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The Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of the Mt. Tom Price Mine, Pilbara, Western Australia – a Groundwater Flow Model

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The Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of the Mt. Tom Price Mine, Pilbara, Western Australia – a Groundwater Flow Model The Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of the Mt. Tom Price Mine, Pilbara, Western Australia – A Groundwater Flow Model. ___________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Geology with Honours in the University of Canterbury by NEIL MANEWELL ___________________________________ University of Canterbury September, 2008 ABSTRACT The Mt. Tom Price Mine, located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, has been the site of major iron ore mining since the 1960s by Rio Tinto Iron Ore/Pilbara Iron. The thesis project area covers approximately 121 km2, covering the Mt. Tom Price Mining area and the surrounding catchment boundary. The climate in the Pilbara region is arid, with rainfall driven by seasonal cyclonic events, producing 300 mm/year net rainfall on average. The geology of the Mt. Tom Price area consists of a series of banded iron formations (BIF) and shales that are generally low in hydraulic conductivity values. Iron ore in the region is produced through the process of supergene enrichment whereby gangue minerals are dissolved and replaced with haematite and goethite. Mining is focused in a series of open cast pits including, North Deposit, West Pits, Centre Pits, Southern Ridge, South East Prongs, Section Six, Section Seven, and the proposed Marra Mamba Pits. Due to the impermeable nature and complex geology of the BIF sequence, groundwater flow is dominated by bedrock aquifer flow, with compartmentalization occurring in several areas of the mine. Highly faulted and folded units can also have increased hydraulic conductivity values. Pit floor lowering began to encounter the regional water table in early 1994. A series of dewatering bores and depressurization measurements have been utilized to ensure dry mining practice. This data was used to help understand regional groundwater flow and create the Mt. Tom Price Groundwater Model (MTPGM). A 3D geological model of the project area was created to aid visualisation of semi-regional hydrogeology. From this model, accurate template files were created so that geological detail loss is kept to a minimal when entering hydrogeological parameters into the MTPGM. The MTPGM was setup using PMWIN Pro, a graphical user interface for use with MODFLOW. Stresses such as recharge and pumping were entered via software packages within MODFLOW. The model was run to simulate measured 1994-2007 responses to dewatering and high rainfall events. A Parameter Estimation (PEST) software package and trial and error calibration was used to lower stress response variances that were observed in the model output files. This was achieved by the adjustment of hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity and specific yield values. A prediction simulation of final pit lake recovery was created Using the calibrated MTPGM. Recovery curves predicted that full recovery of the water table of the pit voids varied from 96 to 120 years, recovering to levels close to the initial heads measured in 1994 before large-scale pumping commenced. The hydrochemistry of the groundwater in the mining area is highly influenced by geological hosts, with clearly defined hydrochemical signatures approximated for each screened geological unit. Due to the sulphur rich, acid- forming Mt. McRae Shale, regular monitoring of pit and groundwater is essential. Final pit lake water quality was estimated using final pit levels and recovery rates approximated from the MTPGM, combined with historical data and previous groundwater quality reports. Pit lake water quality is dominantly driven by evaporation concentration, caused by high evaporation rates and low throughflow. Pit waters are expected to be brine waters (>100,000 mg/L TDS), with high levels of acidity values occurring in the South East Prongs and Section Six pits due to the exposure of the acid forming Mt. McRae Shale above the pit lakes at these localities. Future studies should focus on more detailed modelling of the compartmentalised aquifer systems. This would produce much more accurate final pit lake levels. Further study of the Mt. McRae Shale formation and its implications on acidity should also be undertaken. Seasonal fluctuations in lake levels will affect acidity due to the continual re-exposure and oxidation of the Mt. McRae Shale. This could be studied to help understand short term pit lake quality conditions and help to predict long term acidity conditions in the pit lakes. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank Rio Tinto Iron Ore and Pilbara Iron for their support throughout this thesis. Big thanks go out to George Domahidy and Scott Rathbone, who helped organise this joint venture with University of Canterbury. They also provided continued help during the project duration, and directed me to relevant help and resources. Wade Dodson was also helpful in reviewing groundwater modelling ideas and providing tuition. I would like to thank David H. Bell for his work also setting up this project, as well as continued support and communication throughout the year. Travis Horton has also been helpful towards the end of this project. Huge thanks go out to Catherine Moore of Lincoln Ventures Ltd. for her continued help with groundwater modelling, providing tuition and direction. She devoted many hours of her busy schedule on this often challenging groundwater model. I would like to thank Kathryn Rozlapa of Aquaterra Perth for her tuition and help with setting up the groundwater model. She also provided helpful electronic and phone communication throughout the project duration. Thanks go out to the onsite Tom Price Hydrogeologists for their devoted help during fieldwork, as well as providing data via electronic communication. Cheers: Emma Gallagher, Lee Evans, Tim Kendrick, Lindsay Campbell, and Chris New. The Tom Price Geotechnical Team also provided much welcomed support. Big thanks to Cameron Boyle, Manni Mehu, and the Tom Price onsite Technicians. I would like to thank the other geology postgraduates for their support throughout this 18 month project. Cheers: Henry, Richard, Kirsty, Myfanwy, Greer and Jeremy for providing the entertainment. Lastly I would like to thank my family, especially my Mum, Dad and sisters for their support and guidance throughout the duration of this thesis. ii ABBREVIATIONS General EDMS Environmental Database High P High Phosphorus KH Horizontal hydraulic conductivity KV Vertical hydraulic conductivity Low P Low Phosphorus MGA94 Map Grid of Australia 1994 mRL Mine Reference Level (m) MTPGM Mt. Tom Price Groundwater Model MTPPGM Mt. Tom Price Prediction Groundwater Model PEST Parameter Estimation Piezo Piezometer observation hole PMWIN Pro Processing Modflow Professional S Storage Coefficient S/Pipe Open standpipe observation hole SY Specific Yield TDS Total Dissolved Solids TPMG Tom Price Mining Grid Geological Units BIF Banded Iron Formation DET Detritus DG Dales Gorge Member FWZ Footwall Zone JER Jeerinah Formation JOF Joffre Member MCS Mt. McRae Shale MTS Mt. Sylvia Formation MM Marra Mamba Iron Formation WBS Whaleback Shale Member WT Wittenoom Formation Pits CTR Centre Pit MME Marra Mamba East MMW Marra Mamba West NEPX North East Prongs Extension NTD North Deposit SEP South East Prong SSIX Section Six SSEV Section Seven STR Southern Ridge WEST West Pit x TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Background .......................................................................................................1 1.2 Location & Extent ..........................................................................................................1 1.3 Rainfall and Climate ......................................................................................................2 1.4 Mining .............................................................................................................................3 1.5 Structural Setting ...........................................................................................................3 1.6 Project Objectives ..........................................................................................................8 1.7 Thesis Format .................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGY & HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE MT. TOM PRICE MINE AREA .............10 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................10 2.2 Fortescue Group Formations ......................................................................................12 2.2.1 Jeerinah Formation ..................................................................................................12 2.3 Hamersley Group Formations ....................................................................................12 2.3.1 Marra Mamba Iron Formation.................................................................................12 2.3.2 Wittenoom Formation .............................................................................................12 2.3.3 Mt. Sylvia Formation...............................................................................................13 2.3.4 Mt. McRae Shale.....................................................................................................14 2.4 Brockman Iron Formation ..........................................................................................14
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