Comparing the Sustainability of Biomass Fuel Supply Options for a Small Scale Gasification Project in Rural Uganda
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Comparing the Sustainability of Biomass Fuel Supply Options for a Small Scale Gasification Project in Rural Uganda Master of Science Thesis in the Innovative and Sustainable Energy Engineering (ISEE) Nordic Master Degree Programme, 2010-2012 STEPHEN CHRISTENSEN Department of Energy and the Environment Division of Energy Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden, 2012 Report No. T2012-385 Comparing the Sustainability of Biomass Fuel Supply Options for a Small Scale Gasification Project in Rural Uganda Master of Science Thesis in the Innovative and Sustainable Energy Engineering (ISEE) Nordic Master Degree Programme, 2010-2012 STEPHEN CHRISTENSEN Supervisor Germán Maldonado Examiner Erik Ahlgren Department of Energy and the Environment Division of Energy Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden, 2012 Report No. T2012-385 Abstract Recent studies have shown the potential and economic viability of biomass gasification based systems for electricity generation in rural Uganda (e.g. Buchholz et al., 2010; Furtado, 2012). The implementation of these systems hinges on the sustainability of fuel supply. A growing population using biomass for over 90% of their primary energy needs and land use change from forests being cut for small scale farming and large monoculture has caused Uganda to lose over 1/3 of its forest cover over the last two decades. Implementing a biomass based electricity system can further contribute to these problems if the biomass fuel supply is not sustainably managed. Pamoja Cleantech AB is a startup company based in Stockholm which will soon implement a small scale (10 kW) biomass gasification pilot project in the Magala Village, Mityana district in rural Uganda. Pamoja recognizes the environmental issues involved in gasification projects in Uganda and wishes to move forward in implementing a sustainable biomass fuel supply. This thesis addresses the question of which biomass fuel supply option is the best and most sustainable option for this project and future small scale gasification projects. In this paper, a sustainability framework has been developed in order to quantitatively compare the reliability, costs, and environmental and social impacts of different biomass fuel options for each individual site of operation in order to assure a fully sustainable supply. First, the framework is presented along with details on its development from considerations of existing Criteria and Indicator (C&I) Frameworks and sustainable biomass standards. An explanation and justification is also given for the importance of each of the sustainability criteria. The best supply options available at a given site are then chosen and compared using the sustainability framework. Results show that the three investigated supply options, buying firewood from the local market, purchasing agriculture residues, and implementing agroforestry and/or woodlot systems, are comparable economically in terms of the final price range for an oven dried ton of biomass supplied. Implementing outgrowing schemes, especially agroforestry systems, have significant advantages over the other two options in terms of potential social and environmental benefits. Although it is challenging to quantitatively measure reliability, we consider implementing agroforestry and woodlot systems to be a more reliable fuel supply option than purchasing firewood or agriculture residues. The recommended biomass supply for this project is using agriculture residues in the short term and local fuelwood as a backup while also implementing outgrowing schemes and growing trees locally in woodlot or agroforestry systems. This will increase the reliability of the fuel supply in the long term, as well as maximize local social and environmental benefits. Keywords: biomass, bioenergy, gasification, sustainablity, framework, Criteria and Indicator (C&I) Framework, Uganda, East Africa I II Acknowledgements This thesis project has taken nearly a year to complete from start to finish and has been an incredible experience. This report represents collaborative work and effort from many professionals in Uganda, Sweden, and elsewhere, and I am truly grateful for the chance to be a part of this exciting project. I would like now to give my thanks to everyone involved and everyone who made this thesis project possible. First, I would like to thank John Furtado for first introducing me to the Pamoja project and people and for the advice while beginning this process. I would also like to thank Peik Stenlund and Nicolas Fouassier at Pamoja Cleantech AB for their continued support and guidance in the field work in Uganda and research efforts back in Sweden. It has been a pleasure sharing ideas and working together with you on your project. During the time in Uganda, I had the pleasure to meet and work with many professionals that have helped shape the project and this thesis. I would especially like to thank William Katende at Pamoja Uganda, Mary Suzan Abbo at CREEC, and Victor Komakech at Vi Agroforestry. I also would like to say thank you to Diana, Dorothy, and Sheila at CREEC for the help in conducting the baseline surveys. I would like to especially give thanks to Thomas Buchholz for advising and guiding my thesis work and for the useful ideas and discussions. His support and encouragement has remained strong from the start to the finish of this project and I especially appreciate his support. Also, I would like to thank Germán Maldonado, my advisor at Chalmers for the great discussions and continued support, flexibility, and coordination throughout this project. I would also like to thank my friends Nicholas Bowler and Brendan Carney for their unexpected visit in Uganda, Lars and Emilia Sillén and the whole Rosenhill family of friends, Raj Siddiqee, and especially the wonderful Hammarsten family, especially Hanna. I would lastly like to thank my parents for their continued support, encouragement, and guidance through this whole Swedish Master’s program and research project in Uganda. Their love and support throughout my life has made this possible and have kept me going. III IV Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... I Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ III List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... VIII List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... IX List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... X 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ - 1 - 1.1. Problem Definition .............................................................................................................. - 1 - 1.2. Aims & Objectives ............................................................................................................... - 1 - 1.3. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... - 2 - 2. Background ................................................................................................................................. - 2 - 2.1. Uganda ................................................................................................................................ - 2 - 2.1.1. Geography and Environment ...................................................................................... - 2 - 2.1.2. Society and Economy .................................................................................................. - 4 - 2.2. Energy in Uganda ................................................................................................................ - 4 - 2.2.1. Primary and Secondary Energy ................................................................................... - 4 - 2.2.2. Petroleum Products .................................................................................................... - 5 - 2.2.3. Power Generation and the National Electric Grid ...................................................... - 5 - 2.2.4. Electric Power Generation and Renewable Energy Technologies .............................. - 7 - 2.2.5. Energy Use in Rural Households ................................................................................. - 8 - 2.3. Pamoja’s Pilot Project Description ...................................................................................... - 9 - 2.3.1. The Pamoja Company and Project .............................................................................. - 9 - 2.3.2. The Feasibility Study, Green Plany Pilot Project and Local Partners ........................ - 10 - 2.3.3. Funding and Business Model .................................................................................... - 10 - 2.3.4. The Local Community – Magala Village .................................................................... - 10 - 2.4. Gasification – The Process and Gasifier Technology ......................................................... - 11 - 2.4.1. Overview, Background and History..........................................................................