Plain, Ethiopia