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Lithops N.E.Br Ein neuer taxonomischer Ansatz für die Gattung Lithops N.E.Br. Harald Jainta Zusammenfassung: Als Ergebnis jahrelanger, extensiver Feldforschung sowie vergleichender Beobachtung der Pflanzen in Kultur und Literatur kommt der Autor zu dem Schluss, dass eine Reduzierung der Taxa in der Gattung Lithops N.E.Br. auf insgesamt 38 Arten ohne weitere Unterarten bzw. Varietäten die Gattung am besten darstellt. Eine ausführliche und bebilderte Beschreibung der Forschungsarbeit, die zu dieser revidierten Taxonomie führt, sowie eine umfangreiche Bibliografie der Artenbeschreibungen und begleitender taxonomischer Literatur finden sich in dem Werk des Autors „Wild Lithops“ (Jainta, 2017). Der vorliegende Artikel soll das neue Artenkonzept zusammenfassen und stellt die taxonomische Evolution der Gattung in tabellari- scher Form dar. Die Gattung Lithops N.E.Br. („stonefaces“, rietät befindlichen Taxa werden in den Rang Anders als bei L. bromfieldii kann L. glau- „living stones“, „flowering stones“, „Lebende einer Spezies erhoben: dinae durch auffällige, metallisch-glänzende Steine“) ist eine Gruppe von hochsukkulenten Punkte („dusky dots“) unterschieden werden. Vertretern der Mittagsblumen bzw. der Fami- 1. Lithops euniceae (de Boer) Jainta Geografisch überlappen beide Verbreitungs- lie der Aizoaceae. Die Pflanzen unterscheiden stat. nov. gebiete nicht und L. glaudinae bildet einen sich insbesondere morphologisch durch Form, Basionym: Lithops aucampiae var. euni- Halbkreis östlich des Formenkreises von L. Farbe und Markierungen der sichtbaren Ober- ceae de Boer in Succulenta, 45 (4): 54, 1966. bromfieldii (siehe Jainta, 2017; Seiten 186 f seiten. Diese Endflächen entwickelten sich Die Art wurde bislang lediglich an zwei und 447). einst aus den Blattunterseiten. Die Ausprä- Standorten in der Nähe von Hopetown (Süd- gung von Kanälen, Inseln bzw. Flecken sowie afrika) gefunden (je ein Fundort von den Weiterhin wurden folgende Reduktionen das Farbenspiel wird zur Unterscheidung der Synonymen var. euniceae und var. fluminalis bzw. Aufspaltungen betrachtet und in die Re- „Fensterpflanzen“ herangezogen. Ferner ist die ist bekannt). Das Verbreitungsgebiet ist sehr vision integriert: Farbe der Blüten die entscheidende und der- isoliert im äußersten Südwesten gelegen, 1. L. dinteri besteht aus einer Anzahl von zeit akzeptierte taxonomische Diskriminante. durch den Fluss Vaal prominent getrennt und Populationen mit überlappenden Charak- Weitere Merkmale wie zum Beispiel Größe und über 100 km entfernt vom nächsten Habitat teristika an den natürlichen Fundorten, die Struktur der Blüten, der Samenkapseln und der von L. aucampiae in Griquatown. Ferner un- insbesondere durch rote Flecken („Rubri- Samen sowie die Größe der Pflanzen werden terscheiden sich die relativ uniformen und cations“) auffallen. Die Abgrenzung zu den dagegen vom Autor als weniger relevant ein- durch auffallende Randmarkierungen charak- Subspezies frederici und multipunctata ist geschätzt. Darüber hinaus sind viele Attribute terisierten Pflanzen von L. aucampiae (siehe nicht geeignet. Dies gilt ebenfalls für die ex- an den Fundorten variabel und innerhalb von Jainta, 2017; Seiten 62 ff. und 428). treme Form L. dorotheae und die vormals zu Kolonien bzw. zwischen Populationen überlap- L. schwantesii oder zu L. dinteri gestellte Vari- pend (siehe Abbildungen 1–3). Die natürliche 2. Lithops burchellii (D.T. Cole) Jainta etät marthae. Der Komplex ist ansonsten gut Diversität führte zu einer Vielzahl von beschrie- stat. nov. von anderen Arten unterscheidbar und geht benen Taxa mit mehr als 150 Varianten sowie Basionym: Lithops lesliei ssp. burchelii im Nordwesten des Verbreitungsgebietes in einer großen Zahl von Kultivaren, die stabili- D.T.Cole in Lithops Flowering Stones, 169, 1988. L. schwantesii über. Alle Taxa blühen gelb und sierte Klone mit extremen morphologischen Ei- In extremen Südwesten des Verbreitungsge- werden hier zu einer Art kombiniert. genschaften darstellen. Hinzu kommen weitere bietes von L. lesliei wurde L. burchellii bislang 2. L. francisci, L. gesinae und L. herme- Standortformen und in der Natur vorkommen- nur an zwei Standorten im Umkreis von ca. tica sind ebenfalls in einen Komplex zusam- de extreme Individuen, die letztlich die gesamte 15 km bei Douglas (Südafrika) gefunden. Das menzufassen und L. francisci hat hierbei Biodiversität der Gattung abbilden. Areal ist isoliert und ca. 80 km getrennt von Priorität. Das Aussehen und die äußeren Cole (1988; 2000; 2006; 2012) reduzierte dem der Varietäten von L. lesliei. Die charak- Markierungen der Pflanzen ähneln sich stark die Gattung bereits auf 91 Taxa, die entweder teristischen Markierungen ähneln am ehesten und etwaige Farbvarianten sind durch die den Rang von Spezies, Subspezies oder Vari- denen von L. euniceae (abgrenzbar durch graue Adaptation an das jeweilige Gestein bedingt. etäten hatten. L. steineckeana wird hier nicht Färbung von L. burchellii) und sind ansonsten Sie gehören ferner zu den gelbblühenden weiter berücksichtigt, da es sich um eine gärt- nicht im Formenkreis von L. lesliei anzutreffen, Formen, sind geografisch eingrenzbar und nerische Hybride handelt. Zuletzt wurden auch nicht bei der ebenfalls grau gefärbten var. unterscheiden sich ansonsten gut von den in in der aktuellsten Systematik durch Cole alle venteri, die ca. 100 km entfernt wächst (siehe der Natur angrenzenden Arten L. schwantesii Varietäten zu Synonymen reduziert und insge- Jainta, 2017; Seiten 59 f und 427). und L. bella. samt 53 Spezies und Subspezies wurden unter- 3. L. herrei ist von L. geyeri insbesondere schieden (Cole & Cole in Hartmann, 2017). 3. Lithops glaudinae (de Boer) Jainta an der östlichen Verbreitungsgrenze von L. Im vorliegenden Artikel soll die Taxono- stat. nov. herrei nicht zu unterscheiden. Nicht überra- mie der Gattung weiter vereinfacht werden. Basionym: Lithops glaudinae de Boer in schend wurde L. geyeri bereits früher als Varie- Drei zuletzt im Rang von Subspezies bzw. Va- Succulenta, 1960 (12): 129, 1960. tät von L. herrei behandelt. → Seite 8 6 AVONIA 37 (1) 2019 A new taxonomic approach for the genus Lithops N.E.Br. Harald Jainta Summary: As a result of extensive field research as well as comparative observations of plants in cultiva- tion and literature the author has come to the conclusion that the genus Lithops N.E.Br. can be reduced to 38 species without further separation into subspecies or variety level. Detailed and illustrated explanations of the scientific work which led to the present revision as well as a complete bibliography of the species descriptions along with supplemental literature is given in the book "Wild Lithops" (Jainta, 2017). The present article provides a complete reassess- ment of the genus, with the changes in taxomic status provided in a comprehensive table. The genus Lithops N.E.Br. ("stonefaces", The species has so far only been found at Furthermore the following changes are "living stones", "flowering stones", "Lebende two localities near Hopetown, South Africa considered and implemented into the species Steine") belongs to a group of highly succu- (one for var. euniceae and var. fluminalis re- revision: lent members of the mid-day flower family spectively). The distribution is very isolated 1. L. dinteri consists of a number of popu- Aizoaceae. Lithops are mainly identified by the in the southwest, prominently separated by lations in which the plants have overlapping shape, colour and pattern of the topmost vis- the Vaal River and otherwise 100 km apart characteristics at their natural localities. In ible parts. These "faces"' are considered to have from the closest habitat of L. aucampiae in particular they are recognised by their red evolved from leaf undersides and the presence Griquatown. Moreover the plants differ from markings ("rubrications"), seen in all taxa. A of channels, islands, rubrications and dots, as L. aucampiae in having relatively uniform and differentiation between subspecies frederici well as the play of colours, is used to differenti- prominent markings at their outer margins and multipunctata is not appropriate. This is ate the "window plants”. Taxonomically, flower (see Jainta, 2017; pages 62 ff and 428). also true for the extreme forms of L. dorotheae colour is a currently accepted and ultimate and marthae that were formerly either consid- marker. Other attributes such as flower size 2. Lithops burchellii (D.T. Cole) Jainta ered as a variety of L. schwantesii or of L. din- and structure, seed capsule and seed as well stat. nov. teri. Otherwise the complex of L. dinteri is well as plant size are considered less relevant by Basionym: Lithops lesliei ssp. burchelii discrete and transforms into L. schwantesii in the author. Furthermore, characteristics vary D.T.Cole in Lithops – Flowering Stones, 169, the northwestern edge of its distribution. All considerably in natural habitat and overlap 1988. taxa flower yellow and are combined into one within and between the colonies (see figures In the extreme southwest of L. lesliei's species. 1–3). Natural diversity has led to a multiplicity distribution L. burchellii has been found at 2. L. francisci, L. gesinae and L. her- of more than 150 described taxa as well as a only two localities in a circle of 15 km near metica are combined here into one complex vast number of cultivars which are stabilised Douglas, South Africa. The area is well sep- with L. francisci having priority. The habit as clones in horticulture with extreme morpho- arate and approx. 80 km apart from other well as the markings of the
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