British Cities
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Московский педагогический государственный университет» O. Kolykhalova, K. Makhmuryan BRITISH CITIES Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бакалавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование» Рекомендовано УМО по образованию в области подготовки педагогических кадров в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлению 050100.62 «Педагогическое образование» МПГУ Москва • 2014 УДК 811.111 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ББК 81.432.1я73 К619 PART 1 OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE . 5 Oxford . 5 All Souls College . 8 Рецензенты: Е. Р. Ватсон, кандидат филологических наук, доцент The World of Alice . 12 И. Ш. Алешина, кандидат психологических наук, доцент The Dean’s Daughter . 13 Tell us a story . 15 Alice’s Oxford . 16 Cambridge . 18 The Hidden Head . 21 PART 2 SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY . 24 Колыхалова, Ольга Алексеевна. Stratford-upon-Avon . 24 К619 Вritish cities : Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бака- лавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое обра- Coventry . 27 зование» / O. Kolykhalova, K. Makhmuryan. – Москва : МПГУ, Birmingham . 30 2014. – 84 с. : ил. ISBN 978-5-4263-0148-1 PART 3 Учебное пособие «BRITISH CITIES» для обучающихся в бакалав- CANTERBURY AND THE SOUTHEAST . 34 риате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование» ста- Charles Dickens country . 34 вит своей целью развитие у студентов навыков устной речи и предпо- лагает усвоение большого объема лексики по теме города Британии. Canterbury . 38 УДК 811.111 PART 4 ББК 81.432.1я73 BRIGHTON AND THE DOWNS . 44 ISBN 978-5-4263-0143-6 © МПГУ, 2014 Raffi sh Brighton . 44 © Колыхалова О. А., текст, 2014 © Махмурян К. С., текст, 2014 PART 5 PART 1 THE ENGLISH GARDEN. 49 OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE The Art of the Landscape . 50 The Great Gardeners . 51 PART 6 HAMPSHIRE, WILTSHIRE AND DORSET . 54 Salisbury to Stonehenge . 54 OXFORD PART 7 BATH . 58 The ancient abbey . 60 Yet, O ye spires of Oxford! domes and towers! Georgian elegance . 62 Gardens and groves! your presence overpowers. William Wordsworth PART 8 THE LAKE DISTRICT . 67 The Southern Lakes . 68 The Lake Poets . 73 The Daffodils . 74 PART 9 YORK. 77 Into the old town . 79 Heart of the old town . 79 The age of horse and steam . 80 5 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE Oxford is both an historic and a beautiful city. Dominated by its Martin’s Church. It was from here in medieval times that bells were famous university, it was, in fact, an important and prosperous town rung to summon people in times of riot. The nave was demolished in the with some 4,000 inhabitants in Saxon times, long before the university 1890s when the road was widened but from the top of the tower there are was founded here. Situated at a strategic crossing point on the river, magnifi cent views of Oxford’s skyline. Known as The High, Oxford’s between the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex, ancient Oxenforde wide, curving High Street presents one of the best-known prospects in is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 912. The town was the city. It is lined with mellow college buildings and contains some fortifi ed and garrisoned by the Normans, and when Oxford declared for fascinating old shops. Cooper’s Marmalade was fi rst sold here from the Royalists during the Civil War, King Charles I moved his court here Frank Cooper’s grocery shop and William Morris, who later founded from London. Oxford University has its origins in the ancient monastic Morris Motors, had a bicycle repair shop in The High. A few doors away schools, but it was not until the early 13th century that the university is the site of Europe’s oldest coffee shop which dates from the 1630s. was granted its fi rst charter. Today it remains one of the great European Several colleges line The High, one of which, University College, centres of learning with nearly 20,000 students studying in 39 colleges. is among the three oldest Oxford colleges. It was founded in 1249, but In the centre of the town it is scarcely possible to turn a corner or glance did not move into its own buildings until some eighty years later. Only down a side street without coming upon some new perspective of Gothic a handful of students attended the college during its fi rst 200 years, but towers, ancient cloisters and charming quadrangles. Here almost every subsequent bequests and much new building in the 16th and 17th centuries period of architecture is represented with outstanding examples of the enabled it to become a fl ourishing and popular college. The poet Shelley works of such masters as Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor. spent six months here as an undergraduate before being sent down in Generations of writers have praised Oxford’s delights. Matthew Arnold’s 1811 for writing a pamphlet on The Necessity of Atheism. “city of dreaming spires” is also Gerard Manley Hopkins’ “towery city and Situated in the heart of Oxford, the Church of St Mary the branchy between towers” and indeed it is the presence of trees, colourful Virgin is known as “The University Church”. college gardens and busy rivers which helps to make Oxford what it is. Oxford University has been responsible for educating members of the British and foreign royal families as well as prime minis- ters, archbishops and many influential scientists, artists and writ- ers. Shelley, Oscar Wilde, Auden, Iris Murdoch and Larkin were all students here and other notable writers who are associated with Oxford are Lewis Carroll, J. R. R. Tolkein and C. S. Lewis who all taught at Oxford colleges. The superb architecture and beautiful scenery of Oxford has become familiar to many who have never visited the city from its use as a setting for films and television series such as Brideshead Revisited, Shadowlands and, of course, Inspector Morse. In Saxon times two major trade routes intersected at Oxford: one linking London and the West, the other leading from the south coast to the Midlands. It was probably near the spot, which today is known as Carfax that the two routes crossed. Carfax certainly became the centre of the old town and today four main roads meet at this busy junction. A prominent landmark, Carfax Tower once served as the belfry of St 6 7 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE There has been a church on this site since Anglo-Saxon times but Founded in 1509 and expanded during the next 400 years, Brasenose the earliest parts of the present building are the tower, which dates from College exhibits a delightful variety of building styles. 1280, and its elaborate spire which was added about forty years later. The Jesus College was founded in 1571, the only Oxford college to be splendid nave, in the Perpendicular style with superb arches and large founded during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. It was intended for the windows, was built in the 15th century. St Mary’s has been the setting for education of future clergymen and provided mainly for Welsh scholars. many historic events. In 1555 it was the location of the trial of the “Oxford It has retained a strong connection with Wales to the present day and Martyrs”, when Archbishop Cranmer and Bishops Latimer and Ridley an important collection of Welsh books and manuscripts, some of them were tried for heresy and subsequently condemned to be burnt at the stake. dating from medieval time, is housed in the college. T. E. Lawrence, Later John and Charles Wesley, and John Keble, all preached here. From Lawrence of Arabia, was an undergraduate here. the top of the spire the rich architectural heritage of the city stretches far Trinity College was founded in 1554 and dedicated to the “Holy and into the distance, taking in several of the neighbouring colleges. Undivided Trinity”. It stands on the site of medieval Durham College, some parts of which are incorporated in the present buildings. Tranquil Trinity Gardens are among the most beautiful in Oxford. ALL SOULS COLLEGE The Ashmolean Museum in Beaumont Street was opened in 1845 to house Elias Ashmole’s great art collection. This originated in items collected in the early 17th century by John Tradescant, the royal gardener, on his travels in Europe searching for plants. The collection eventually passed to Ashmole who donated it to the university. Next to the Ashmolean, and completed in the same year, stands the Taylor Institute. It was built for the teaching of modern languages and now houses the modern European languages library. Situated in the centre of Oxford near Magdalen Bridge, the University of Oxford Botanic Garden is believed to be the oldest botanical garden in Britain. Originally known as the “Physick Garden”, it was laid out on derelict ground in 1621 by Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby, for the study of medicinal herbs in the faculty of medicine at Magdalen College. In Tudor and Stuart times, interest in botany increased and by the end of the 18th century medicine and botany had become separate sciences. Appointed Professor of Botany in 1834, Charles Daubeny changed the name of the garden which from that time onwards concentrated on botany and evolution rather than medicine. Today the garden lies in a peaceful setting beside the river, largely enclosed by a high stone wall. The main entrance, opposite The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed of Oxford, was Magdalen College, is a fi ne example of a baroque gateway. founded by King Henry VI and Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, The River Thames at Oxford is known as the Isis, from the Roman name in 1438.