INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY 147 WINTER NEWS 2008 THE BULLETIN OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY FREE TO MEMBERS OF AIA

Wiltshire conference ● Modern Military Matters ● AIA Awards ● letters ● Robin’s rivets industrial sites at risk ● Goonvean engine ● Lancashire mills ● regional news AIA Wiltshire Conference 2008

This year’s annual conference was at Lackham In the afternoon came members’ College near Chippenham, where delegates were contributions, ranging from a DVD on the able to visit the agricultural museum on site. restoration and use of a 1914 threshing machine, INDUSTRIAL Amazingly the weather stayed dry for all the through John Watts’ amazing range of water-pump week. A full programme of lectures and tours pictures, to John Selby who talked on IA from ARCHAEOLOGY with superb notes was organised by Pam unexpected sources. Geoff Wallis then pointed out Slocombe and members of the Industrial the lengths that so-called ‘health and safety’ can NEWS 147 Archaeology Committee of the Wiltshire go in defiance of common sense. The session after Winter 2008 Archaeological & Natural History Society. Extra tea was devoted to the various AIA awards, when material for this report has been provided by winners gave brief presentations (see page 8). The Honorary President Barry Hood, Richard Hartree and Tony Jervis. Annual Dinner took place in the original Lackham Prof Angus Buchanan 13 Hensley Road, Bath BA2 2DR Manor House, a well panelled plushy ex-stately Chairman Roger Ford home, now much in demand for weddings etc. Tony Crosby Sunday morning began with the AGM of the 261 Stansted Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 2BT Friday was, as usual, seminar day (see page xxx), AIA, with Barry Hood gave his Secretary’s report Vice-Chairman the main conference commencing after dinner of the Council and Bruce Hedge outlined his Mark Sissons Treasurer’s report. With Marilyn Palmer standing 33 Burgate, Pickering, North Yorkshire YO18 7AU with a welcome from retiring AIA Chairman Secretary Professor Marilyn Palmer. Peter Stanier then gave down, Tony Crosby was elected our new Barry Hood an exhaustive talk outlining IA in Wiltshire, Chairman, with Mark Sissons as Vice-Chairman. 9 Kennerty Park, Peterculter, Aberdeen AB14 0LE This was followed by two short presentations, Treasurer covering almost every type of endeavour carried Bruce Hedge out in the county. first by Paul Saulter who is organising a Romania 7 Clement Close, Wantage, Oxfordshire OX12 7ED In a departure from the usual format, visit in April 2009, and then by Neil Wright who IA Review Editor gave a preview of the 2009 conference at the Dr David Gwyn Saturday was spent on campus. The first speaker Nant y Felin, Llanllyfni Road, Pen y Groes, was Ken Rogers who discoursed on the Wiltshire University of Lincoln, 4-l0 September. Caernarfon LL54 6LY woollen industry, which, surprisingly, attained its After refreshments, Wayne Cocroft delivered IA News Editor Dr Peter Stanier apogee in the reign of Henry VIII. There remains the Rolt Memorial Lecture entitled ‘Dan Dare’s 49 Breach Lane, Shaftesbury, Dorset SP7 8LF much evidence of the industry in and around Lair – the industrial archaeology of Britain’s post- Affiliated Societies Officer Trowbridge which saw factory developments in war technological renaissance.’ While WWI was Christine Ball 75 Banner Cross Road, Sheffield S11 9HQ the nineteenth century. Next up was David Hyde the chemists’ war, WW2 was the scientists’ war Conference Secretary on the activities of the Great Western at Swindon, out of which grew atomic technology and the era John McGuinness of Big Science. Wayne’s wide ranging lecture 24 Belmont Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 1RE where many thousands were employed in the Endangered Sites Officer engineering works which extended to 320 acres. covered wind tunnels, guided weapons Dr Mike Nevell, Director The morning was rounded off by Mike Stone, establishments, the Blue Streak rocket project, the University of Manchester Archaeology Unit, University of Spade Adam and Needles rocket test sites, and Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL curator of Chippenham Heritage Centre, who Librarian and Archivist spoke about Rowland Brotherhood and the places such as Fort Halstead, Foulness, John Powell history of Westinghouse Brakes, this firm starting Orfordness, Harwell, Sellafield, and Jodrell Bank. c/o IGMT, Ironbridge, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7DQ Not forgotten were the facilities, offices and Publicity Officer in railway engineering in 1841. The founder was a Mark Sissons friend of both Brunel and Gooch. Westinghouse employees’ housing at many of these research 33 Burgate, Pickering, North Yorkshire YO18 7AU moved in 2005 from Chippenham to a purpose- sites. This ended the formal conference. Recording Awards Officer Dr Victoria Beauchamp built factory in Melksham, under the guise of That afternoon came first outings of the 3 Parsonage Court, Parsonage Crescent, Walkley, Knorr-Bremse KG. conference, all with a canal theme. Nick Sheffield S6 5BJ Sales Officer Roger Ford Barn Cottage, Bridge Street, Bridgnorth WV15 6AF Council Members David Alderton (Heritage Link) Mike Bone Dr Robert Carr (BA Awards) Dr Paul Collins (Partnerships) David de Haan (Liaison Office) Richard Hartree (AIA Council projects) David Lyne (Conservation Award) Michael Messenger (Conference Bookings & website) Stephen Miles Roy Murphy Dr Miles Oglethorpe (TICCIH) Prof Marilyn Palmer Paul Saulter (Overseas trips) Ian West (Health & Safety) Honorary Vice-Presidents Sir Neil Cossons Prof John Hume Stuart B. Smith Liaison Officer Anne Lowes, AIA Liaison Office, The Ironbridge Institute, Ironbridge Gorge Museum, Coalbrookdale, Telford TF8 7DX. Tel: 01325 359846. e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.industrial-archaeology.org.uk

COVER PICTURE Tending the Lancashire boiler at the Crofton Pumping Station during the visit by AIA conference delegates Crofton pumping station and chimney, seen from the The beam of the 1812 Boulton & Watt engine at Crofton (see page 3) Photo: Steve Dewhirst Kennet & Avon Canal Photo: Barry Hood Photo: Steve Dewhirst

2—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147 McRamsey led one tour to Claverton pumping station to see the giant waterwheel, which drives a beam engine capable of pumping 98,750 gallons per hour up to the Kennet & Avon Canal; its restoration gained our award from the 1992 conference. The trust volunteers are also restoring a crane from Burbage Wharf. Next there was a canalside stroll to admire the Dundas aqueduct and a short section of the Somerset Coal Canal. Other delegates went with Doug Roseaman east on the Kennet & Avon Canal to visit the famous beam engines at Crofton where the pumping station was built in 1807 to raise water 40 ft to the canal’s summit level, via a feeder leat. On arrival we were greeted by the local volunteers, all very smart in their white overalls. It was a busy site and it was pleasing to see so many families with their children. The two magnificent beam engines are steamed from a coal-fired Lancashire boiler on Bank Holidays and other special days. The 1812 engine is the oldest ‘Salmon’ tank locomotive at Blunsdon station on the Swindon & Cricklade Railway. This Andrew Barclay loco of 1942 was Boulton & Watt beam engine still in use in its restored over seven years Photo: Barry Hood original setting in the world. It was brought back to life in 1970, followed by its 1846 companion in 1971. Crofton is one of the best preserved IA sites in the region and manned by an enthusiastic and competent team of volunteers. Pam Slocombe guided the third group to Pewsham near Chippenham where members of the Wilts & Berks Canal Trust showed the remains of the three locks, a spillway, a dry dock and a partially collapsed culvert. The party returned to the National Trust village of Lacock, containing a mid-sixteenth century converted abbey, tithe barn and original brewhouse, for tea and a visit to the Fox-Talbot museum of photography. Pam delivered the evening lecture on Wiltshire agriculture. The county has a varied selection of malthouses and brewhouses amongst many different architectural styles, whilst one of its curiosities is the occurrence of very hard sarsen stones which occur at random in the fields and can be dressed and incorporated into stone buildings. The Barge Inn at Honey Street Photo: Barry Hood On Bank Holiday Monday, Ivor Slocombe led a tour first to Honeystreet Wharf on the Kennet & Avon Canal, where the nineteenth-century Huntley’s yard remained in the family until 1986. Then to the Barge Inn (1810, renovated 1858 after a fire, and originally a staging post for canal horses), admiring 1874 workers’ canalside cottages. By coach then, via a field of sarsen stones at Lockeridge Dene, past Silbury Hill, to Beckhampton racing stables. These started life as an inn opened beside the new Bath-Calne turnpike road in 1745, with extensive stabling to cater for the necessary changes of horses. After the railway arrived, a West-country trainer bought the inn and converted it to racing stables. The original buildings around the courtyard (laid with sarsen setts) now house thoroughbreds, and visitors are even able to touch the Royal racing colours – said to cure scrofula. Following lunch at the Crown, Broad Hinton, we boarded a train on the Swindon & Cricklade Railway, and inspected the shed contents at Hayes Knoll station. Meanwhile a second group visited Bradford- The stable yard at Beckhampton Photo: Barry Hood on-Avon with Pam Slocombe. A zig-zag descent

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147—3 Tony Yoward picks up a few insider tips at the Beckhampton racing stables Photo: Mark Sissons In steam at the Crofton beam engines Photo: Steve Dewhirst

passed the site of a rug factory and emphasised the residential developments of the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, most of which can only be reached on foot. At their base is the Ladywell, which originally powered an underground waterwheel, still in situ, then fed the cisterns of the Seven Stars Brewery. This was a complex of buildings dating from at least the late sixteenth century. There was a tanyard and a cloth factory in the mid-nineteenth century, the locus being converted to offices and flats in 1990. Next port- of-call was Avoncliff, a classic IA site containing relics of many past industries on the River Avon, the Kennet & Avon Canal and the railway, but with difficult road access. A weir on the river gave rise to a flock mill, now a private house, and on the north side a dilapidated small building was once was a chemical factory. The remarkable workhouse buildings became the HQ of the Textile mill landscape at Bradford on Avon Photo: Steve Dewhirst British Museum during WWII. Mike Stone led a post-lunch walk around Chippenham to take in the site of the first Rowland Brotherhood works, the remains of Silcock’s foundry, Westinghouse and Saxby & Farmers former locations, then continuing over the footbridge, giving a station overview, then on to the restored and re-erected Buttercross. Monday evening’s diversion consisted of a DVD by David Pollard (introduced as ‘Mr Quarry’) of the Bath stone mines, shot five years ago. It is estimated that 5 million cubic feet have been extracted; current production exceeds 10,000 tons annually. Pam Slocombe was busy again on the Tuesday, taking a party to Trowbridge where the emphasis was on the woollen textile industry. Trowbridge was described as the Manchester of the South West by 1820 but the woollen industry could not compete with cheaper imports and gradually declined during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The closure of Salter’s Home Mills in 1982 marked the end of the West of An extremely derelict water mill at the Avoncliff weir Photo: Steve Dewhirst England wool producing industry. The mill now

4—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147 The former Westinghouse premises at Chippenham Photo: Steve Dewhirst Honey Street Wharf on the Kennet & Avon Canal Photo: Barry Hood

houses the Trowbridge Museum which is dedicated to the history of the town and its former industry. Our guide, Ken Rogers, took us to Castle Court Factory (1830), once full of spinning jennies, and the adjacent Castle Factory (1828). Both building now house offices. We also saw a teasel drying house, domestic weaving shops, other spinning workshops, terraces of weavers’ houses and some handsome clothiers’ houses. There was a lunchtime stop in Great Hinton at The Linnet which has an attached woollen workshop of 1816 which became the pub’s brewhouse. The afternoon visit was to Alex Moulton Bicycles and the Moulton Development Factory at The Hall, Bradford-on-Avon. We spent a very pleasant half hour with Dr Alex Moulton, a renowned engineer who has spent his life developing suspension systems for cars, buses and other vehicles. He designed the suspension for the Mini car in the Castle Mill at Trowbridge Photo: Steve Dewhirst 1950s and for the design and production of the Moulton bicycle from 1962. He showed us ‘The Hall’ of 1620 and a large 1901 greenhouse converted into a museum for Moulton Bicycles. The last visit was to J. & T. Beavan’s tannery, Sawtell’s feather and bedding factory and a spa, all at Midlands, Holt. Nicol Smith took a second group to the Knorr- Bremse Rail Systems factory in Melksham where we saw an amazing video on the production of station platform door systems, which are in demand from metro systems worldwide. The biggest project currently is an order of 1,100 sets for Dubai. We then toured the works, particularly the areas where Westinghouse fittings arrive from the train operating companies for complete repair and refurbishment. Our trip then took us right across Salisbury Plain, with John Watts providing the travelogue in his inimitable style. We took lunch at Harnham Mill, a fifteenth-century building, replacing a much earlier structure built originally as a paper mill. There are no less than three millraces. After many industrial A Trowbridge clothier’s house with attached workshops Photo: Steve Dewhirst metamorphoses the mill became a hotel and

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147—5 Warminster Maltings Photo: Steve Dewhirst The ‘Glue Pot’ in the Swindon Railway Village Photo: Barry Hood

restaurant in 1938. The afternoon was devoted to a walk around the water meadows, originally leased from the cathedral, where the various sluices (hatches) and water channels designed to flood the area to bring on the grass for foraging were explained by Hadrian Cook. The third group, led by Doug Roseaman, started at the Kennet & Avon Canal Trust’s museum in the old wharf warehouse at Devizes. This was followed by a 1½ mile walk down the spectacular restored Calne flight of 29 locks to create an appetite well satisfied by lunch at the Barge Inn, Seend. Mike Stone then led a walk through Calne, taking in such diverse sights as the pond where Joseph Priestley did his experiments with oxygen, the rent offices of the Wilts & Berks Canal Co. and the site where Messrs Harris cured their bacon. This most enjoyable day concluded at the Atwell-Wilson One of the traditional malting floors at Warminster Photo: Steve Dewhirst motor museum on the outskirts of the town. On Tuesday evening all enjoyed a visit to the Chippenham Museum and Heritage Centre, where, following a welcome from the lady Mayor, we partook of an excellent buffet, afterwards adjoining for a conducted tour of the new £11 million Swindon & Wiltshire History Centre, formally opened by the Princess Royal earlier this year. An evening to savour. Wednesday was the last day of multiple tours, Pam Slocombe being in charge of a visit to Warminster, once famous for its woollen cloth trade and corn market. In 1720 there were 36 malt houses in town, now only one. Warminster Maltings has over 200 customers in the UK and 50 worldwide. The owner Robin Appel showed us all the processes of malting and kilning. Britain’s oldest working floor malting and was founded by the Morgan family in 1840 and remodelled in 1879. Edwin Sloper Beavan joined Westminster Maltings and produced the very first genetically true variety of English Malting Barley called Plumage Archer in 1905. It remained unchanged Wadworth’s brewery of 1885 is a prominent feature in the centre of Devizes Photo: Steve Dewhirst for 50 years and Beavan was awarded an

6—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147 Honorary Doctorate by Cambridge University, not bad for a farmer’s son who left school at 14! In nearby Westbury we viewed the oldest public swimming pool in the country, given to the town in 1887 by the textile mill owner, W.H. Laverton. The building has recently been refurbished and is in splendid condition under an ornate iron roof. After lunch at Devizes we visited Wadworth’s Brewery Visitors’ Centre and the Northgate Brewery of 1885 which has been a major influence on the town’s economy and provider of beer in the south of England. We were taken to the stables to meet the four Shire horses which pull the drays in Devizes, then the sign writing section and were impressed by the artistry and talent of the sign writers. We then toured the brewery section. The nice young lady who was our guide promised us five different beer samples. The male members of the AIA were working their way through an interesting and tasteful selection when they were grabbed and marched out of the saloon to attend afternoon tea at the Wiltshire Heritage Museum! Here is one of the finest small museums that you can visit, a surprising treasure trove and a credit to the foresight of its founders and to the society that is running museum. It is run by the Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural The 1925 replica of the broad gauge locomotive ‘North Star’ in the GWR Steam Museum at Swindon History Society, founded in 1853, and moved to Photo: Barry Hood its current location in Long Street in 1873. The second tour was in the hands of Ivor than 12 cars a year. We visited the body and were too expensive and caused closure in 1937. Slocombe and David Pollard. The first stop was at assembly workshops where everything was The final day’s outings offered a choice of the Eastlays complex of Octavian, where the first impeccably clean and the work done with great visiting the National Monuments Record Centre 12 who had booked this tour descended 157 care. Michael gave us his full attention for an in the GWR drawing offices at Swindon under the steps into Corsham cellars. After passing through unforgettable visit. Next, to Malmesbury where tutelage of Keith Falconer, or STEAM, the much airlocks to control the humidity, they entered a Ratcliff’s Foundry of 1870 was a small foundry, updated and improved (since our 1992 visit) vast complex, 90 feet below ground, originally a forge and engineering shop for repairing museum of the GWR, housed in part of the stone mine, then a C.A.D., which now houses agricultural machinery and traction engines. Later locomotive, carriage and wagon works, under the pallets of wine, estimated to be worth a billion involved with Morris cars, and even servicing guidance of David Hyde. Highlights included one pounds in total. An 8-cylinder Lister engine domestic radios, the place now mainly repairs of Queen Victoria’s train carriages. Both parties provides the ventilation. The rest of the party hedge cutters and mowers, while the forge is then sallied round the railway village, one of the went to Bradford-on-Avon to admire Brunel’s used by an artistic blacksmith who acted as our best surviving examples of industrial housing. To broad gauge ‘wayside station’ of 1850 and the guide. The final stop was Dauntsey Lock on the a hotel in Marlborough High Street for a Elizabethan buildings close to the bridge. After a Wilts & Berks Canal. Our guide was Rachel substantial lunch, then to the Avonside foundry in short visit to the museum which contains an Banyard who is one of the prime movers in a Pewsey, supposedly built with left-over stone entire pharmacy, the party returned to collect the venture to restore 2 miles of the canal. Five from the railway embankment, and now a small troglodytes and then went on to Monks Park canalside cottages have been renovated, a lock heritage museum. When a Devizes well-boring Quarry which started in 1877 and worked until repaired and the canal dredged, but a road bridge machinery works went broke in 1899, the owners three years ago. Numbers of big blocks of remains a major obstacle. It was a privilege to of this establishment bought all the factory’s building stone (Jurassic limestone), valued at view this ambitious project. contents, and moved it into here, running it by hundreds of pounds apiece, are stacked at this On Wednesday evening Peter Cavis, keeper of line-shafting from a steam engine. They later site. 212 steps lead down to 72 acres of Nestles archives showed a fascinating film of the progressed onto servicing traction engines and subterranean workings, where there are many factory at Staverton. This started as a cloth mill the museum contains the remains of a forge, more cut. After a generous lunch at the Barge Inn which closed in 1891. It was bought by the Anglo- together with its implements, also a patent beside the Kennet & Avon Canal at Seend Cleeve, Swiss Condensed Milk Co. in 1897, which merged artesian well-boring machine, mounted on an ex- we walked over the fields to see remnants of the with Henry Nestle’s firm in 1905. The original RAF bomb trolley. iron ore pits, tramway and the site of the blast plant, which at one time made 2 tons of butter It had been an interesting and instructive furnaces works. The original ironmaster’s house per day, lasted till 1935, with the addition of a tin- week, based in a truly beautiful setting. Grateful has furnace slag incorporated into the gateposts. can making facility. In 1920 the first 12 lorries thanks particularly to the Slocombes and their Next, up onto Box Hill for gargantuan portions of were bought; in the 1960s production switched helpers for organising the trips, and to John cakes and tea at the Quarryman’s Arms before from being railway-based to become road-based, McGuiness et al for organising the conference. exploring the face of Hazelbury Quarry, situated and Nestle bought Crosse & Blackwell. It now Audio-visual technician Mike Read was on hand in a back garden. Worked from Roman times until makes breakfast cereals and yoghourt. Mike to ensure the smooth running of all the lectures. 1968, it extends underground to 320 acres, over Stone finished the evening with a discourse on We look forward to Lincoln 2009. the top of Box railway tunnel in places. George Hathaway’s butter churn making business The third group was taken by Nicol Smith to of 1867 in Chippenham. Refrigeration sounded the Invicta Car Co. at Chippenham, a business the death-knell for this occupation, and they founded in 2000 by Michael Bristow as a modern turned to constructing carpet sweepers with a re-creation of its historic forebear. Output is less patent of 1929. Being over-engineered, these

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147—7 Modern Military Matters: the twentieth century defence heritage of Britain

The topic for the 2008 pre-conference seminar at the same agricultural regime that has levelled Sue Morecroft from the Council for British Lackham was chosen because the terrain of many prehistoric remains elsewhere in the Archaeology continued this below-ground story Wiltshire proved suitable for large-scale military country. It is only recently, however, that the with an account of her research on the St John’s use in the twentieth century. The seminar was a twentieth century military remains themselves school air raid shelters at Redhill in Surrey (see IA fascinating occasion, bringing together have also been thought to be of archaeological News 144, pp 5-6). Whilst oral history suggests professionals and non-professionals, both groups significance! that occupants of the girls’ shelter learned to knit making a significant contribution to the study and Not far from the conference centre at during air alerts, the surviving wall art in the boys’ evaluation of twentieth century military sites. Lackham College is the multi-layered site of MOD shelter shows that the boys spent their time Corsham, with components above and below painting the flat shelter walls with panoramic Marilyn Palmer ground relating to nineteenth and twentieth murals of adventure stories such as Treasure century industrial and military heritage. Jane Island, Robinson Crusoe and Beowulf. Wiltshire’s chalk plateau, which had seen Phimester described how English Heritage had Archaeological survey of the wall art has extensive ritual use in prehistoric times, leaving commissioned Oxford Archaeology to complete a provided an interpretation of the phasing of the monuments like Stonehenge and Avebury, then Characterisation Study of the area, aimed at murals, insight into the organisation and working saw airfields and tank training grounds as well as achieving a holistic understanding of the site. She methods of the painters, and an awareness of settlements whose inhabitants suffered forcible described and illustrated how the nineteenth- social relationships between the occupants of the eviction for military purposes. The first two papers century underground stone mines and quarries, shelter. A comparison of each mural with written were focussed on the Salisbury Plain Training where tools and artefacts still survive, were taken texts has further suggested that the murals may Area belonging to the MoD, which covers an area over during World War II for military purposes. have been the focus for didactic instruction of 37,000 hectares, a space roughly the same size Tunnel Quarry was converted in 1938 for relating to wartime protocols, safety measures as the Isle of Wight. The advantages of this largely ammunition storage, and today this vast facility and perhaps future expectations. Sue provided a flat and open terrain were obvious to those retains a high level of survival, with an fascinating insight into life underground for looking for new training grounds for cavalry in underground platform and the conveyor belts children in the Second World War. The murals the late nineteenth century. Land purchases in used to carry ammunition extending into the 10 have been conserved with aid of an HLF grant 1897 started a process in which all other types of storage districts. Spring Quarry was converted as under the Local Heritage Initiative and some of land-use and users were forced out, as Rex a Ministry of Aircraft Production factory in 1943, the murals can be seen on the LHI website, Sawyer, a local historian and author, pointed out. primarily for the production of aircraft engines. www.lhi.org.uk. His topic was Little Imber on the Down, a remote Such operations entailed a huge influx of workers Later in the day, we moved on to consider village which until 65 years ago carried on its life and above ground a military landscape work on twentieth-century military heritage in a to a large extent untouched by the outside world. developed, the prominent feature of which were wider context. Historic Scotland has been taking In 1943 the villagers were all required to leave, to the welfare facilities including dance halls, shops a strong interest in this topic, and Talya Bagwell hand over Imber to the army for military training. and dining areas. Nor did activity cease at the end and Dr Elizabeth McCrone from their Scheduling Everyone believed that, after the war, those of the war: in 1961 the factory was converted to and Listing Teams gave an illustrated account of evicted would be allowed to return and Rex the Central Government War Headquarters from the audit they are undertaking of Scotland’s described and illustrated the long campaign which the Prime Minister and a nucleus of nineteenth and twentieth century military against officialdom which was waged by their ministers and senior officials would conduct the survivals. Since the coastline, for example, is not supporters. In the end, this was unsuccessful and survival and restoration phases of the Cold War. so developed as in England, there is remarkable Imber is now deserted and largely destroyed. This vast nuclear bunker could accommodate survival of ephemeral structures like anti-tank Terry Crawford, also a local historian and 4,000 staff for 30 days, completely divorced from blocks, coastal batteries and pill boxes. Their author, claimed that few places in Britain the outside world. Today, this bunker is symbolic paper raised the perennial question when experienced more upheaval during the Great War of the mutual distrust that existed between East thinking about twentieth century structures than Wiltshire. Soon after hostilities commenced, and West, housing an extensive assemblage of which were not intended to survive: poor hutted camps on and around Salisbury Plain were the artefacts required to communicate, govern materials and hasty construction, combined with hastily erected for more than 100,000 men of the country and sustain life. the devastating forces of coastal erosion, make Kitchener’s New Armies. A Canadian contingent of 31,000 men endured the extremely wet winter of 1914-15 there, mostly in tents, and Terry pointed out that with them was the original Winnie-the-Pooh, a bear brought to England by the regiment as an unofficial mascot who was then given to London Zoo!! He also described how evidence of military activities can still be found in many places, ranging from pre-war aircraft hangars and railway platforms to the regimental badges carved in the chalk hillsides near Fovant, on which regular maintenance is carried out by a voluntary group known as the Fovant Badges Society. This is an interesting parallel with the older chalk figures in Wiltshire such as the Westbury White Horse. English Heritage regard the Salisbury Plain Training Area as an area of unique archaeological survival in England, because its use by the army for over a The military badges cut on the chalk downs above the military camp and firing range at Fovant in Wiltshire during the Great century has meant that it has not been subject to War, seen here c.1918

8—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147 The ANZAC cemetery at the site of the large WW1 military camp at Codford on the edge of The future of Bletchley Park, the renowned WW2 code-breaking centre in Hertfordshire, is Salisbury Plain Photo: Peter Stanier under discussion these fascinating remains of Scotland’s wartime personalities. Public consultation, and the It was John Schofield, the Convenor of history a major conservation problem. completion of a detailed survey of the buildings English Heritage’s Military and Naval Strategy Equally, Alan Johnson from English Heritage and their landscape setting, informed the final Group, who fronted the Modern Military Matters discussed the complexity of the Ministry of drafting of a Values paper and its incorporation research agenda which was published by the CBA Defence historic estate in England, which includes into the master planning for the site and its in 2005. As a prehistorian, John has always been 657 listed buildings which vary enormously in age development as both a museum and business interested in how the processes of change and and character from purpose-designed military park linked in to its wider area. This flexible creation shaped the landscape and generated structures such as barracks, armouries, dockyards approach has enabled the character, value and new types of monument and material culture and airfields to farmhouses, cottages and country sensitivity to change of identified areas of the site from which archaeologists try to interpret and houses. In addition there are 664 scheduled to be made available on the point of need. understand the past. He has turned his attention monuments which include standing structures Jeremy made it clear, though, that it is not to the contemporary past, the world which we such as fortifications as well as earthworks, ruins always plain sailing on this project and that many ourselves shape and influence in our everyday and buried remains. He pointed out that although problems still remain to be resolved. The viable lives. His views have been published in English many of the listed or scheduled buildings long-term conservation of such sites is heavily Heritage’s Change and Creation: England’s continue to make an operational contribution, reliant on cooperation and joint-working Landscape Character 1950-2000 and in Images of some are redundant or in poor repair. between a wide variety of interests and Change: an Archaeology of England’s Consequently, the architects and historic disciplines. They can be some of the most Contemporary Landscape, edited by Sefryn buildings inspectors of Government Historic challenging historic sites to conserve for future Penrose and published in 2007. In his Estates Unit (GHEU) of English Heritage are generations, and ‘experts’ need to develop new presentation, John reviewed some of the work increasingly involved in advising on the rescue of ways of informing debates at a local and national carried out by English Heritage on modern buildings in this latter category. Some are level. There is a broad range of values associated military matters but also asked whether it was classified as Buildings at Risk (BARs) and the with historic places, which include an indeed right to separate out modern military from MoD has more of these than any other understanding of evident historic and modern ‘everything else’? He pointed out that we government department. The increasingly architectural importance through to associated lump diverse activities together for earlier periods specialised forms of modern military structures and less tangible values, such as their value to the because it makes more sense to consider them in erected closer to the present day often pose community and their sense of place. Military sites this way, and because themes such as military, bigger challenges for conservation, adaptation represent or reflect shared values and meanings industrial and settlement etc are generally inter- and re-use. Decisions about their future need to in a number of ways, each of which have an connected. In the modern period, he suggested, be based on a thorough understanding of their impact on the way that they are managed and the connections are even more significant and heritage value which can be summarised in a presented to present and future generations. arguably even more interesting: the connections statement of significance. Some buildings and Jon Lowe of CgMs then demonstrated how between military and industrial activity is, of monuments merit recording and architectural the role of archaeology has become increasingly course, especially strong in the twentieth century, investigation and this type of research can be important in the decision making process and in something highly relevant to the interests of AIA. used as the basis for a conservation management the securing of adequate records of military sites. He therefore suggested that perhaps we should plan, setting out policies to guide future use. Alan As an archaeological contractor, he discussed not think just about military sites per se, but to therefore provided an insight into the problems of how modern military sites pose new and work in a more holistic, multi-dimensional and caring for such sites and buildings, a problem also interesting challenges and how contractors might cross-thematic framework which would include, faced by Historic Scotland. contribute to an understanding of the material of course, the values that different people place Jeremy Lake described how English Heritage legacy and the role of such places. His paper was on these sites which have significant meanings has also become involved in discussions over the illumined by his experiences at some of the most and even memories for many of them. future of Bletchley Park, which many AIA members fascinating sites presented in the course of the I am very grateful to all our speakers who visited from the Hatfield conference. This site has, seminar, including the USAF/RAF Greenham contributed to this seminar. Next year’s seminar since its secret history was announced to the Common base, the WWII Harris Lebus factory at Lincoln also hopes to bring different groups of public in 1979, gained global renown as a code- staff air raid shelter in Tottenham and the Maze people together, on this occasion not just breaking centre where (as a result of the Prison in Belfast. Many of the speakers had industrial archaeologists but also those with development of machinery to process and decrypt referred in the course of their papers to the interests in local history or family history who are data) the world’s first stored programme emotions generated by working as an contributing in some way to the study of our computer was developed. It is widely valued, but archaeologist on such sites which are now industrial past. If you have any ideas for this, then opinions have differed over its precise role and historic, and Jon’s photographs brought this do please contact Richard Hartree via the legends (not always accurate) have been formed home to his audience. John Schofield described it Ironbridge Office as he will be convening next out of its extraordinary role and remarkable as ‘heritage that hurts’. year’s seminar.

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147—9 AIA NEWS AIA Awards 2008 houses and requiring fewer metal castings. TV important work local societies do by recording The number of awards now given annually by the presenter Anna Ford performed the operation local sites, thus adding to the national data about Association for Industrial Archaeology has grown initiation ceremony on 12 May 2008 (see IA News of our industrial heritage. so much as a result of generous legacies and 146, page 11). The award was accepted at the donations that we devoted half an afternoon at AIA conference by Nick Morgan secretary of the the Annual Conference in Wiltshire to hearing Bull Engine Restoration Committee presentations from the winners about what they had done. The actual awards were presented later by Professor Angus Buchanan, the Society’s President, at the Annual Dinner. The Peter Neaverson Award This is a new award to honour the memory of Peter Neaverson, a long-standing Council member and joint Editor of Industrial Archaeology Review for nearly 20 years. It is Ron Martin (Initiative Award) given for outstanding scholarship in industrial The Student Winner was Lee Gregory for his archaeology. The first of these awards was made Nick Morgan (Dorothea Award for Conservation) MA dissertation (University of Manchester) to last year’s Rolt Memorial Lecturer, Dr Colin ‘Under Slate Grey Victorian Sky’. This was an Rynne of the University of Cork, for his excellent piece of research which married magnificent Industrial Ireland 1750-1930: an Fieldwork and Recording Awards excavation evidence with census data to create a Archaeology. This well illustrated book strikes a The entries for the 2008 Fieldwork and Recording picture of the Victorian Slums of Ancoats. Not only nice balance between the two sides in the current Awards were of an exceptionally high standard. were the buildings examined but the also the debates about the future directions of industrial The Main Award winner this year was Mike community that inhabited them, a mixture of Irish archaeology, setting the scene in the first chapter Williams (together with Lucy Jessop) from English and Italian immigrants, distributed amongst local but then covering familiar topics such animal, Heritage who produced a detailed report on the people who were predominately employed in the wind and water power, roads and bridges, textiles Tone Works near Wellington Somerset (NBR textile trades. Gregory found that while the Irish and so on. 76469 ISSN 1749 8775). This was a cloth finishing predominately came to work in the textile trade, and dye works which had belonged to Fox the Italians appear to colonise one street, Gun Brothers & Co. The report combines detailed Street, and brought other trades to the area such recording of the buildings and machinery with as ice cream maker (9 in Gun Street in 1901!) surviving documentary evidence, demonstrating biscuit maker (2) and Organ Grinder/Player (3). To effectively how the site functioned and evolved these people the area was not a slum but their over time. The site itself, located on the River home. Tone, comprises a large ‘well-preserved complex The organiser for these awards, Dr Victoria of one and two-storeyed buildings, ponds and Beauchamp, would like to throw open for debate watercourses ranging, ranging from the early amongst the membership the possibility of nineteenth to the early twentieth century’. Most changing the titles of this group of awards. of the machinery for the dying and finishing Increasingly, we are receiving for consideration processes remain in nearly working condition, excellent professionally produced reports such as Colin Rynne (Peter Neaverson Award) and there is also good survival of the power this year’s winner and we hope will continue. systems. The excellent company records allowed However, we also recognise that many of you The Dorothea Award for EH to date accurately many of the features of the may not be entering because you feel you cannot building and machinery. compete even though, as Ron Martin has shown, Conservation you are producing excellent pieces of fieldwork The 2008 Dorothea Award went to The Kew and recording of important local sites. Victoria Bridge Steam Museum volunteers for the would therefore like to propose we split the main conservation and restoration of the 70-inch Bull award into: Type Cornish engine, still on its original site. One (a) Professional Archaeologist (someone who is of five original steam pumping engines situated paid for the work) at Kew Bridge Steam Museum, West London (the (b) Local Industrial Archaeologist/Society Award former Brentford pumping station), the engine (voluntary and not paid!) was built by Harvey & Co. of Hayle between 1857 and that we retain the Student Award to and 1859 and ran until the station was encourage the industrial archaeologists of the decommissioned in 1944. This type of engine was future. developed in Cornwall in the late eighteenth Please send any comments to Victoria at century by Edward Bull in direct competition with Mike Williams (Main Fieldwork and Recording Award) [email protected] or send a letter to IA the conventional beam engines being produced News. She would particularly value suggestions by Boulton & Watt. Bull’s design dispensed with The Initiative Award went to Ron Martin of as to the title of the awards. the need for the massive cast iron beam & engine Sussex Industrial Society for Barlavington, West house which were typical of the conventional Sussex, Duncton Water Mill Report. This again is Watt beam engine. One of the major an excellent example of the recording of a VISIT THE AIA advantages of this configuration was that the Bull complex site. Ron’s superbly detailed drawings engines were cheaper to buy than beam engines reveal the development of the site and give some WEBSITE as they were much more compact and easier to insight into how it functioned, including an erect, needing considerably smaller engine unusual sack hoist. This entry highlights the www.industrial-archaeology.org.uk

10—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147 AIA NEWS Publication Awards Essay Award Affiliated Societies Weekend at These received a lot of entries this year as a result The aim of this award particularly is to encourage Ironbridge 4-5 April 2009: of our new leaflet but please keep them coming. younger people to send in essays often written as The Occasional Publications went to Ken part of their courses on industrial or post- ‘Conservation Planning for Redmore, Society for Lincolnshire History and medieval archaeology. This year’s winner was Collections’ Archaeology, for his Ploughs, Chaff Cutters and Hilary Orange of University College, London, for We propose to offer a weekend to consider Steam Engines, a well illustrated account of her essay based on her PhD research on public planning for long-term sustainability and various agricultural implement makers in perceptions and experiences of Cornish tin and maintenance of Societies’ collections – Lincolnshire. copper mining landscape, entitled ‘Industrial everything from engines to archives. We hope to Archaeology: its place within the academic include topics relating to the following questions: discipline, the public realm and the heritage • How does your society look after its industry’. We wish her every success in her future. objects/archives? • Who will succeed your maintenance team/person? • SPAB Mills Section has a programme to train millwrighting apprentices; where is the equivalent for other kinds of sites? • Can we put together a network of ‘experts’ who could be called on to help (not just Ken Redmore (Occasional Publications Award) ‘professionals’). There must be a lot of expertise at a local level which someone in The Journals Award was presented to Alan another region would be grateful to be able to contact. Or is there? Brittan of the Leicester Industrial History Society Hilary Orange (Essay Award) for a memorial issue of their journal which • How do you store your archives/paperwork? commemorated two of their former members, You are all reminded that the deadline for the Is some/all of it in need of attention and Dick Thomson and Peter Neaverson. Peter had Fieldwork and Recording Awards. Publications better storage? What are you doing with all been the Editor of this journal for twenty years Awards and Essay Award for 2009 is 31 March. those photographs and slides? and Alan republished – with much better maps – The Peter Neaverson Award has an earlier • How can you secure the long-term future of some of the articles with which Peter had been deadline of 1 December 2008 to enable the your collection (and your site)? involved over the years. judges to get hold of the nominated books or articles and read them! Entries for the Dorothea In many areas we are getting to be two Award for Conservation can be received at any generations away from those who worked with time. and maintained engines and other machines. I Please send all entries to the AIA Liaison went to a very good day meeting several years Officer, AIA Office, The Ironbridge Institute, ago where succession planning for long-term Ironbridge Gorge Museum, Coalbrookdale, maintenance had been thought about, and Telford, Shropshire TF8 7DX implemented: basically a form of apprenticeship Victoria Beauchamp, David Lyne, within the museum. A volunteer was assigned to Marilyn Palmer & Ian West the person who currently maintained the machine, to learn and to keep a record of repairs NOTE: All photographs by Mark Sissons except and the quirks and peculiarities of its operation. for that of Mike Williams which was taken by Nick How could this kind of approach be implemented Morgan. Alan Brittan (Journals Award) in the long term? Is it a satisfactory way of doing things? What have been your experiences? The Newsletters Award, a category for which There are two references which relate to the we had the largest number of entries, went once THE AIA OFFICE HAS MOVED conservation of collections of artefacts at sites again to the Waterworks Museum, Hereford, for The AIA Office is now located at Ironbridge. The and in museums in Kate Clark’s book Informed their Waterworlds, Autumn, 2007. This is contact details are: Anne Lowes, AIA Liaison Conservation (2001). On page 65, under 6.3 produced on glossy paper which resulted in Office, The Ironbridge Institute, Ironbridge Gorge Management Plans: ‘curatorial professions may excellent reproduction of the many photographs Museum, Coalbrookdale, Telford TF8 7DX. also produce collections management plans’, and it contained. This award was received by Derek Telephone: 01325 359846, on page 67 under Conservation Plans ‘[they] can Duffett on behalf of the Museum. Email: [email protected]. be useful where …the site has several different New members types of heritage and cultural assets (e.g. buildings, landscapes, collections, ecology).’ The AIA welcomes the following new members: Buildings, landscapes and ecology have all been M.A. Blackburn, Llanfairfechan targeted over the past few years – what about P.J.J. Gibbons, Reading collections? A. Lowes, Darlington I am asking for potential speakers/ A.T. Robb, Penzance participants who can share their knowledge and Juan Manuel Cano Sanchiz, Cordoba advice – what to do, and what not to do. Mr & Mrs D.P. Timmons, Thaxted Christine Ball, Affiliated Societies Officer Mr & Mrs J.F.G. Warren, Wellingborough [email protected]

Derek Duffett (Newsletter Award)

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147—11 LETTERS Ashley Mill in Oldham milling. Later in the 1850s the focus shifted to the the finishing trades throughout its industrial life. IA News 146 contained an item in Roger Holden’s manufacturing of saw mill machinery, agricultural By the early 19th century there were 12 textile North West England column which was of great tools and boat building. In last hundred years finishing sites along a 4km stretch of valley, of personal interest, namely the closure of the industry powerhouses such as Canadian General which six were founded in the late 18th century. Ashley Mill in Oldham. The mill featured greatly in Electric and Quaker Oats became the base for The first of these sites established was the our family life, since my mother, Lilian, was a Peterborough’s modern industrial development. Woodhill Bleach and Dye Works opened in 1786, weaver there. She started there, aged 12, as a The Otonabee River was the important factor is whilst the last working site was the Kirklees half-timer in 1919. There was such a shortage of all of this and still is a focal point of the city. Bleach Works which closed in the 1960’s’. mill hands that although the school-leaving age Our city’s Heritage Preservation Office is very Much of this statement is incorrect. Seven of had been raised to 14, those over 12 could work young, only 5 or 6 years old, but there has been a the 12 mills did not originate as finishing sites. for half a day and attend school the other half, great movement of built heritage preservation Woodhill Bleach & Dye Works was not alternating mornings and afternoons on a weekly here since the early 1970s. I have been granted established until 1857, reusing a Woolen Mill basis. Her first week’s earning was a six penny time to research and write a policy/procedural erected in 1806; Kirklees Mill was built as a piece, given to her by the lady who was teaching type document to use as a template for dealing cotton spinning mill in 1791, and was listed in the her. She took to it like a duck to water and by the with historic/industrial sites and recording them Crompton census of 1811; Tottington Mill was time she was 16 she was looking after six looms. in both the archaeological and heritage records. grinding corn in the 18th century and spinning Four was the usual number. What I wish to ask from you at the Association for cotton until 1821; and Woolfold Bleach Works The Ashley Mill was about 250 yards from her Industrial Archaeology, a known leader in the was converted to a paper mill in 1860. parental home. By the time she was in her early preservation of industrial sites, are some Furthermore, Brookhouse Mill, Croston Clough 20s she was the sample weaver, that is, the one comments or recommendations for the processes Mill, Ferns Cotton Mill, and Bottoms Mill were all who wove the show pieces by which the firm of identifying and preserving the history and built for spinning cotton, and none of these gained its orders. She married my father, Fred, a stories of these sites. Additionally a large part of became finishing sites. Hardly a unique valley, cotton mule spinner, in 1932, and was promptly this initiative will be placed on education and then. sacked as it was company policy and the general promoting awareness that needs to be first Anyone wishing to enlighten themselves practice of the industry not to employ married established to provide access to these cultural regarding the origins and nature of textile women. But, the depression had arrived. The firm resources. manufacture in the Pennine uplands should needed all the orders it could get, and she was Andrew Nichols, Heritage Researcher, acquire a copy of the excellent pioneering work asked to come back by the owner, Benjamin Lees, Heritage Preservation Office, by A.V. Sandiford & T.E. Ashworth The Forgotten son of the founder of the same name. I was born City of Peterborough, Ontario, Canada Valley, published in 1981, by the Bury Local in 1936 and she stopped weaving. e-mail: [email protected] History Society (www.burylhs.org.uk). Frequently The mill was known by most of us as ‘Benny overlooked by later researchers, this is a Lees’ (work)shop’. There were 500 looms, you can thoroughly well-researched and well-illustrated imagine the racket. As kids we were allowed to A unique valley? booklet, and can still be used as a field guide to look in the weaving shed and wave to family Michael Nevell, in his article ‘The Archaeology of the industrial archaeology of the fascinating friends – of my mother’s that is. Industrialisation and the Textile Industry’, in Cheesden Valley, to the north of Manchester. I was very happy to be allowed to give a Industrial Archaeology Review volume XXX.1 Mark Fletcher Member’s Contribution at last year’s Conference. (p.46), claimed that ‘The Kirklees Valley is unique Matrix Archaeology Ltd, Kenwood House, I spoke about my family and the district we lived in the region in being exclusively dominated by Kenwood Road, Stretford, Manchester M32 8PT in. We were ‘all cotton’: dad a spinner, mother a weaver, auntie a reeler, as was grandma; mother’s father a foreman fitter at the great New Hartford AIA VISIT TO ROMANIA APRIL 2009 Works, belonging to Platt Brothers; uncle worked The mountain area of Banat, an important there, also a fitter; paternal grandpa, who I never former industrial region in north-eastern knew, worked in on of Platt’s foundries. Romania, is the main objective in this 4 to Now, with the Ashley gone, an era ends. I will 5 day visit being arranged for us by Irina go back to visit my old district (Westwood) in Iamandescu from Romanian Association Oldham, and I will pick up faint echoes of rattling for Industrial Archaeology. Among the weaving sheds and spinning mills as I look at the sites are a series of 22 preserved and new houses. operational horizontal water mills and P.S. the firm owning the Ashley at the end was associated timber dams, some still grinding Lees-Newsome, not ‘Less’. grain, an extraordinary site of exceptional Fred Brook value considered worthy of international recognition; a spectacular mountain Redburn, Bardon Mill, Northumberland One of a series of 22 horizontal water mills, Rudaria Valley railway serving an important former coal mine with a huge early twentieth century Industrial preservation in Canada steam winding engine manufactured in – advice sought Budapest, and a working hydroelectric system of canals, power stations and a I work for my city’s Heritage Preservation Office in narrow gauge railway. The plan is to Peterborough, Ontario Canada. Peterborough has assemble in Bucharest on 20 April before an extremely rich and diverse history with many travelling by train to Timisoara, the main museums, living history sites and other cultural city of Banat, for excursions in the area and landscapes making it a great place to live. The eventual return by coach to Bucharest. history of Peterborough is intrinsically related to the development of industry. From its beginnings See the insert with this mailing for further in the 1820s lumber milling was the first major details. Hydroelectric power station, Grebla processing industry followed closely by grain

12—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147 NEWS

Robin and her rivets Robin is in need of a berth. She obtaining insurance certification. In June the SS Robin resembled a is likely to remain in Lowestoft until Rivetting is still carried out for Thames upriver ‘flatiron’ collier; her after Crossrail’s work in London has traditional steam boilers but here funnel, masts and ventilators having commenced. The east end of the the number of rivets is relatively been removed to reduce her air West India Import Dock will then be small compared with that for a ships draught ready for the move to impassable for a number of years so hull where thousands rather than Lowestoft and repair. To get Robin she can’t go back to her old berth at about a hundred may be required. out from her old berth at West India the west end of the Dock near the Priors at Yarmouth (see IA News 128 Quay, London, and to a place where Museum in Docklands. Trinity Buoy page 3) did do some rivetting on P S a sea going tug could be employed Wharf at the mouth of Bow Creek in Waverley and they are proud of their was relatively difficult, numerous London would be unsuitable as work but at most this involved just a bridges both fixed and movable had ships there have to sit on the mud at few hundred rivets. With large to be negotiated. On 14 June 2008 a low water. VIC 56 used to be kept numbers of rivets there are pair of launch-type dock tugs here and although this small ship, problems with health and safety together with some small an enlarged version of a Clyde legislation, drafted to cover cold supporting craft accomplished the puffer, was better suited to this rivetting with a power hammer. first part of the journey. This was treatment than Robin would be, it Rivetters doing this work can suffer beset with some difficulty but in a was not good for the VIC. She from ‘white knuckle syndrome’ if few hours Robin was safely moved to a better location at they do too much and the number of The stern of SS Robin on the slip at Chatham in Autumn 2005. rivets a man can do in this way is Lowestoft, July 2008 reberthed about half a mile to the Photo: R J M Carr southeast in South Dock, near the Robin presently looks very restricted by law. For SS Robin we entrance lock, where she waited for exciting out of the water and her are considering hot rivetting for two weeks. fine lines can now be better which the rivet is soft and rivetting is always necessary and On Saturday 28 June 2008 the appreciated. For some it seems a vibrational health hazards there can be especially awkward sea-going tug Napia, 900hp, pity to put her back in the water and considerably less. However the places. In a gang of men the chief propelled Robin stern first hide much of that beautiful hull. health and safety rules cover all rivetter was often the one who downriver and out into the Thames However if Robin is to remain in the rivetting whether hot or cold. could do it left-handed over his Estuary in the manner of a dumb dry she would need to be very well If extensive welding has to be head. With skills like this, such a barge. From here Robin was towed supported and in any case it is not done on SS Robin we have a classic person could command high wages. bow first in a conventional manner. good for a ship to remain like this dilemma. We will be replacing a In mid August a television crew Fortunately the weather remained indefinitely. historic artefact at least in parts visited Robin on the slipway in fair and Robin‘s hull surprisingly The steam drifter Lydia Eva (see with a modern pastiche in order that Lowestoft and recorded rivetting in watertight. The next morning Robin IA News 126 page 15) has recently the whole exhibit can survive, and in progress. Some of this footage arrived to a good welcome in had extensive repairs with a the recent past there has been much should appear in the BBC TV Lowestoft. She was later put on a considerable proportion of her hull agonising over the ethics of this programme ‘Coast’. Passengers slipway at Small’s Yard, in itself not plates being replaced. This was done situation, e.g. by the major National travelling by train in and out of that straightforward as Robin was by welding, imitation rivet heads Museums. Advice is that if parts of Lowestoft railway station get an too long for the cradle and extra being welded on to give a more Robin are to be replaced some good excellent view of Robin close to the support had to be devised for the authentic appearance. However samples of the original work should track to the south. It is hoped to stern. Out of the water Robin now imitation rivet heads can look be kept for display in order to report further on the progress of the looks superb. dreadful on a ship’s hull – obviously illustrate late nineteenth century work. Now in Lowestoft there has fake. The steel ship’s boat currently rivetting techniques. Robert Carr been a dilemma as to how the work on board SS Great Britain in Bristol Instead of rivetting, tension on Robin is to be carried out. Should is a good example of this. There are controlled bolts (TCB) can be Goonvean Engine going the new work be rivetted or too many rivet heads close together, substituted which look the same on home? welded? Rivetting is still done in clearly not doing anything as there the outside but these are probably places abroad. Apparently there are are no overlapping plates. It has less than ideal for a ship’s hull. One At one time the dismantling, plenty of rivetters in Norway. In been hoped if possible to avoid this might also consider a more up-to- transportation and re-erection of Germany replacement steel girders with Robin. date way of carrying out the work Cornish beam engines was a for historic bridges are still Extensive advice has been by using a rivetting machine to common activity in their home constructed traditionally using sought and the consensus is that avoid the white-knuckle problem. county. Not so today, but those rivets, and closer to home Dorothea rivetting is definitely better than The machine might be computer fortunate enough to be at the Restoration has carried out this kind welding – the plates are pulled controlled with the holes in the Goonvean china clay pit near St. of work. tightly together when a red-hot rivet plates and frames flame cut. This Austell in early September were able The paddle steamer Medway cools. However, rivetting skills are could easily achieve very great to witness such a rare event. Queen is if anything in a worse state scarce and large numbers of rivets precision and a really excellent The 50-inch beam engine at than Robin and it is likely that the would be required. Traditionally the result, unobtainable by hand. In any Goonvean was one of only two vessel will be virtually rebuilt. A rivetting of ships hulls was done by case it is desirable that the holes be remaining in the china clay country. completely new rivetted ship should a gang of men who could work flame cut or drilled, the old method It was built by Harvey of Hayle in emerge. We might compare this quickly, something like bricklayers of punching holes introduces stress 1863 for the Penhalls Mine, near St. situation with the extensive used to. In the UK there are not and the finished structure is Agnes. In 1885 it moved to the refurbishment of PS Waverley (see people with these skills. The current consequently weaker. nearby Trevaunance Mine and in IA News 128 pages 2 & 3). Having a technology is welding and there are The traditional hydraulic 1902 moved again to Gooninnis, new coastal paddle steamer capable many workers with good skills and it rivetting machine usually has a G- still in the St. Agnes area. In 1910 it of carrying passengers for many is reliable. There are also clamp shape. It has to be suspended came to Goonvean, and the date is years to come is an attractive appropriate surveyors experienced over the work and can’t reach incised over the cylinder doorway of proposition if funds can be found. in approving this work and everywhere on a ship. Some hand the engine house. The transfer of

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147—13 NEWS engines from Cornish mines to china As dismantling progressed the by English China Clays. It runs on or scheme for restoration agreed, clay pits was a common occurrence engine revealed another secret. The compressed air and is run on and ‘F’ schemes of restoration or at this time. In 1928 the original cladding of the valve chest had occasional Open Days. Other adaption already under way, with beam of the engine was found to clearly been renewed at some time, engines from the clay are the 30- final use identified. With exceptions have cracked. Holman Brothers of as it bore the name of Sara’s inch engine from Greensplat at for what seem to me to be Camborne cast a new beam, which Foundry, Camborne. This may have Wendron Forge and the 22-inch particularly significant sites, I have this was certainly the last beam ever been part of the 1928 rebuild. The rotary from Rostowrack in pieces at only included properties assessed A, made in Cornwall and probably in engine was also fitted with a ‘St. King Edward Mine, while the B (rapid deterioration likely, solution the world. At the same time the Austell Governor’, a locally devised Science Museum owns a 40-inch agreed but not implemented) and C cylinder was re-bored. The engine mechanism to ensure the engine Harvey engine from Carpalla pit, (slow decay, no solution agreed) or pumped at the Goonvean pit until maintained a regular stroke. stored in a dismantled state. where the condition is Very Bad. 1956. On 2 September the Kew team My thanks to Kingsley Rickard Otherwise I have selected those For some time the Goonvean & removed the top part of the engine of the Trevithick Society for properties most likely to be Rostowrack China Clay Co. has been and the remaining pump rods additional information and significant to the study of the seeking to remove the engine and attached to the beam. The next day photographs. industrial period, with the exception demolish its house and ancillary contractors took the roof off the Graham Thorne of specialist industrial buildings buildings. This is to enable clay to be engine house. Seven days later, earlier than about 1700. Bridges are extracted from the site. Because before an invited audience, the The Red List – England’s only included if they are of technical both engine and engine house were beam was lifted from its bearings interest. Also included are listed Grade II*, some complex and swung to the ground. industrial heritage at specialised workers’ housing, and negotiations had to take place to Contemporary accounts quote the risk buildings built to service the new facilitate this. The building, on the weight of the Holman beam at 20 English Heritage published its farming methods of the eighteenth edge of the pit had become unstable tons and the crane weighed it at 19 Heritage at Risk Register in July and early nineteenth centuries. and, exceptionally, English Heritage ¾ tons. On 19 September the 50- 2008, extending the previous Buildings associated with large did not object to its demolition and inch cylinder, exhaust pipe, steam Buildings at Risk surveys to include country houses and estates are only the relocation of the engine. pipe and remaining timbers were Scheduled Monuments, Registered included if they used new building Agreement having been reached, lifted out. All items were then Parks and Gardens, Registered materials such as iron or concrete, plans were made by a team from labelled and packed into a container Battlefields and Protected Wreck housed industries or provided Kew Bridge to dismantle the engine. pending transfer to Hayle. Sites. Clearly there are significant services such as water, gas or It would then be moved to Hayle, The engine will eventually be re- advantages in bringing together all electricity supply. Fortifications are where it was built, and re-erected by erected at Hayle, where the Harvey’s the sites of historic or other only included if their construction the Harvey’s Foundry Trust. Foundry Trust, ING and The Prince’s significance into one volume. The used new building materials. The engine was thought to be in Regeneration Trust have formed a Register has 1,680 entries, varying Remember that the AIA cannot a relatively poor state. It had been partnership to do this. They intend to from buildings in a state of collapse possibly write to the relevant idle since 1956 and there was a restore the engine to working order with no moves toward a restoration authorities about all these sites, and period in the late 1980s when the and install it in a new building on the scheme, to others where restoration it is up to individuals in each area to engine house had no roof and the Old Gasworks Site with full public is already well under way and the take action, rally support and make a plug door was missing, allowing access. When the house at Goonvean future seems assured. While in most case for the rescue and preservation water ingress. The team from Kew is demolished, the 1910 incised cases the problems are caused by of sites they believe to be important. Bridge was consequently surprised keystone and some coins will be neglect and decay, in some cases the In many areas the local planning how easily the various pieces came preserved with the engine in Hayle. threat may be land or coast erosion. authorities maintain a Buildings at apart. The most difficult activity was Now only one Cornish engine For most of England only Scheduled Risk register, which will include to remove the outdoor nose pin remains in the clay country, where Monuments and buildings listed Grade 2 buildings not covered in this supporting the pump rod. Heat once there were dozens. The 50-inch Grade 1 or 2* are included, but in national survey, and for those treatment and hydraulic pullers engine at Parkandillack, built by London coverage extends to all concerned about a particular area were needed 85 feet up on a cherry Harvey’s rivals at Copperhouse Grade 2 buildings. enquiries to the planning authority picker! Foundry in Hayle, is preserved in situ It should be of interest to AIA are the first step. There is no clear members that I have compiled a list rural/urban pattern of authorities from 212 sites found on the register which do maintain a register. Most deemed to be of industrial important, perhaps, is the fact that archaeological interest and therefore many planning authorities and listing of concern to us all. This can be inspectors have been very reluctant viewed on the AIA’s website: and, despite recent changes in www.industrial-archaeology.org.uk. guidance, remain reluctant to list any The properties are grouped, as in the post-1800 buildings unless they are original publication, by region and considered to be of architectural local planning authority. The full merit, with the occasional exception register can be viewed on the English of structures associated with well Heritage website: www.english- known and significant engineers or heritage.org.uk. Within it, go to innovators. Certainly, there are many Heritage at Risk and the appropriate structures of great industrial region. archaeological significance which are The condition of each structure unlisted and only local awareness is graded as: Very Bad, Poor, Fair and and action can do anything to ensure Good. The level of risk is assessed on their survival or at the very least a scale of A to F, with ‘A’ at risk of make a proper record. Lifting out the massive beam at Goonvean pit Photo: Kingsley Rickard rapid decay or collapse with no plan David Alderton

14—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147 NEWS Lancashire textile mills highlighted regeneration of urban areas and the ‘recycling’ of assessment survey existing land and buildings with During the 1980s, county-wide the development of ‘brownfield’ surveys of textile mills in West sites. Moreover, the continuing Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, and decline of traditional East Cheshire were supported by the manufacturing industry has led to former Royal Commission on the economic diversification and the Historical Monuments of England continuing loss of former textile (RCHME). The principal aim of these mills. surveys was to produce as full a In response to the current record as possible of the buildings of threat to the county’s rich the textile industry, and to examine industrial heritage, the Lancashire their importance in the architectural Textile Mills Assessment Survey heritage of the region. The surveys has been initiated by Lancashire also created a reliable information County Council, in partnership base to provide consistent with English Heritage, who has information on all the extant mills, provided the funding. The which could be used by the District principal aim is to develop a Planning Authorities when assessing database of the state of textile- applications for new developments. manufacturing sites in Lancashire, For several reasons, however, based on cartographic historic textile-manufacturing sites information and other primary in Lancashire were not subject to a sources. Textile-manufacturing survey at that time and, sites are taken to comprise the consequently, an adequate preparation, spinning, weaving information base that can be and finishing of organic textiles, consulted to assess development including cotton, wool, silk, proposals and their impact on the fustian, and jute, and man-made surviving industrial heritage is fabrics, such as oilcloth and rayon. presently lacking; there are thought Ancillary works that were to be between 2,000 and 2,500 demonstrably part of the textile textile-manufacturing sites in industry, such as finishing works, Lancashire, although there are only iron foundries, and engineering approximately 1,000 recorded on works that produced textile the county Historic Environment machinery, are also to be included. Record (HER). The specific objectives of the HER, develop an initial database completely. The Industrial, Maritime, The twenty-first century has project are to identify from primary that is coupled to a geographic Aviation and Transport Technologies brought increasing pressures for the sources all the textile- information system (GIS), produce a (IMATT) Training Scheme is redevelopment of mills and manufacturing sites in Lancashire, desk-based survey, and update the administered and co-ordinated by associated historic industrial sites, review the existing baseline data on Lancashire HER. It is intended that Hampshire County Council not least through the government’s such sites held in the Lancashire the results will also be used for Museums and Archives Service. The Urban Task Force, which has determining more precisely what Heritage Lottery Fund has awarded further stages of field assessment £360,500 to provide bursaries in will need to be developed to heritage skills training over a four- safeguard the remains of the year period. Aimed specifically at county’s internationally significant restoration and conservation industrial heritage. practitioners in the industrial and The assessment survey is being transport heritage sector, these carried out on behalf of Lancashire bursaries offer applicants the County Council by Oxford chance to enhance their skills and Archaeology North, and the process experience. of data gathering is now firmly The scheme is open equally to underway. Further information on volunteers and paid staff. It is based the project can be obtained from the on a national network of training Project Manager, Ian Miller, at centres at established heritage Oxford Archaeology North institutions that can offer specialist ([email protected]). training. The very wide range of Ian Miller skills being offered include practical ‘on the bench’ training and practical Is IMATT for you? operational skills in the A major survey carried out in late maintenance and operation of 2005 made clear the precarious machinery/transport. Apart from the state of traditional skills across the main areas of practical training in all sector. The message was that the transport disciplines the scheme can offer specialist training in the Talbot Mill, Chorley, was the largest integrated spinning and weaving mill in Lancashire something needed to be done now when built in 1906/7. The mill was demolished in 2002 Photo: © Crown copyright. NMR to stop these vital skills dying out maintenance and operation of

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147—15 NEWS industrial machinery including of a plaque to Mr John Redpath This engine has been in service in Thousands turned out to watch the textile, printing and early machine (Chairman, Charlotteville Jubilee steamers on the Elbe since 1841 spectacle which re-created the tools. Trust) by Mr Robert Bryson when it was installed in the skyline smoking engine house Applicants might be a (Chairman, SIHG). This is the 26th Bohemia. Penn’s design of chimneys of the nineteenth century. conservator with some Industrial annual conservation award made by oscillating engine with the valve Collections experience, looking to the SIHG. chest removed from the central Medieval canals add more practical skills to their ‘The Spike’ was the colloquial trunnions became the ‘standard’ portfolio and to developing new name given to all the casual wards concept for all other makers and discovered skills towards full PACR for vagrants attached to the many enabled the oscillating engine to Martin Redding of the Witham accreditation; a postgraduate workhouses established throughout become favoured for paddle Valley Archaeology Research looking to enter the Industrial the country under the Poor Law steamers until the arrival of the Committee, has used aerial Conservation sector and seeking Reform Act of 1834. This one was compound engine. The cylinders are photographs to discover a network practical skills from a placement; a attached to the Guildford Union 24½ x 27 in, the pressure 36psi and of almost 60 miles of medieval professional working in related skills Workhouse and is a rare survival. It the max power 110hp. The canals in the Lincolnshire Fens. Now looking for a career change; a was built in 1906. After the crankshaft was replaced in 1853 completely silted-up, they may have Museum Technician with Industrial workhouse site was taken over by St (with a 10 year guarantee), one been built by monks for transporting Collections experience looking to Luke’s Hospital it was used for the cylinder was replaced in 1870 and stone. add more practical skills to their storage of medical records, to which both in 2002. Its more than 160 portfolio and possibly working it probably owes its survival. years of service is truly remarkable. Contacting Hereford towards conservator status; an The work involved the restoration of Richard Hartree waterworks industrial heritage site, preserved many of the cells and other facilities Please note that the telephone railway or transport museum used by the vagrants, both for those Tinsley Towers toppled number for contacting the employee looking to gain further with some money and those who Sheffield’s Tinsley cooling towers Waterworks Museum at Hereford experience in the operation and care had to earn their night’s lodging by were blown up at 3am on Sunday (reported in IA News 146, page 7) of their collections; a volunteer breaking stones, wood-cutting or 24 August, watched by a large should be 01600 890118. working within a railway/transport oakum-picking. The remainder of crowd assembled at the nearby society or industrial heritage the building has been converted for Meadowhall Shopping Centre. The International institution, looking to add further community use, with meeting and two 76m (250ft) towers remained skills and undertake increased education rooms, and a day-nursery. from a group of seven after the Molinology responsibility for the maintenance It was formally opened in January Blackburn Meadows electricity The International Molinology and operation of the collections in 2008.The work was supported by generating station was demolished Society (TIMS) fosters worldwide their care; or a 3rd or 4th year the Heritage Lottery Fund, Surrey in the 1970s. The landmarks next to interest and understanding of wind, apprentice working within a County Council and Guildford the M1 were called the ‘Gateway to water, human and animal powered museum, industrial heritage Borough Council. For further Yorkshire by passing motorists. mills, as well as encouraging institution, transport society or a information visit the website at Despite a petition to save them, they research and promoting the commercial heritage engineering www.charlotteville.co.uk . were found to be structurally restoration of mills. Every four years company, who would be looking for unsafe. The owner E.on is to develop an International Symposium is held opportunities to broaden their Americans honour a biomass power station on the site. in one of the member countries. The understanding and practical skills latest edition of the journal base in addition to their formal British engine of 1841 International Molinology, No.76, training programme. On 2 July 2008 the American Society Smoking stacks July 2008, includes articles on early If you work in the transport and of Mechanical Engineers held a ‘Mine and Yours’, a week of events American flour mills, windmill industrial heritage sector in a paid ceremony to designate the Penn celebrating Cornwall’s past, washers of the Pacific (ingenious or volunteer role and think a oscillating engine in the paddle included the lighting of 21 mine wind-powered washing machines Heritage Lottery Funded Training steamer Diesbar as a ‘Historical chimney fires using straw and hay built by American servicemen in Bursary could help you, visit the Mechanical Engineering Landmark’. near Camborne at the end of June. wartime Pacific), mills in Slovenia, website: www3.hants.gov.uk/ the water-powered Orton Bradley museum/imatt.htm for full details of sawmill in New Zealand, mills on the project. Applications should be South African stamps, and many made to: The Training Manager, HLF shorter items. It is available at £6.50 Skills Training Bursary Scheme incl. p&p from the editor, Tony (IMATT), Hampshire County Council Bonson, TIMS, 14 Falmouth Road, Museums and Archives Service, Congleton, Cheshire CW12 3BH. Chilcomb House, Chilcomb Lane, Details of membership of TIMS can Winchester, SO23 8RD. be found on the website: www.timsmills.info. Spike receives Conservation Award The 2008 Conservation Award of the Surrey Industrial History Group was ADVERTISE presented to the Charlotteville Jubilee Trust on 12 July for the IN IA NEWS restoration of ‘The Spike’, the former Contact the editor Casual Ward of the Guildford Union Workhouse. The award was The 1841 Penn oscillating engine in the paddle steamer Diesbar is now a ‘Historical (see panel on back page) commemorated by the presentation Mechanical Engineering Landmark’ Photo: Richard Hartree

16—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147 REGIONAL NEWS South West England saving the ashes. A more recent Probably the most significant news structure to disappear was the this year was the acquisition by the remaining headgear at Mount National Trust of Wheal Trewavas as Wellington Mine, near Truro. Unused reported in IA News 146. since 1992 it was finally demolished Conservation work on the site is in November 2007. likely to run through to at least A number of redevelopment autumn 2009. September 2008 also projects, affecting industrial sites in saw the remarkable activity to Cornwall, secured planning rescue the 1863 Harvey beam consents during the year. These engine from Goonvean clay pit, included the Heartlands Project at reported elsewhere in this issue. Pool, based around the former On the debit side there has been Robinson’s Shaft of South Crofty vandalism on Cornish sites with (awarded £22 million of Lottery many thousands of pounds worth of funding), the former Holman damage at Geevor Mine and major Brothers No. 3 Rock Drill Works in problems at Cornwall’s first Camborne and the Perran Foundry geological reserve, St. Erth Pits, near site at Perranarworthal. It remains Hayle. Formerly known as Harvey’s to be seen how the current financial Pit, and in the care of Cornwall crisis will impact on such projects. Wildlife Trust since 1986, the site was Baseresult continued with their worked for clay and sand from the plans to reopen South Crofty mine, 1830s. The clay was used by, among having formed a new company, others, legendary potter Bernard Western United Mines, for the Leach, and the sand was used at purpose and secured £50 million in Harvey’s Hayle Foundry for moulding. funding in late 2007. BMX and mountain bike riders have Autumn 2008 saw completion damaged trees and quarry faces, and of the £3.8 million project to torn down walkways. conserve some 20 listed buildings Other losses include the ‘Old on the Geevor site; the opening of Holman Shed’ an early prefabricated ‘Hard Rock’, Geevor’s new mining building erected at Dolcoath Mine in museum was scheduled for October the 1890s to house Californian and the mine also announced its Stamps. In the 1940s it was moved intention to open up more of the to Pool and used to make parts for shallow levels at Wheal Mexico to Bailey Bridges and Mulberry visitors. Geevor also shared with Cornwall County Council Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Harbours. Ownership had passed via Porthcurno Telegraph and two other continues work on the Mineral Spain, Ireland and Mexico. Holman Brothers and South Crofty museums a £1 million package Tramways Project with new links Spring gales in March destroyed to Kerrier District Council, who secured by the Universities of Exeter planned including one from Carn the sea lock gates of the historic decided to demolish it. Despite the and Falmouth in August. The funds Marth to Twelveheads via Bude Canal, with the cost of repairs fact that its pitch pine frame and will be used to update physical Carharrack and Wheal Maid put at £250,000. The aim was to galvanised iron cladding made displays and create web-based following part of the former Redruth complete repairs in May, combined dismantling and reassembly exhibitions. and Chasewater Railway. with a dredging project originally feasible, the council decided in The last beam engine to work The wider influence of Cornwall planned for the autumn. The Bude September 2007 to scrap it but commercially in Cornwall, the 30- and its people continues to be gates are the only ones in the country announced triumphantly that the inch Greensplat engine, which has recognised. In September 2007 a to open directly into the Atlantic. In timber would be reused at its been at Wendron Forge since 1974, Cornish contingent attended the July the celebrated West Country proposed Robinson’s Shaft heritage has been completely refurbished opening of the Allihies Copper Mine schooner Kathleen & May docked at site. This seemed only slightly better and is now pumping water from a Museum in West Cork by Ireland’s Penzance from Brest with a cargo of than burning the building and flooded shaft. President. The museum is housed in 30,000 bottles of Languedoc wine en an 1845 chapel built by Cornish route to Dublin. She was under miners. Many Cornish captains and charter to the French Compagnie de miners worked at Allihies between Transport Maritime a la Voile. 1812 and 1884. One John Richards In Devon, early 2008 saw the Reed was manager there for 30 disappearance of a major feature on years and there is a spectacular Plymouth’s waterfront when the engine house built for an engine grain silo dating from 1942 at the installed by Michael Loam & Son in city’s Millbay Docks was demolished. 1862. Early in 2008 formal twinning Designed by noted structural links were set up with Mexico, engineer Oscar Faber, and Camborne being linked to Pachuca memorably characterised by Pevsner and Redruth to Real del Monte. The as ‘a secularises Albi Cathedral’, it Cornish Mining World Heritage Site was built to enable wartime grain Office at Cornwall County Council is cargoes from North America to make exploring the extension of the site the earliest possible landfall, but had to Cornish Mining sites abroad. Sites been disused for many years. It is Mount Wellington Mine began tin production in 1976 Photo: Peter Stanier under consideration are New alleged to have survived for many

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147—17 REGIONAL NEWS years due to its acting as a controlled flight, as the aircraft, Construction of the new bridge/ £400,000 from the Heritage Lottery ‘windbreak’ for docking Brittany having no fin or rudder and an tunnel under the road began in Fund for the restoration of their De Ferries. Its dense and heavily openwork fuselage, would have been January 2008 and is now well Witt lime kilns and for the creation reinforced structure and poor site uncontrollable in yaw. advanced. It is constructed of of an interpretative display. The access made re-use impractical. The A non-flying replica of Cody’s reinforced concrete and is costing lime-burning industry at Amberley site will be a lorry park. One of aircraft and its engine has been £1.5m, raised by the Trust’s own lasted from the early 1800s to 1969. Plymouth’s oldest industrial sites, the constructed by the Farnborough Air efforts. The kilns are a Scheduled Ancient medieval Blackfriars Gin Distillery on Sciences Trust, involving a project The Volks Electric Railway Monument and are at present on the Barbican, was damaged by fire in team of over 40 people. It was Association has rescued the original the English Heritage ‘At Risk’ March. Members will, I am sure, be displayed at the Farnborough Air dynamo which provided power for register. Support has also been given relieved to hear that the fire was Show in July, and will be installed Volks Electric Railway at Brighton in by the West Sussex County Council, confined to an upstairs kitchen and permanently adjacent to the FAST 1883. It was, with other historic Horsham District Council and the production was unaffected. Museum at Trenchard House at machines, in imminent danger of Friends of Amberley Working On a brighter note, a Farnborough. This is in itself an being scrapped by the Electrical Museum. combination of intense local and historic site as it was the headquarters Engineering Department of Brighton In Kent, the ‘New Ropery national campaigning saw the of the RE Balloon School, and from University. It can now be seen at the Experience’ at Chatham was opened listing of the surviving Brunel August 1914 of the Royal Flying Sussex Heritage Centre at Hassocks. in July by Prince Michael of Kent atmospheric pumping station at Corps. A replica of A.V. Roe’s aircraft The dynamo was manufactured by (Patron, Chatham Historic Dockyard Totnes as a first step towards has also been constructed, again by a Siemens at Woolwich in 1878 and Volunteer Service). This is a new ensuring its survival and re-use. substantial project team, at the generates 50 volts DC at 46 amps. It gallery formed in the ¼ mile long In 2007 archaeological activity Brooklands Museum. This is intended was driven by an Otto gas engine, ropewalk to demonstrate to visitors at Morwellham Quay uncovered the to be flown, and was shown taxiing at now lost. the processes of ropemaking as used 1858 tunnel of the Devon Great the celebration of its 100th Planning permission has been since 1816. The Prince also viewed Consols Railway and this was due to anniversary at Brooklands in June. granted for the rebuilding of some of the other work the CHDVS be consolidated this summer. Other In Hampshire, calamity struck Ashcombe Windmill at Kingston- has carried out over the past year. work included excavation of the the project to restore the motor near-Lewes. This was a six-sweep The Surrey Industrial History upper deck and well of an launch Medusa (HDML 1387) when post mill destroyed in a gale in 1916, Group has been making awards to eighteenth-century limekiln; this the workshop building at Hythe, but sufficient photographs are notable conservation projects in the would uncover a quantity of Southampton, caught fire in October available to allow it to be county since 1983, commemorated nineteenth-century domestic rubbish 2007. The three engines within were reconstructed so as to be almost by the presentation of a plaque for from the neighbouring Ship Inn. For badly damaged, one beyond repair, indistinguishable externally from the display at the site. A new booklet the coming winter plans include and aluminium and brass compon- original. Some iron parts even remain entitled 25 Years of Conservation reinstatement of the overhead ents melted. Many internal fittings scattered about the site. Internally, Awards 1983 -2007 describes each railway on the Great Dock ore floors, for the boat were destroyed, as were however, things will be different. of the award sites and its present and further excavations at the furniture, tools and woodworking Although one pair of stones will be condition and accessibility. The 2008 Limestone and Lower Copper Quays. machinery. Fortunately Medusa installed, the mill will principally be award was given to the There are plans to link Morwellham itself was not affected and the two used to generate electricity. A Charlotteville Jubilee Trust for the with the Devon Great Consols site by damaged engines are being rebuilt. maximum of about 35 kW is expected restoration of ‘The Spike’, the former a multi-use trail and a tunnel It is still hoped to complete the to be available. It is a planning casual ward of the Guildford Union beneath the A390 at Gulworthy. restoration project in 2008. A requirement that any surplus should Workhouse, as reported elsewhere Mining in Devon may see a revival. project by the British Military be exported to the grid in accordance in this issue. Wolf Minerals, an Australian Powerboat Trust to restore the FMB with the renewable energy policy of The works of Swallow Tiles Ltd. company, have announced their Ark Royal was also affected, in that the future South Downs National at Cranleigh have closed down, intention to reopen the Hemerdon an engine and gearbox were Park. It is thought that the mill will be having been refused planning wolfram mine, near Plymouth, with damaged, although the boat itself kept turning for about 70% of the permission for redevelopment. They work starting in 2010. was unharmed. time. Work should start at the made, by hand, clay roofing tiles, and Finally I am conscious that Meanwhile, the PS Monarch beginning of 2009. had been in operation since 1860. Cornish news is somewhat steamed from its former home in The Amberley Working Museum Alan Thomas preponderant in this report. I should Kent to the Isle of Wight, where it has received a grant of some very much welcome more reports began operating on the River from Devon, particularly the north Medina in the spring of 2008. At and east of the county. 42ft, the vessel is thought to be the Graham Thorne smallest commercially-operated paddle steamer in the world. South East England In Sussex, a notable event in the The year 2008 saw the 100th restoration programme of the Wey anniversary of the flight at and Arun Canal was the Farnborough on 16 October 1908 of breakthrough on 2 June of the British Army Aircraft No.1A, piloted tunnel under the B2133 road at by Samuel Franklin Cody. That this Loxwood. The hump-backed bridge was the first demonstration in Britain at this site was removed after the of controlled, powered flight is now canal closed. To replace it with a generally accepted. The rival claim of level bridge required the canal bed A.V. Roe’s aircraft, which may have to be lowered and a new lock lifted off the ground in June 1908, constructed beyond the bridge to can be held invalid because it could return it to its original level. This lock not have been a demonstration of was completed in May 2007. The Cody Flyer at the Farnborough Air Show Photo: Farnborough Air Sciences Trust

18—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147 PUBLICATIONS

Local Society and other periodicals received A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Wiltshire, ed. by Abstracts will appear in Industrial Archaeology Review. Pamela M. Slocombe, Association for Industrial Archaeology, 2008. Berkshire Industrial Archaeology Group News, 17, Spring 2008 64pp, 90 illus & maps, mostly in Brewery History, 128 colour. ISBN 978 0 9560251 0 4. Brewery History Society Newsletter, 42, Summer 2008; 43, Autumn £5.50. 2008 Published for the Annual Bristol Industrial Archaeological Society Bulletin, 124, Summer 2008 Conference at Lackham in August Conservation Bulletin (English Heritage), 58, Summer 2008 2008, this is the first AIA guide to Cumbria Industrial History Society Bulletin, 71, August 2008 include colour illustrations Dorset Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 21, May 2008 throughout. There are over 400 Greater London Industrial Archaeology Journal, 9, 2008 sites in the five districts listed in Greater London Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 236, June the gazetteer, demonstrating the 2008; 237, August 2008 wide variety of industries, including Hampshire Industrial Archaeology Society Journal, 16, 2008 rural breweries, maltings, iron Hampshire Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 70, July 2008 working sites, underground stone Hampshire Mills Group Newsletter, 81, Summer 2008 quarries, tanneries, glove making, Histelec News: Newsletter of the South Western Electricity Historical mills, woollen, silk and flax textiles, Society, 39, August 2008 as well as road, canal and rail transport. The county has iconic sites such as Historic Gas Times, 55, June 2008 John Rennie’s magnificent flight of locks on the Kennet & Avon Canal at Caen International Molinology: the Journal of the International Hill, Devizes, and I.K. Brunel’s 1841 Box tunnel on the Great Western Railway. Molinology Society, 76, July 2008 Leicestershire Industrial History Society Newsletter, Summer 2008 John Penn and Sons of Greenwich, by Richard Hartree, 2008. 128pp, 83 Manchester Region Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 125, illus. ISBN 9-781-84306-411-4. £14.99. Obtainable, plus £1.50 p&p from August 2008 Richard Hartree, Stables Cottage, Sibford Ferris, Banbury OX15 5RE, email: Merseyside Industrial Heritage Society Newsletter, 286, June 2008 [email protected]. Museum of Bath at Work Newsletter, Summer 2008 Established at Greenwich in the 1790s, John Penn I’s firm grew through Northamptonshire Industrial Archaeology Group Newsletter, 107, three generations into a leading marine engine supplier to the Royal Navy Summer 2008 and other world navies. Nearly half the navy’s engines were supplied by SAVE Britain’s Heritage Newsletter, December 2007 Penn in the 1850s, including gunboats used at the Crimea. They Scottish Industrial Heritage Society Bulletin, 48, September 2008 manufactured reliable trunk engines, such as used in HMS Warrior, and Suffolk Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 101, May 2008 oscillating engines, a survivor of which on the steamer Diesbar was Surrey Industrial History Group Newsletter, 164, July 2008; 165, recognised in July 2008 as a ‘Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark’ September 2008 (see page 16). A three-cylinder compound engine was less successful. Other Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 139, July 2008 innovations included John Penn II’s successful lignum vitae propeller shaft Sussex Mills Group Newsletter, 139, July 2008 bearings, patented in 1854. The Greenwich engineering site, however, was Trevithick Society Newsletter, 140, July 2008 poorly sited and there were always difficulties transporting heavy loads WaterWords: News from the Waterworks Museum, Hereford, Summer through the streets to the Thames where ships were fitted out. Financial 2008 difficulties resulted in the firm being bought in 1899 by the famous Yorkshire Archaeological Society Industrial History Section shipbuilders Thames Ironworks, but the works finally closed in 1912. The Newsletter, 73, Late Spring 2008 book tells a fascinating story and gives an insight into the Royal navy’s attitude towards steam and engineers. The care the Penns took with their Books received employees is also highlighted. An epilogue by Prudence Penn tells of the family’s contrasting twentieth-century role of 60 years service in the Royal Bishop Rock Lighthouse, by Elisabeth Stanbrook, Twelveheads Press, Household. 2008. 184 pages, 86 illus. ISBN 978 0 906294 69 7. Soft back £16.00. The famous rock lighthouse off the Western Rocks of the Isles of Scilly, The Victorian Asylum, by Sarah Rutherford, Shire Publications, 2008. 56pp, with nothing but the Atlantic between here and America. Three generations 76 illus, many in colour. ISBN 978 0 7478 0669 1. £5.99. of the Douglass family (Nicholas, James and William Tregarthen) worked as In the new-look Shire Library series, this book gives an insight into engineers for Trinity House on the three lights established here. James Victorian asylums, their history, their often imposing architecture and their Walker’s first iron lighthouse was hardly finished when it was destroyed by a later decline. Britain’s nineteenth-century asylums provide a unique window storm in 1850. This was replaced by a granite tower in 1858 but the relentless on how the Victorians housed and treated the mentally ill. Despite good battering by sea and weather caused weaknesses so the whole structure was intentions, they became warehouses for society’s outcasts. Hidden in the enclosed and heightened to a magnificent tower 147ft high in the 1880s. The countryside, there were 120 or so in England and Wales alone. Today many workforce struggled with great skill, courage and tenacity on the wave-swept asylum buildings have gone or are threatened, or turned into private homes, rock. Supplies of building materials, the accommodation for the workmen, their original uses forgotten. The book includes contemporary illustrations initially on the remote rocky islet of Rosevear, and communications were and plans of the buildings and their surrounding grounds. challenging in the extreme. Despite the lighthouse the dangerous rocks still took their toll, with horrendous shipwrecks such as the German liner Schiller THE BOOK HOUSE in 1875, when the keepers could do nothing but watch the helpless survivors; this was long before there was a system of communicating with the rescue The leading industrial archaeology booksellers since authorities. This well-produced book tells the story of the lighthouse’s 1963 – books on all aspects of technology & transport construction, the workers who built and maintained it, the keepers who LISTS ISSUED – FREE SEARCH SERVICE ensured it was always available, and the relief boatmen who provided the The Book House, Grand Prix Buildings, Brough, Kirkby Stephen CA17 4AY vital link. The book draws extensively on original documents, photographs Tel: 01768 342748 www.thebookhouse.co.uk and plans, many published for the first time.

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—147—19 DIARY

19-20 NOVEMBER 2008 16 MAY 2009 3O AUGUST – 5 SEPTEMBER nineteenth century, based on ON THE WATERFRONT SW&WRIAC 2009 archaeological and historical CONFERENCE at The Charles Hastings Education TICCIH 14TH CONGRESS : research. The formal Call for Papers at Liverpool, the European Capital of Centre, Worcester, the South Wales INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE, will be published in October 2008. Culture 2008, a major international & West Region IA Conference, ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY Papers and posters can be English Heritage conference to organised by Worcester IA and Local at Freiberg, Germany. Advance submitted as from now. For further explore the future of port cities, History Society. Advance notice. For notice only. information send an e-mail to from Shanghai to Mumbai. There is further details and a booking form 4 SEPTEMBER 2009 [email protected]. a full programme of workshops and please contact Christine Silvester, 12 THE STUDY OF OUR Liverpool city walks. To book a place Upper Park Street, Worcester, WR5 INDUSTRIAL PAST visit www.english-heritage.org.uk/ 1EX. Email enquiries to Roger at the University of Lincoln, the pre- Information for the diary should onthewaterfront. Tapping at: [email protected] conference seminar. Advance notice be sent directly to the Editor as only. 4-5 APRIL 2009 3-7 JUNE 2009 soon as it is available. Dates of AIA AFFILIATED SOCIETIES FE 09 COALBROOKDALE 300 4-10 SEPTEMBER 2009 mailing and last dates for WEEKEND: ‘CONSERVATION – FOOTPRINTS OF INDUSTRY AIA ANNUAL CONFERENCE PLANNING FOR at Ironbridge, a celebration of 300 at the University of Lincoln. Advance receipt of copy are given below. COLLECTIONS’ years of coke smelting of iron and notice only. Items will normally appear in at Ironbridge, advance notice only. 50 years since the restoration of the successive issues up to the date See page 11 for more details. old furnace at Coalbrookdale, with 5-8 NOVEMBER 2009 ARCHAEOLOGY OF BRIDGES of the event. Please ensure 25 APRIL 2009 lectures, keynote addresses and field details are sent in if you wish visits. Hosted by the Ironbridge at Regensburg, Germany, this SERIAC international congress aims to your event to be advised. at the Guildhall, Winchester, the Gorge Museum Trust, with the AIA, Historical Metallurgy Society, provide a discussion forum for the South East Region IA Conference on identification of locations, the theme of IA in Hampshire and Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology and the Newcomen development and construction the Isle of Wight, with a post- principles of bridges in different conference visit to Twyford Society. See the AIA website for more details. regions and countries, from Waterworks. Hosted by Hampshire prehistory to the beginning of the IA Society. Advance notice.

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS (formerly AIA Bulletin ISSN 0309-0051) ISSN 1354-1455

Editor: Dr Peter Stanier

Published by the Association for Industrial Archaeology. Contributions should be sent to the Editor, Dr Peter Stanier, 49 Breach Lane, Shaftesbury, Dorset SP7 8LF. News and press releases may be sent to the Editor or the appropriate AIA Regional Correspondents. The Editor may be telephoned on 01747 854707 or e-mail: [email protected].

Final copy dates are as follows:

1 January for February mailing 1 April for May mailing 1 July for August mailing 1 October for November mailing

The AIA was established in 1973 to promote the study of Industrial Archaeology and encourage improved standards of recording, research, conservation and publication. It aims to assist and support regional and specialist survey groups and bodies involved in the preservation of industrial monuments, to represent the interests of Industrial Archaeology at national level, to hold conferences and seminars and to publish the results of research. The AIA publishes an annual Review and quarterly News bulletin. Further details may be obtained from the Liaison Officer, AIA Liaison Office, The Ironbridge Institute, Ironbridge Gorge Museum, Coalbrookdale, Telford TF8 7DX. Tel: 01325 359846.

SS Robin leaves the West India Docks and the financial world behind, 28 June 2008 (see inside, page 13) The views expressed in this bulletin are Photo: R J M Carr not necessarily those of the Association for Industrial Archaeology.

20—© Association for Industrial Archaeology, November 2008 Registered in England under the Companies Act 1948 (No. 1326854) and the Charities Act 1960 (No. 277511) Registered office: c/o IGMT, Coach Road, Coalbrookdale, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7DQ Produced by TBC Print Services Limited, Blandford Forum, Dorset DT11 8ST