rhe Palaeobotalltsf, 26(3): 197-306, 1980.
A PETRIFIED LIVISTONA-LIKE PALM STEM, PALMOXYLON LIVISTONOIDES SP. NOV. FROM THE DECCAN INTERTRAPPEAN BEDS OF INDIA
U. PRAKASH & K. AMBWANI Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow-226 007, India
ABSTRACT
Palmoxyloll livis/ol/oides sp. nov., a fossil IHlm stem showing close affinities with the extant genus Liris/olla is described here from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Nawargaon in Wardha District, Maharashtra. Key-words - Petrified palm stem, Palmoxylol/, Eocene, Deccan Interlrappean beds (India). ~m ~n:if ~ 'f~ at~~"\qT~Bnit f~f"WOfT- eM ~, ~ it ~ ifi ~ ~!ft ~1 « ~ om « f~f;;wOfT« ~f.r;o e"lICll11Cl I WWCf 'liB f~'fw.rr~f:g INTRODUCTION from a neighbouring village Maragour, whereas Palmoxylon intertrappeum Sahni (1964) is known from Sindhi Vihira. ANEWdescl ibedspecieshereofinpetrifieddetail. Thepalmspecimenstem is Recently, a fossil palm leaf axis, Palmocaulon was collected by one of uS (K.A.) costapalmatum, has been described by from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Kulkarni and Patil (l977b) from Maragsur. Nawargaon Village (21°1'N: 78°35'E) in Palmoxylon livistonoides resembling the ex• Wardha District, Maharashtra. The palm tant wood of Livistona forms an important wood is very well-preserved and shows a contribution to our knowledge of the Deccan lacunar ground tissue towards the centre. Intertrappean flora of Wardha District. It possesses cortical, dermal and subdermal regions together with the roots attached to it indicating a basal region of the stem. MONOCOTYLEDONS So far only little work has been done on the plant fossils of the Deccan Inter• FAMILY - PALMAE trappean SeIies of this region; only three fossil woods are known from Nawargaon. Genus - Palmoxylon Schenk, 1882 Out of these two are palm woods, viz., Palmoxylon nawargaonensis Shukla (1941) Palmoxylon livistonoides sp. novo and P. sclerodermum Slhni (Shukla, 1946) while a dicot wood has been described by . R?ots - Small roots measuring 3-5 mm Kulkarni and Patil (l977a) as Aristolochioxy• In diameter are present outside the cortical Ion prakashii of the family Aristolochiaceae. region (PI. 1, fig. I). They show the Besides, another palm woed Palmoxylon following anatomical characters in transverse deccanense Sahni (1964) has been reported section. 297 298 THE PALAEOHOTANIST Epiblema consists of a limiting layer of flv ratio of the fibrovascular bundles varies somewhat thick-walled, rectangular cells. from 1/1-6/1. The auricular sinus is absent Below this lies hypodermis made up of but the median sinus is concave, sometimes two zones (PI. 1, fig. 5), the outer consisting shallow, and the auricular lobes are usually of 4-5 layers of thin-walled round cells, rounded. Each fibrovascular bundle gene• while the inner part is composed of several rally shows one to two xylem vessels which layers of thick-walled cells with small lumen. are excluded. Radiating parenchyma is ab• The cortex consists of three distinct regions sent in this region but 1-2 layers of tabular (PI. 1, fig. 5; PI. 2, fig. 12). The outer parenchyma are present around the fibrous cortex begins just after the inner hypodermis part of the fibrovascular bundles (Pl. 2 and is composed of a few layers of thin• ~g. ~). Fibrous bundles are rarely see~ walled parenchymatous cells. The middle III thIS zone. Stegmata are present in the cortex comprises loosely arranged lamellate fibrous part of the fibrovascular bundles. parenchymatous cells enclosing air spaces Leaf-trace bundles can be seen in this zone. in this region (PI. 2, fig. 12). These paren• Subdermal Zone - The fibrovascular bun• chymatous cells are mostly circular in shape. dles of this region are bigger in size, The inner cortex also consists of a few sparsely placed 40-60 per cm2 and show layers of vertically flattened parenchymatous regular orientation (PI. 1, figs 3, 4). They cells in which some thick-walled polygonal are circular to oval in shape and measure cells are scattered here and there (Pl. 2, 400 X 600-640 X 800 [Lm in size. The flv fig. 12). The endodermis and pericycle lying ratio varies from 3/1-7/1. The dorsal scleren• below the inner cortex are indistinct. Below chymatous sheath is mostly reniform with this lies the stele of the root. Here at the concave median sinus (PI. 2, fig. 9). The periphery about 14-17 • I '-shaped xylem auricular lobes are generally rounded and arches alternate with the phloem strands the auricular sinus is absent. Generally and lie radially (Pl. 1, fig. 1). These xylem two metaxylem vessels are present in each arches have large metaxylem vessels towards fibrovascular bundle (PI. 2, fig. 9); however, the inner side while smaller proto xylem sometimes one vessel is also seen in a vessels are directed towards the pericycle. few bundles. These are excluded. Tabular Cellular details of the phloem tissue are parenchyma- is present around the fibrous not clear. Pith is composed of slightly part of the fibrovascular bundles in 1-2 lignified cells. layers of cells. The radiating parenchyma Cortical Zone - It is about 1 cm thick is also "present in the bundles associated and consists of numerous fibrous and a with their vascular part. Leaf-trace bundles few fibrovascular bundles scattered in the are-£requ{}1'ltl)LSeen in this n~gion. Stegmata parenchymatous ground tissue (PI. 1, figs are present in the fibrovascular bundles. 1, 6). The fibrous bundles are usually Fibrous bundles are altogether absent. round in shape and measure 100-288 [Lm Phloem is badly preserved but sometimes in size. The fibrovascular bundles are gene• a few cells can be seen represented by rally slightly circular to oval in shape and phloem tissue. measure 150-416 [Lm (PI. 1, fig. 6). They Ground Tissue - The ground tissue of the consist of mostly reniform dorsal scleren• present species is characteristic and shows chymatous sheath and appear to possess a gradual transformation from compact usually 1-2 xylem vessels. The ground nature (PI. 2, fig. 7) in the dermal zone tissue cells are rod-shaped and are mostly to lacunate tissue towards the centre (PI. 2, radially elongated (PI. 1, fig. 6). The fig. 9). In the dermal zone, the ground stegmata are present both in the fibrous tissue is compact, composed of almost and fibrovascular bundles. round to oval as well as rod-shaped paren• Dermal Zone - The fibrovascular bundles chymatous cells which are often tangentially in this zone are closely placed, 130-140 per elongated; these cells are usually restricted cm2 and show regular orientation with xylem between the two fibrovascular bundles (PI. 2, facing towards the centre (PI. 1, fig. 2). fig. 7). However, in the outer part of the They measure 240 x 280-400 x 800 [Lm in size subdermal zone the ground tissue cells and are oval in shape. The dorsal scleren• are usually rod-shaped with small lacunae chymatous sheath is prominent, reniform to appearing at places. Further, going towards complanate in shape (PI. 2, fig. 7). The the centre the ground tissue becomes more PRAKASH & AMBWANI- A PETRIFIED LlV1STONA-LIKE PALM STEM 299 spongy enclosing larger lacunae of irregular figs 9, 10) and measure 400 X 600-640 X 800 shape (PI. 2, fig. 11). The parenchymatous (Lm in the fossil, whereas they are 640 X 720• cells here are composed mainly of rod to 800 X 800 (Lmin the living species. They are often Y-shaped cells. almost regularly oriented in both the species. Leaf-trace Bundles- These are frequently The frequency of the fibrovascular bundles, present throughout the stem but less fre• both in fossil and the living species, quent in the subdermal zone (PI. 1, figs is 40-60 per cmZ and 50-72 per cmz res• 2-4). They are recognized by protruded pectively. The f/v ratio of the fibrovascular tongue-like vascular part with a number of bundles in fossil and living is also the same small vessels. The pitting of the meta• being 3/1-7/1 and the tabular and radiating xylem vessels is scalariform, whereas the parenchyma are present in both. Stegmata protoxylem vessels show annular to spiral are also associated with the fibrous part thickenings. of the fibrovascular bundles. The ground Affinities - The anatomical characters of tissue of this zone in both the fossil and the present fossil palm wood are closely living species is also similar. It consists of comparable with the modern wood of spongy parenchymatous tissue, the lacunae Livistona R.Br. especially with Livistona being bigger towards the centre (PI. 2, chinensis R.Br. in both the dermal and figs 9, 10). The cells are mostly rod-Shaped subdermal regions. This study includes the or oval and rarely Y-shaped enclosing examination of thin sections of a large irregular air spaces. number of palm woods and their published Because of a close resemblance of the descriptions. Amongst the species of Livi• fossil wood with the modern wood of stona examined include stem wood sections Livistona chinensis, which is indigenous to of Livistona rotundifolia Mart., L. australis China and Japan, but cultivated here in Mart., L. chinensis R.Br. and Livistona sp. gardens, it seems quite likely that a somewhat and root wood sections of L. chinensis R.Br. anatomically similar species of Livistona The dermal zone, both in the fossil and the might have been growing in the Deccan living species of Livistona chinensis, is about Trap country during the Eocene times. 1'5 cm thick. The fibrovascular bundles The genus Livistona R.Br. is represented by are closely placed and regularly oriented about 30 species in the modern flora of in both (PI. 2, figs 7, 8) and show almost tropical Asia and Africa (Willis, 1973). similar shape and size, i.e. 240 X 280-400 X The only species indigenous to India is 800 (Lm and 256 X 288-640 X 720 (Lm respec• Livistona }enkinsiana Griff. which grows in tively. The frequency of the fibrovascular Upper Assam, but most plentiful in the bundles in the dermal zone of the fossil Nowgong District, Naga Hills and lower is 130-140 per cmz whereas in Livistona hills and outer valleys of Sikkim (Blatter, chinensis it is 115-120 per cmz. The f/v 1926, pp. 100-115; Brandis, 1971, p. 656). ratio is also closely comparable in both the fossil as well as living; it is 1/1-6/1 in the COMPARISON WITH FOSSIL PALM WOODS fossil and 1/1-5/1 in the living species respectively. The number of metaxylem Among a large number of Indian fossil vessels in the fibrovascular bundles, both palm woods described so far (Sahni, 1964; in the fossil and living species, is one to two. Prakash & Boureau, 1968), the present fossil Stegmata are present around the fibrous part is nearly comparable to Palmoxylon arcotense of the fibrovascular bundles of both the Ramanujam (1953) from the Tertiary of fossil and the living species. In both, the Cuddalore Series in South India and P. radiating parenchyma is absent in the dermal khalsa Sahni (1964) (Table 1). zone. The ground tissue of the dermal zone Palmoxylon arcotense although quite dis• is also similar both in fossil and living tinct from the present species, shows some (PI. 2, figs 7, 8). It is compact in nature features similar to this palm. In both, and composed of circular to oval and tangen• the dorsal sclerenchymatous sheath of the tially elongated cells. fibrovascular bundles is reniform with con• The subdermal zone of the fossil also cave median sinus whereas auricular sinus is resembles closely to that of the living indistinct or absent. The auricular lobes species. The fibrovascular bundles in both both in P. arcotense and the present species show almost similar shape and size (PI. 2, are rounded and the xylem vessels are 300 THE PALAEOBOTANIST one to two in each fibrovascular bundle; pact in dermal and somewhat spongy in sub• these are excluded. The tabular parenchyma dermal zone. Contrary to this the ground is also present in the subdermal zone of tissue of Palmoxylon arcotense is somewhat both the species, although Ramanujam spongy in dermal but becomes quite lacunar (1953, p. 89) reported it to be absent in in the subdermal region. P. arcotense. However, Palmoxylon arco• Although both PalmoxyTon khalsa and the tense differs from Palmoxylon livistonoides present species are somewhat similar, yet in the frequency and size of the fibrovascular they differ from each other in a number of bundles, in their fibrovascular ratio and in characters. The number of vessels in each the nature of ground tissue. . fibrovascular bundle is usually 3-4, rarely The fibrovascular bundles are 50-100 IJ-m 2 in Palmoxylon khalsa whereas generall} in dermal and about 175 IJ-m in subdermal two vessels are seen in the present species. zone of Palmoxylon arcotense, whereas they Tabular parenchyma is absent in P. khalsa are quite large, 240 X 280-400 X 800 IJ-m in whiLe it occurs in the present species. dermal and 400 X 600-640 X 800 IJ-m in sub• Besides, stegmata are absent in the fibrous dermal zone of the present fossil wood. part of the fibrovascular bundles of Palm• Further the f/v ratio of the bundles in oxylon khalsa and the ground tiSsue is P. arcotense is 15/L in dermal zone and quite lacunar (Sahni, 1964, pI. 7, fig. 51) 5/L-8/1 in subdermal zone, whereas these are unlike the present fossil wood where the 1/1-6/1 in dermal and 3/1-7/L in subdermal lacunae when present are quite small. Sahni zone of this fossil palm stem. The fre• (1964, p. 58) has also indicated that the quency of the fibrovascular bundles is form of the fibrovascular bundles and the 1 LO/cm2 in the dermal zone of P. arcotense ground tissue of PaTmoxylon khalsa is quite whereas it is slightly more about 130-140/cm2 simiLar to that of Livistona but thif>similarity in the dermal region of the present fossil according to him does not imply any affinity palm wood. with the modern genus. The ground tissue also differs in both the The present fossil palm wood is also species. It is highly lacunar in the subdermal nearly comparable with two fossil palm zone of Palmoxylon arcotense but slightly woods from outside India. These are Palm• lacunar in the subdermal region of the oxylon lacunosum (Onger) Felix and Palm• present fossil wood. Besides, the cells are oxylon vasculosum (Stenzel) Schenk described also somewhat different in shape in both the in detail by Stenz;:1 (1904). Apart from the species. Ramanujam (1953, pp. 90, 91) has presence of lacunar ground tissue and pointed out that the central part of the reniform dorsal sclerenchymatous sheath in stem of Livistona especially L. chinensis both, there are quite marked differences shows a close resemblance with Palmoxylon between them. arcotense. According to him there is a P. lacunosum differf> from the present layer by layer similarity in both the fossils species in having flat median sinus in the and Livistona (Ramanujam, 1953, p. 91). fibrovascular bundles; this is concave in the However, detailed study of the type slides present species. Presence of frequent fibrous of Palmoxylon arcotense and that of Livistona bundles is noted in P. lacunosum while chinensis clearly shows that the ground they may rarely be seen only in the dermal tissue of the central regions has obvious part of the present species. differences between the two, although they Similarly, P. vasculosum also differs from are highly lacunar in both. The fossil wood the present species as the fibrous part of the has usually Y-shaped rarely rod-shaped cells fibrovascular bundles is much less here as enclosing the lacunae, whereas in Livistona compared to the vascular part. Besides, chinensis the cells are mostly rod-shaped or more than two metaxylem vessels are often oval, rarely Y-shaped in nature. Besides, present in each fibrovascul".r bundles of the fibrovascular bundles are also quite small P. vasculosum a" compared to generally about 100-200 IJ-m in the cenrtal region two .metaxylem vessels seen in the present of the fossil wood as compared to the specIe.>. modern wood in which they are about As the present fossil palm stem is quite 640 X 800-800 x800 IJ-m in size. different from all the species of PaTmoxyTon Further, it has also been seen that the so far known, it is described here as a ground tissue in Livistona chinensis is com- new species, viz., Palmoxylon livistonoides, Page 301 TABLE FOSSILSPECIES PARTS AvAlLABLE STENZEL'S FIBROUSBUNDLES; SIZE OF FIBRo- DISTRI- MEDIAN AURICULARSINUS; VASCULARPARTOF CLASSIFlCAnON STEGMATA F1BROVASCULAR VASCULAR BunON OF SINUS AURrCULARLOBES FJBROVASCULAR BUNDLF.S RATTO FIBRO- BUNDLESWITH VASCULAR NUMBEROF VESSELS BUNDLES PER em' 'almoxyloll arCOfellse Cortical, dermal, sub- Reniformia Absent D. 50-100 [Lm D 15/1 D. 110 Concave Auricular sinus in- Excluded; one vessel Ramanujam dermal and central SD. about 175 f-tm SO. 5/1-8/1 SO. 50-65 distinct; auricular in dermal, two in sub- C. 100-200 flm C. 2/1-3/1 C. 20-25 lobes rounded dermal and central zones Palnwxylol1 khalsa Sahni Subdermal Reniformia Absent Rounded Excluded; usually 3-4, rarely 2-vessels Palmoxylon livisfono;des Cortical, dermal and Reniformia Present; D. 240 x 280 D. 1/1-6/1 D. 130-140 Concave Auricular sinus ab- Excluded; one vessel sp. nov. subdermal Fibrous bundles 4OOx800 f-tm SD. 3/1-7/1 SO. 40-60 sent; auricular in dermal ~nerally scanty in dermal, SD. 400 x 400 lobe~rounded two in subdermal a bsent in su b 640 x 800 f-tm dermal zone Pages 302 TABLE 1 (contd.) GROUND TISSUE ANY SPECIAL PECULIARITY LOCALITY GEOLOGICAL REfERENCE HORIZON GENER~L PARENCHYMA T A.BVL.\R P.~RENCHYMA R.\DIATlNG P ..\ RENCH YMA Somewhat spongy in dermal, Absent (according to Absent (according to Near Tiruchitabalam Cuddalore Series Ramanujam,1953 qUite lacunar in subdermal and Ramanujam), but Ramanujam), bul abJul 8 m·iles WNW highly lacunal in central zone; found plesent 00 found present io of Pondicherry cells oval to rectangular in examination or type subdermal zone dermal zone, usually Y-shaped, slides rarely roc -shaped in inner region Lacunar; cells rod-Ii ke, ~ome Present Unknown Unknown Sahni, 1964 times branched Ground ·parenchyma compact Pre-enl Present in subdermal Tangenl ially elongated Nawargaon, Wardha Deccan Intertrap- in dermal, ~Iightlylacunar in zone parenchymatous cells of District, Maharashlra pean Series subdermal zone; cells round ground tissue usually to oval a nd rod-shaped i.n present bet ween the fibro dermal, mainly rod-shaped vascular bundles in often Y-~haped:n ~ubdermal dermal zone zone PRAKASH &. AMBWANI - A PETRIFIED Ll VISTONA-L1KE PALM STEM 3t'>3 the specific name indicating its resemblance radially elongated, cylindrical '-ells in cortical with the modern wood of Livistona. zone, compact composed of round to oval as well as rod-shaped parenchymatous cells in dermal zone but somewhat spongy in SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS subdermal zone often with Y-shaped cells enclosing small lacunae at places. Leaf• Palmoxylon livistonoides sp. novo trace bundles present throughout but fre• quent in subdermal zone; metaxylem vessels Stem small piece with roots attached Show scalariform pitting whereas proto xylem representing cortical, dermal and subdermal with annular to spiral thickenings. Roots zon~s. Fibrovascular bundle1> of c.)rtical small with a layer of somewhat thick-walled zone circular to oval, 150-416 fLm in dia• rectangular cells of epiblema; hypodermis meter, irregularly oriented; fibrous bundles of 4-5 layers of thin-walled, round cells in quite frequent. Fibrovascular bundles of outer region and several layers of thick• dermal zone regularly oriented with one to walled cells in the inner region; cortex two excluded xylem vessels, circular to oval made up of three zones, outer cortex with a in shape 240 X 280-400 X 800 fLm in size, few layers of thin-walled parenchymatous 130-140 per cm2 with reniform to complanate cells, middle cortex of lamellate paren• dorsal sclerenchymatous sheath and 1/1-1/6 chymatous cells enclosing air spaces and f/v ratio; m~dian sinus concave and auricular inner cortex consisting of vertically flattened lobes rounded; tabular parenchyma in 1-2 parenchymatous cells with thick-walled cells layers present; radiating parenchyma absent; scattered here and there; endodermis and fibrouS bundles scanty; stegmata present. peri cycle indistinct; stele with 14-17 '1'• Fibrovascular bundles of subdermal zone shaped xylem arches alternating with phloem mostly regularly oriented with two excluded tissue distributed radially; pith composed of metaxylem vessels, circular to oval in shape, slightly lignified cells. 400 X 600-640 X 800 fLm in size, 40-60 per Material- A small piece of stem wood cm2 with reniform dorml sclerenchymatou5 measuring 5 cm in length and 5 cm in sheath; f/v ratio 3/1-7/1; median 1>inus width. concave and auricular lobes rounded; tabular Holofype - B.S.I.P. Museum no. 35318. parenchyma present in 1-2 layers; radiating Locality - Nawargaon, Wardha District, parenchyma present; fibrous bundles absent Ma harashtra. but stegmata present round the fibrous part Horizon - Deccan Intertrappean Series. of fibrovascular bundles. Ground tissue of Age - Eocene. REFERENCES BLATTER,J. C. (l<)26). The Palms of British India SAHNI. B. (1964). Revision of Indian Fossil Plants. and Ceylon. Oxford University Press, Madras. Part Ill. Monocotyledons. Monograph /lO. 1. BRANDIS,D. (1971). I/ldian Trees. Dehra Dun. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Luck• KULKARNI, A. R. & PATlL, K. S. (1977a). Aristolo• now, India. chioxylon prakashii from the Deccan Intertrappean SCHENK,A. (1882). Die von den Gebriidern Schla• beds of Wardha District, Maharashtra. Ceo• gintweit in Indien gesametters fossilen Holzer. phytology, 7 (I): 44-49. Bot. Jahrb., 3: 353-358. KULKARNI,A. R. & PATlL,K. S. (1977b) Palmocaulon SHUKLA, V. B. (194l). Central Provinces (Inter• costapalmatum, a petrified palm leaf axis from the trappean beds). Palaeobotany in India. 1I. Deccan Intertrappean beds of Wardha District, J. Indian bot. Soc., 20 (I & 2): 1-9. Maharashtra. Ceophytology, 7 (2): 208-213. SHUKLA, V. B. (1946). Palmoxylo/l sclerodermul1l PRAKASH,U. & BOUREAU,Ed. (1968). Bois fossiles Sahni from the Eocene beds of Nawargaon, de Palmiers. Mem. Sect. Sci. C.T.H.S. Palaeo• Wardha District, C.P. J. [ndia/l bot. Soc., 25 (3): botanique, 2: 130-146. 105-116. RAMANUJAM,C. G. K. (1953). Palmoxylon arcotense STENZEL, K. G. (1904). Fossile Palmenholzcr sp. novo a fossil palm res~mbling the living genus Beitr. Palaont. Ceol. 6~f. Ung., 16: 107-287. Livistona, from South India. Palaeobotanist, WILLIS, J. C. (1973). A Dictionary of Flowering 2: 89-91. Plants and Ferns. Cambridge. THE PALAEOBOTANITSt EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 of fibrovascular bundles and compact ground tissue. Note tangentially elongated cells between Palmoxylofl livistofloides sp. novo the fibrovascular bundles. x 20. Slide no. 35318/ 5892. 1. Cross section in low power showing roots and a 8. Cross section of the dermal zone of Livistolla part of cortical zone. x 8. Slide no. 35318/5892. chiflellsis to show similar fibrovascular bundles. 2. Cross section of the dermal zone showing regular Also note compact nature of ground tissue and orientation of fibrovascular bundles. Note closely similar tangentially elongated cells between the placed fibrovascular bundles and leaf-traces. x 8. fibrovascular bundles. x 20. Slide no. 35318/5892. . 9. Cross section of the subdermal zone of Palmoxyloll 3. Cross section of outer part of the subdermal zone livistofloides to show fibrovascular bundles and showing sparsely placed, regularly oriented lacunar ground tissue. x 20. Slide no. 35318/ fibrovascular bundles. x 8. Slide no. 35318/5892. 5893. 4. Cross section of inner part of the subdermal zone 10. Cross section of the subdermal zone of Livistolla showing slightly irregular orientation of the chiflellsis to show similar fibrovascular bundles fibrovascular bundles. x 8. Slide no. 35318/5893. and ground tissue. Note lacunar ground tissue 5. Cross section of the root magnified to show composed of rod to Y-shaped parenchymatous hypodermis, cortex and the stele. x 40. Slide cells. x 20. no. 35318/5892. 11. Cross section of Palmoxylofl livistolloides magni• 6. Cortical zone magnified to show fibrous and fied to show lacunar ground tissue composed of fibrovascular bundles and vertically elongated rod to Y-shaped parenchymatous cells. x 60. parenchymatous cells. x 40. Slide no. 35318/ Slide no. 35318/5893. 5892. 12. Cross section of root of Palmoxylofl livistolloides magnified to show all the three regions of th PLATE 2 cortex. x 40. Slide no. 35318/5892. 7. Cross section of the dermal zone of Palmoxyloll livistofloides magnified to show regular orientation PRAKASH & AMBWANI- A PETRiFIED LiVISTONA-LtKE PAtM STEM 305 P~ATE J 306 THE PALAEO BOTANIST PLATE 2