Notes

Preface

1. stewart Mandel of Sports Illustrated wrote the article about the convention in which Slive was quoted. The article can be read here: http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/college-football/ news/20140117/ncaa-division-i-power-conferences-autonomy/

1 Rottenberg, Neale, and the Governance Policies of Sports Leagues

1. see the underrated movie BASEketball for a fictitious primer on this process. 2. simon Rottenberg. “The Baseball Players’ Labor Market.” Journal of Political Economy. June 1956. 3. The Handbook of Sports Economics has a good discussion of the controlled optimization behind targeting competitive balance. 4. sports economists often point to Rottenberg’s invariance prin- ciple as saying essentially the same thing that the Coase Theorem states, only five years prior to Coase wrote his classic article “The Problem with Social Cost,” which might imply that maybe Coase gets too much credit for the ideas he presented. I stand in awe of Rottenberg’s observations, but I’m not one of those people. 5. there’s a reason the play isn’t called Damn Pirates. 6. Walter Neale. “The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sports: A Contribution to the Theory of the Firm in Sporting Competition and in Market Competition.” Quarterly Journal of Economics. February 1964. 140 Notes

7. Neale published his article in 1964, but used the Max Schmelling- Joe Louis boxing rivalry as an example of the need for legitimate rivals to exist in order for compelling competition to be pro- duced. I always found this odd because those matches occurred some 25 years before the article was published. Wasn’t there a more recent example he could use to illustrate this important topic? Russell v. Chamberlain? Dodgers v. Yankees? Then again, he hilariously cites his mother-in-law as a source of information. Neale played by his own rules. 8. used this system until 1964, the year it held its first draft. 9. Drafts can also be seen as a way to reduce costs associated with scouting for all league members. The way rookies have been treated by the players’ unions in their sport reflects the leagues’ desire to reduce operational costs. For instance, in the 1990s, the NBA had to change the way contracts were negotiated between rookies and the teams that drafted them. Instead of open mar- ket negotiations between players and teams, the NBA and the Players’ Association decided upon a predetermined salary struc- ture for rookies that was based upon their selection number, thus making it less costly to sign a high draft pick. 10. The commissioner’s office did negotiate radio rights for the World Series. 11. MLB allows for teams to take a more free agent approach with their media deals. The NBA and the NFL tend to negotiate as one entity when negotiating and sharing revenue deals. 12. Numerous examples of this sacrifice exist. Michael Jordan’s yearly salary from the Chicago Bulls was much lower than mar- ket value for much of his career. He agreed to this arrangement so that he could be surrounded with the types of players who could help win him championships. Other athletes who made the same sacrifice are Tom Brady of the New England Patriots and LeBron James of the Miami Heat. 13. The Premier League in England uses a system of relegation and promotion to keep things interesting for all teams for the entire regular season. Lower-quality teams can be relegated to a lower- flight league, which they decidedly want to avoid for financial purposes. I like to imagine the terrible Chicago Cubs teams of my youth being told to play in the AAA leagues rather than the major leagues, where they regularly bask in what can charitably be called mediocrity. Notes 141

14. In economics, the alignment of incentives between so-called principals (owners or coaches) and agents (teams) is referred to as the principal–agent dilemma. 15. It’s hard to overstate how messy a place the NBA was in the early 1980s. The league was such a mess that a team tanking games in order to have a higher draft pick wasn’t even a question. The competitive spirits of Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, Isaiah Thomas, and Michael Jordan really saved the league. 16. taylor, Beck A., and Justin G. Trogdon. “Losing to Win: Tournament Incentives in the National Basketball Association.” Journal of Labor Economics 20, no. 1 (2002): 23–41. 17. other sports might not need to do so because the impact that one player can have on a team’s fortunes is relatively small in football, baseball, or hockey compared to basketball. 18. I’m talking about absolute on-field success when I say this. The Yankees are assuredly not the most well-run franchise in base- ball. It’s spent a lot of money to win those games, and if we used a metric like dollars/win, we could reach a different conclusion. My larger point is that it’s hard to argue that the Yankees have done nothing but invest in creating winning teams. 19. I always like to think of late Yankees’owner George Steinbrenner seething over this issue. But when I imagine him complaining, I use the version presented in Seinfeld, which was played expertly by Larry David. “Coe-stanza!” 20. This assumption doesn’t ignore entirely reality. In 2011, both Mark Cuban and Mickey Arison, the owner of the Miami Heat, openly discussed their problems with the eventually agreed upon CBA. Both owners admitted they voted against the agreement because of the CBA’s luxury tax levels. 21. The epic 2010 free agency of Chris Bosh and LeBron James was an example of such a move. The Heat held Dwyane Wade’s Bird rights, so it could sign him and exceed the salary cap after it signed Bosh and James. In order to sign Bosh and James, the Heat had to clear space on their salary ledger for Bosh and James because their contracts were not protected by the Bird Rule. Without the Bird Rule, the incredible double-signing would have had to have been concocted differently because Miami would have been too restricted by the league’s salary cap rules. 22. The biggest potential competitor to the National and American Leagues was the Federal League, which eventually sued the National League for violations of antitrust regulations. Justice 142 Notes

Oliver Wendell Holmes sided with the NL, thus granting an antitrust exemption to the National and American Leagues, a golden goose that still protects MLB. Justice Holmes exhibited a staggeringly strange sense of legal justice in that opinion. 23. The NBA seemingly side-stepped a major scandal when a ref- eree, Tim Donaghy, was found to have fixed games he offici- ated. So, we need to remember to provide proper incentives to all people who have the ability to sway a game’s outcome.

2 The Ncaa’s Peculiar Economic System

1. there are a number of previous authors who have tackled the subject of the NCAA and its organizational structure. For a good discussion of the anticompetitive practices of the NCAA, see Fleisher, Goff, and Tollison’s excellent book The National Collegiate Athletic Association. For a primer on the morality of the institution, vis-à-vis the student-athlete, see the famous article by Taylor Branch, which appeared in the October 2011 edition of The Atlantic Monthly. 2. For a brief and good history of college sports, see Zimbalist’s book, Unpaid Professionals: Commercialism and Conflict in Big-Time College Sports (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001). 3. example of the Committee and the Panel making a rule change: http://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/article/ 2013-10-30/what-do-changes-rules-officiating-mean- basketball 4. At the time of this book being written, this was the list of execu- tive committee members: http://web1.ncaa.org/committees /committees_roster.jsp?CommitteeName=EXEC 5. History of the NABC: http://www.nabc.com/about/history /index 6. see Ken Mink’s book Big Blue Blues (Independently published in 2011) for a primer on the University of Kentucky’s involvement in the gambling scandals. 7. http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/468/85/case.html 8. the fantastic story of the early days of televised college basket- ball is told in How March Became Madness, by Eddie Einhorn and Ron Rapaport (Chicago: Triumph Books, 2006). 9. the 1982 Final Four provides strong evidence as to why the tournament became so riveting and valuable. Three future Hall Notes 143

of Famers, Jordan, Ewing, and James Worthy, played in the national final. Another pair of Hall of Famers, Hakeem Olajuwon and Clyde Drexler, played in the semifinals for the University of Houston. Additionally, two future NBA fixtures, Sam Perkins and Sleepy Floyd, competed in the national championship game. All that, and the final game was over-the-top dramatic. 10. When I hear people thank the basketball gods for the shot clock, I always pause before I agree because the 1985 national championship game wouldn’t have unfolded in the manner it did had a shot clock been used. It never can be forgotten that Villanova University stunned heavily favored Georgetown that night, 66–64, by shooting 22–28 from the field. That’s almost 79 percent. There’s no way Villanova does that in a game with a 45-second shot clock. http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/ boxscores/1985-04-01-georgetown.html 11. Byers left his post at the NCAA in 1987. He wrote a highly charged book that was critical of the NCAA and its actions called Unsportsmanlike Conduct, which was published in 1997. I’ve always thought his writing of this book was like Jefferson Davis writing a book critical of the actions of the Confederate States of America. 12. Financial statements for the organization can be found at: ht t p:// www.doubleazone.com/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/ Finances/NCAA+consolidated+financial+statements 13. Wouldn’t it be so great to have to answer a question like that? 14. In 1991, the NCAA altered the way in which Basketball Fund compensation was determined amidst worries that 20-year-olds were “costing” their schools hundreds of thousands of dollars. All that happened, though, was the NCAA developed a formula for compensation that was based on teams’ performances in the last six tournaments. Unless one was interested in the math of the formula, the change only made the system more difficult to understand and, therefore, more dull to talk about. Here’s an example of a discussion of the current compensation ­system: http://winthropintelligence.com/2013/04/01/ncaa-mens- basketball-tournament-this-years-unit-payouts-after/ 15. http://www.ncaa.org/sites/default/files/2012-13_Revenue_ Distribution_Plan.pdf 16. http://www.kansascity.com/2013/06/18/4299656/some-ku- basketball-games-will.html 144 Notes

17. Andrew Zimbalist’s classic book on the NCAA’s economic sys- tem is Unpaid Professionals. 18. These data can be found at this URL: http://ope.ed.gov/ athletics/ 19. Peter Arcidiacono, Josh Kinsler, and Joseph Price, “Productivity Spillovers in Team Production: Evidence from Professional Basketball.” Paper presented at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, September 13, 2013. 20. Athletes’ marginal revenue products have been calculated for a number of sports. Berri, Schmidt, and Brook (2004) is a classic discussion of their metric, wins produced, which can be used to measure NBA players’ marginal revenue product. 21. http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/06/10/­ conferences_may_lobby_ncaa_for_athletics_scholarships_that_ cover_full_cost_of_attendance. 22. Extremely important and cynical note: the salaries of these workers can be bid upon by other Division I schools, a luxury that athletes don’t have. 23. Here’s an example of a monetary incentive to cheat—University of Louisville coach Rick Pitino’s base salary is $3.9 million per season. He also earns $600,000 for every season he is retained by the university. 24. Chris Webber’s NCAA infractions are discussed here: ht t p:// www.nytimes.com/2002/09/10/sports/pro-basketball-web- ber-indicted-on-charge-of-lying.html and here: ht t p:// www.nytimes.com/2002/11/08/sports/basketball-michigan- ­punishes-basketball-program.html 25. Marcus Camby’s NCAA infractions are discussed here: ht t p:// si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1010875/index.htm 26. Todd Bozeman’s NCAA infractions are discussed here: http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/ MAG1008713/1/index.htm 27. It’s a good time to remember former UCLA player and assistant coach Jack Hirsch’s quote about his business involvement in por- nography, which he said was “infinitely cleaner than recruiting.” Well, then. 28. Kentucky head coach Calipari loves to show off the Kentucky hoops apartments. http://www.kentucky.com/2012/09/18/2341434/ some-get-inside-look-at-new-kentucky.html 29. Kansas’s apartments were discussed here: http://www.cbssports. com/collegebasketball/eye-on-college-basketball/24456645/ Notes 145

kansas-moving-forward-with-fieldhouse-apartments-housing- for-players 30. The classic book, John Feinstein’s A Season on the Brink, captures well Knight’s early fondness for Bailey. The tales from the book turned Bailey into a high school legend in Indiana. 31. For an excellent account of the Mills recruiting scandal s e e : http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/ MAG1118852/ 32. Randolph’s high school career highlights and oddities from his intense recruitment are chronicled at ht t p://du ke.scout. com/2/19567.html 33. The Sampson-texting imbroglio is discussed here: http://sports. .go.com/ncb/news/story?id=3725832 34. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-28/ncaa-freshmen- one-and-done-dazzle-does-long-term-basketball-harm.html 35. Stefan Szymanski, Stefan Kesenne, Rodney Fort, and James Quirk have written extensively about the different league orga- nizational outcomes, given league preferences for profit maxi- mization or win maximization. See Fort and Quirk (2004), Szymanski (2004), or Késsene (2000) for formal discussions. 36. http://scores.espn.go.com/ncb/scoreboard?date=20131125&brea kdown=top25 37. this isn’t so in the women’s NCAA tournament. Sixteenth- seeded Harvard beat top-seeded Stanford in the first round of the 1998 tournament. 38. J. M. Gladden, George Milne, and William Sutton, “A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Brand Equity in Division I Athletics.” Journal of Sport Management 12, no. 1 (1998): 1–19. 39. For a great discussion of this topic, see Szymanski’s 2003 article, “The Economic Design of Sporting Contests” in the Journal of Economic Perspectives. 40. NCAA attendance can be found at: http://www.ncaa.org/ championships/statistics/ncaa-mens-basketball-attendance

3 Technology, Legal Decisions, and Superstar Teams Undermine Ncaa Authority

1. sherwin Rosen, “The Economics of Superstars.” American Economic Review, December 1981. 2. the money quote, on supply shocks, from Rosen’s ­article: “Undoubtedly, secular changes in communications and 146 Notes

transportation have expanded the potential market for all kinds of professional and information services, and allowed many of the top practitioners to operate at a national or even international scale. With elastic demands there is a tendency for increasing concentration of income at the top as well as greater rents for all sellers as these changes proceed over time.” 3. Yes, football, if you’re one of those people who want to be correct. 4. Messi has an entire subsection of YouTube devoted to him. If you don’t know of him, then you can start here: http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=eOuyyWfznYw. 5. For an exercise in absurdity, imagine the costs associated with get- ting 10 million people to watch a sporting contest in the age before satellite television. Prospective viewers would have to be flown into the area in which the game was broadcast so they could be close enough to the game to watch the television broadcast or one heckuva big stadium would have had to have been constructed. 6. Absurd, that is, by North American professional league stan- dards, but fairly commonplace in Division I men’s basketball. 7. http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/apr/11/la-liga- television-rights-premier-league 8. As I’m writing this book, the Miami Heat are almost certainly considering how to handle the impending free agencies of Bosh and James, a puzzle made more difficult by the 2011 CBA. 9. http://www.nba.com/kings/hindi 10. http://www.ibtimes.com/very-eastern-conference-can- software-tycoon-vivek-ranadive-make-nba-popular- india-1552333 11. http://www.ncaa.com/ 12. Zimbalist writes in Unpaid Professionals of the debate around 1950 regarding the extent to which television would substitute for attending the game live, thereby disrupting teams’ gate receipts, a legitimate yet naïve worry considering that the only source of revenue for teams came from ticket sales. 13. http://irish.nbcsports.com/2013/04/18/notre-dame-nbc- sports-renew-partnership/# 14. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/5-big-ten-network-has-grown-fast 15. http://www.news-record.com/sports/article_9e10c4ae-c809- 11e2-8935-001a4bcf6878.html?mode=jqm 16. http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2013/05/15/ big-ten-record-revenue/2164593/ Notes 147

17. http://www.wvgazette.com/Sports/201206010255 18. http://www.cbssports.com/collegefootball/writer/jeremy- fowler/22225933/big-12-schools-eyeing-22-25-million-in- conference-revenue-payout 19. http://blogs.mercurynews.com/collegesports/2013/05/20/ pac-12-revenue-soars-school-by-school-breakdown-scotts- compensation-and-more/ 20. http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2013/01/16/ sec-conference-money-increases/1836389/ 21. http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/10328133/ notre-dame-fighting-irish-armour-agree-most-valuable- apparel-contract-ncaa-history 22. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/sports/­ncaabasketball/ at-duke-basketball-tent-city-for-fun-and-profit. html?src=dayp&_r=2& 23. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/sports/ncaabasketball /sportvu-offers-college-basketball-data-for-those-who-can- afford-it.html?_r=1 24. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/25/sports/ncaafootball/­ college-footballs-most-dominant-player-its-espn.html?_r=0 25. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/college-football/ news/20140117/ncaa-division-i-power-conferences-autonomy/ index.html 26. Excellent op-ed on executive orders of the presidency: ht t p:// blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/03/19/executive-orders- part-of-the-framers-grand-plan/.

4 The Selection Committee’s Trade-Offs in Creating the Tournament Field

1. http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/ncaa-tournament /history/yearbyyear/1939 2. http://www.luckyshow.org/basketball/Violetpost.htm 3. described the 1966 final, thusly, in his wonder- ful article on the Kentucky-Duke classic of the 1992 tourna- ment. The article is a must read for aficionados of either college basketball or great writing. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/ vault/article/magazine/MAG1004691/index.htm 4. http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/401/1204/ 5. A good history of the evolution of the television contracts between CBS and the NCAA can be found here: http://content. 148 Notes

usatoday.com/communities/campusrivalry/post/2010/04/ncaa- reaches-14-year-deal-with-cbsturner/1#.UthE8RCwKSo 6. the 2010 television deal between CBS and the NCAA is dis- cussed here: http://chronicle.com/article/NCAA-Signs-108- Billion-De/65219/ 7. A draft of the Selection Committee’s ­objectives can be found here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7oPEZ7gim 5ieEVtaXZkeXdfMWc/edit?usp=sharing 8. CBS’s former color commentator knew people watched the tournament in more than their living room: ht t p:// articles.latimes.com/2004/apr/03/sports/sp-penner3. 9. the NCAA discusses its trademarks here: http://www.ncaa.org/ championships/marketing/ncaa-trademark-protection-program 10. It’s hard to believe the NCAA destroyed that beautifully sym- metric 64-team bracket for just one measly team. Sigh. 11. http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/ncaa-tournament 12. RPI Trivia can be found here: http://www.collegerpi.com/subs/ rpitrivia.html and more selection trivia can be found here: ht t p:// espn.go.com/blog/collegebasketballnation/post/_/id/26118/ ncaa-tourney-facts-and-figures-to-know 13. Not a typo. The University of Pennsylvania, from the Ivy League, made the national semifinals in 1979. 14. www.ncaa.org 15. Andy Katz filed this story for ESPN in 2013 on the selection pro- cess: http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/columns/story?id=2758650 16. Various sources including http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it. com/2011/04/04/butler-boon-or-bane-for-ncaa-finals-ratings- historical-ratings-poll/88034/ 17. scott Grimshaw, R. Paul Sabin, and Keith Willes, “Analysis of NCAA Men’s Final Four TV Audience.” Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 9, no. 2 (2013): 115–126. A summary can be found here: http://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/2013/07/130725125445.htm

5 Trading Off Uncertainty for Revenue with the Pod System

1. Much of this chapter is based on an academic paper I wrote with Stephen Bronars. “Passing Up Uncertainty for Attendance: The NCAA Basketball Cartel Changes Direction,” Eastern Economic Journal, 40(4). Notes 149

2. Here is a link to the 1987 tournament bracket: http://www. cbssports.com/collegebasketball/ncaa-tournament/brackets/­ historical/1987/DIHere is a link to the 2009 tournament bracket: http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/ncaa-tournament/ brackets/historical/2009/DI 3. the Committee’s press release can be read here: http://fs.ncaa. org/Docs/NCAANewsArchive/2001/Division+I/basketball% 2Bcommittees%2Badjust%2Bpostseason%2Btournaments%2B- %2B7-30-01_1.html 4. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/basketball/ men/02tourney/2002-03-08-focus.htm#more 5. NBA draft history can be found here: http://www.nba.com/ history/draft/index/ 6. NCAA Attendance figures can be found here: http://www. ncaa.org/championships/statistics/ncaa-mens-basketball- attendance 7. http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/ id/7982706/the-art-nonconference-scheduling-men-college- basketball 8. For a personal example, my alma mater, Miami University, defeated a heavily favored University of Arizona team in Dayton, Ohio, in 1995. Miami was a twelfth-seed in that tournament. In the pod era, the likelihood of Miami playing in Dayton has shrunk to zero. 9. Petersen (2009) has an excellent discussion comparing two clus- tering methods used in finance studies. 10. the 95 percent confidence interval around point difference esti- mate: (21.4 points, 28.5 points). Limiting our estimate of point difference to only coefficient estimates that are significant at the 95 percent level gives an estimated point difference of 26.02 points, an estimate with a 95 percent confidence interval of (20.4 points, 31.6 points). 11. these ratings are P2+ national ratings, as reported by Nielsen, and cover only the CBS national broadcasts. In all years, there were other stations broadcasting games simultaneously with the CBS broadcasts. 12. A story on the ratings success of the early stages of the tour- nament can be found here: http://www.usatoday.com/story/ sports/columnist/hiestand-tv/2013/03/26/ncaa-mens-basket- ball-tournament-cbs-turner-sports-video-streams-mobile- streaming/2021961/ 150 Notes

13. Attendance numbers are taken from various sources, including USA Today and the NCAA.org 14. For the record, the shows were “Two Guys, a Girl, and a Pizza Place” and “The Daily Show.” Austin Goolsbee was the guest the night I saw Jon Stewart tape. Who could have been a better guest for me to see than he? References

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Alcindor, Lew, 31, 84 Columbia Broadcasting System amateur draft, 1, 6, 14 (CBS), 31, 85, 99–100, 113, American Basketball Association 130–2, 135 (ABA), 6 competitive balance American League, 4, 23 and invariance principle, 4 Atlantic Coast Conference lack thereof in NCAA basketball (ACC), 35, 70, 90, 91, 95, 101, tournament, 53–6 109 as a league governance objective, attendance, 34, 58–9, 100, 107, 113, 3, 5–13 129–30, 132–6 pod system effect on tournament games, 120–9 BASEketball (movie), 139 Cousy, Bob, 82 Big 12, 35, 70–1, 74 Big East, 36, 73, 91–2, 95 demand, 4, 7, 62–5, 72–3, 103, Big Ten, 30, 34, 69–70, 73–4, 90, 132 95, 109 , 31, 35, 42, 49, 75, Bird, Larry, 20, 31, 96 109 Bozeman, Todd, 41 Branch, Taylor, 36 economics of superstars, 61–4, 72, Bryant, Kobe, 21, 47, 112 77–8, 136 Butler University, 50 Einhorn, Eddie, 30 Byers, Walter, 29–30, 69 Ewing, Patrick, 15, 46

California-Los Angeles, University free agency, 3, 4, 8, 39, 78 of (UCLA), 6, 30–1, 35, 71, 82–4, 102 gambling and league credibility, Chicago, University of, 62, 24, 29 70 Garnett, Kevin, 21, 47, 112 collective bargaining agreement George Mason University, 96, (CBA), 12 112 158 Index

Hamilton, Alexander, 78 evolution of basketball Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 142 tournament, 82–5 founding, 28 invariance principle, 4, 5, 27, 50, 101 recruiting, 41–51 Iowa State University, 112 Sanity Code, 29, 33, 36–8, 40, 45, 112 James, LeBron, 12, 40, 47, 67 television revenue, 30–2, 104, 132 Johnson, Magic, 31, 46, 85 tournament expansion, 30, 31, Jordan, Michael, 21, 31, 46 70, 78, 89, 91, 92, 95, 107, 128 National Football League (NFL) Kentucky, University of, 29, 35, governance policies, 13 42–4, 48, 82, 99, 117 National Hockey League (NHL) Knight, Bob, 44 governance policies, 13 Krzyzewski, Mike, 117 National Invitational Tournament (NIT), 28, 30, 49 La Liga, 65–9, 72 National League, 4, 23 Laettner, Christian, 95 NCAA v. University of Oklahoma Larrañaga, Jim, 101 Board of Regents (1984), 29, 68 Larry Bird Rule, 20 Neale, Walter, 1, 5–6, 9–11, 16, 35, Louisville, University of, 34–6, 66, 97, 135 48 New York University, 29 Nielsen television ratings of NCAA Major League Baseball tournament, 101, 130 Black Sox scandal, 24 North Carolina, University of, 31, governance policies, 13 55 reserve clause, 39–40 North Carolina State University, Messi, Lionel, 65 31, 84 monopoly, 2, 6 Notre Dame, University of, 75

National Basketball Association Olajuwon, Hakeem, 31 (NBA) O’Neal, Shaquille, 47, 113 change in player salaries, 23, 36, 38, 39, 46, 76 Pacific 12, 70 draft, 15, 48 Pitino, Rick, 144 early revenue sharing policies, 9 pod system governance policies, 13 effect on game attendance, 113 Nielsen ratings of finals effect on game outcomes, 124 broadcasts, 19–20 effect on television ratings, 130 National Collegiate Athletic expanded freedom of Selection Association (NCAA) Committee, 107 at-large bids, 85, 89–95 stated purpose of, 110–12 Index 159 recruiting, 40–50, 57, 76, 83, 100, supply, 61–5, 91, 95 132 Szymanski, Stefan, 58 recruiting and invariance principle, 50 Taylor, Beck, 15 reserve system, 23, 24, 39 television Rosen, Sherwin, 61–2 broadcast history of NCAA Rottenberg, Simon, 1, 3–5, 23, 27, tournament, 30–2 56, 68, 101, 113, 119, 135 driver of revenue differences Russell, Bill, 82 across NCAA members, 68–76 Sacramento Kings, 67 revenue sharing implications, salaries, 11–13, 17, 23–4, 36, 38–9, 66 46, 76, 104 supply shock, 63–4 salary cap, 6, 11–14, 18, 20–3 Trogdon, Justin, 15 Sanity Code, 29, 33, 36–8, 40, 45, 112 Selection Committee responsibility, uncertainty, 3–7, 19, 31, 37, 51–8, 85 66, 74, 78 shot clock, 143 unintended consequences of Slive, Mike, 77 governance policies, 14 Southeastern Conference, 35, 70, 74, 91–2 Wichita State University, 53, 96, 97, Southwestern Conference, 70–1 99, 104, 132 Stevens, Brad, 101 Wooden, John, 84