Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Московский педагогический государственный университет»

O. Kolykhalova, K. Makhmuryan

BRITISH CITIES

Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бакалавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование»

Рекомендовано УМО по образованию в области подготовки педагогических кадров в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлению 050100.62 «Педагогическое образование»

МПГУ Москва • 2014 УДК 811.111 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ББК 81.432.1я73 К619

PART 1 OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE ...... 5 Oxford ...... 5 All Souls College ...... 8 Рецензенты: Е. Р. Ватсон, кандидат филологических наук, доцент The World of Alice ...... 12 И. Ш. Алешина, кандидат психологических наук, доцент The Dean’s Daughter ...... 13 Tell us a story ...... 15 Alice’s Oxford ...... 16 Cambridge ...... 18 The Hidden Head ...... 21

PART 2 SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY ...... 24 Колыхалова, Ольга Алексеевна. Stratford-upon-Avon ...... 24 К619 Вritish cities : Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бака- лавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое обра- Coventry ...... 27 зование» / O. Kolykhalova, K. Makhmuryan. – Москва : МПГУ, Birmingham ...... 30 2014. – 84 с. : ил. ISBN 978-5-4263-0148-1 PART 3 Учебное пособие «BRITISH CITIES» для обучающихся в бакалав- CANTERBURY AND THE SOUTHEAST ...... 34 риате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование» ста- Charles Dickens country ...... 34 вит своей целью развитие у студентов навыков устной речи и предпо- лагает усвоение большого объема лексики по теме города Британии. Canterbury ...... 38

УДК 811.111 PART 4 ББК 81.432.1я73 BRIGHTON AND THE DOWNS ...... 44

ISBN 978-5-4263-0143-6 © МПГУ, 2014 Raffi sh Brighton ...... 44 © Колыхалова О. А., текст, 2014 © Махмурян К. С., текст, 2014 PART 5 PART 1 THE ENGLISH GARDEN...... 49 OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE The Art of the Landscape ...... 50 The Great Gardeners ...... 51

PART 6 HAMPSHIRE, WILTSHIRE AND DORSET ...... 54 Salisbury to Stonehenge ...... 54 OXFORD PART 7 BATH ...... 58

The ancient abbey ...... 60 Yet, O ye spires of Oxford! domes and towers! Georgian elegance ...... 62 Gardens and groves! your presence overpowers. William Wordsworth PART 8 THE LAKE DISTRICT ...... 67 The Southern Lakes ...... 68 The Lake Poets ...... 73 The Daffodils ...... 74

PART 9 YORK...... 77 Into the old town ...... 79 Heart of the old town ...... 79 The age of horse and steam ...... 80

5 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

Oxford is both an historic and a beautiful city. Dominated by its Martin’s Church. It was from here in medieval times that bells were famous university, it was, in fact, an important and prosperous town rung to summon people in times of riot. The nave was demolished in the with some 4,000 inhabitants in Saxon times, long before the university 1890s when the road was widened but from the top of the tower there are was founded here. Situated at a strategic crossing point on the river, magnifi cent views of Oxford’s skyline. Known as The High, Oxford’s between the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex, ancient Oxenforde wide, curving High Street presents one of the best-known prospects in is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 912. The town was the city. It is lined with mellow college buildings and contains some fortifi ed and garrisoned by the Normans, and when Oxford declared for fascinating old shops. Cooper’s Marmalade was fi rst sold here from the Royalists during the Civil War, King Charles I moved his court here Frank Cooper’s grocery shop and William Morris, who later founded from London. Oxford University has its origins in the ancient monastic Morris Motors, had a bicycle repair shop in The High. A few doors away schools, but it was not until the early 13th century that the university is the site of Europe’s oldest coffee shop which dates from the 1630s. was granted its fi rst charter. Today it remains one of the great European Several colleges line The High, one of which, University College, centres of learning with nearly 20,000 students studying in 39 colleges. is among the three oldest Oxford colleges. It was founded in 1249, but In the centre of the town it is scarcely possible to turn a corner or glance did not move into its own buildings until some eighty years later. Only down a side street without coming upon some new perspective of Gothic a handful of students attended the college during its fi rst 200 years, but towers, ancient cloisters and charming quadrangles. Here almost every subsequent bequests and much new building in the 16th and 17th centuries period of architecture is represented with outstanding examples of the enabled it to become a fl ourishing and popular college. The poet Shelley works of such masters as Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor. spent six months here as an undergraduate before being sent down in Generations of writers have praised Oxford’s delights. Matthew Arnold’s 1811 for writing a pamphlet on The Necessity of Atheism. “city of dreaming spires” is also Gerard Manley Hopkins’ “towery city and Situated in the heart of Oxford, the Church of St Mary the branchy between towers” and indeed it is the presence of trees, colourful Virgin is known as “The University Church”. college gardens and busy rivers which helps to make Oxford what it is. Oxford University has been responsible for educating members of the British and foreign royal families as well as prime minis- ters, archbishops and many influential scientists, artists and writ- ers. Shelley, Oscar Wilde, Auden, Iris Murdoch and Larkin were all students here and other notable writers who are associated with Oxford are Lewis Carroll, J. R. R. Tolkein and C. S. Lewis who all taught at Oxford colleges. The superb architecture and beautiful scenery of Oxford has become familiar to many who have never visited the city from its use as a setting for films and television series such as Brideshead Revisited, Shadowlands and, of course, Inspector Morse. In Saxon times two major trade routes intersected at Oxford: one linking London and the West, the other leading from the south coast to the Midlands. It was probably near the spot, which today is known as Carfax that the two routes crossed. Carfax certainly became the centre of the old town and today four main roads meet at this busy junction. A prominent landmark, Carfax Tower once served as the belfry of St 6 7 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

There has been a church on this site since Anglo-Saxon times but Founded in 1509 and expanded during the next 400 years, Brasenose the earliest parts of the present building are the tower, which dates from College exhibits a delightful variety of building styles. 1280, and its elaborate spire which was added about forty years later. The Jesus College was founded in 1571, the only Oxford college to be splendid nave, in the Perpendicular style with superb arches and large founded during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. It was intended for the windows, was built in the 15th century. St Mary’s has been the setting for education of future clergymen and provided mainly for Welsh scholars. many historic events. In 1555 it was the location of the trial of the “Oxford It has retained a strong connection with Wales to the present day and Martyrs”, when Archbishop Cranmer and Bishops Latimer and Ridley an important collection of Welsh books and manuscripts, some of them were tried for heresy and subsequently condemned to be burnt at the stake. dating from medieval time, is housed in the college. T. E. Lawrence, Later John and Charles Wesley, and John Keble, all preached here. From Lawrence of Arabia, was an undergraduate here. the top of the spire the rich architectural heritage of the city stretches far Trinity College was founded in 1554 and dedicated to the “Holy and into the distance, taking in several of the neighbouring colleges. Undivided Trinity”. It stands on the site of medieval Durham College, some parts of which are incorporated in the present buildings. Tranquil Trinity Gardens are among the most beautiful in Oxford. ALL SOULS COLLEGE The Ashmolean Museum in Beaumont Street was opened in 1845 to house Elias Ashmole’s great art collection. This originated in items collected in the early 17th century by John Tradescant, the royal gardener, on his travels in Europe searching for plants. The collection eventually passed to Ashmole who donated it to the university. Next to the Ashmolean, and completed in the same year, stands the Taylor Institute. It was built for the teaching of modern languages and now houses the modern European languages library. Situated in the centre of Oxford near Magdalen Bridge, the University of Oxford Botanic Garden is believed to be the oldest botanical garden in Britain. Originally known as the “Physick Garden”, it was laid out on derelict ground in 1621 by Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby, for the study of medicinal herbs in the faculty of medicine at Magdalen College. In Tudor and Stuart times, interest in botany increased and by the end of the 18th century medicine and botany had become separate sciences. Appointed Professor of Botany in 1834, Charles Daubeny changed the name of the garden which from that time onwards concentrated on botany and evolution rather than medicine. Today the garden lies in a peaceful setting beside the river, largely enclosed by a high stone wall. The main entrance, opposite The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed of Oxford, was Magdalen College, is a fi ne example of a baroque gateway. founded by King Henry VI and Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, The River Thames at Oxford is known as the Isis, from the Roman name in 1438. It was originally established for forty fellows to take Holy Orders, Tamesis, and it invariably presents a busy scene with small boats, canoes twenty-four to study arts, philosophy and theology, and sixteen to study and pleasure steamers plying from Folly Bridge in the centre of the town. law. Today the College is primarily an academic research institution and The present bridge dates from 1827 although a bridge was recorded here as is the only Oxford college, which does not admit undergraduates. It is early as 871. It is named after a folly built at one end of the bridge in which thought that Christopher Wren was responsible for its design. the Elizabethan philosopher and essayist Sir Francis Bacon once lived. Folly 8 9 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

Bridge was the starting point on 4th July 1862 for the Reverend Charles achievements _3_ Roger Bacon, John Wycliffe, Robert Boyle, Edmund Dodgson’s boat outing with the Liddell sisters which resulted in his classic Halley, and many others. It is also the birthplace _4_ the Oxford English children’s story – Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Below the bridge is the Dictionary, the ultimate authority _5_ the language. university rowing course where the few remaining picturesque old college Oxford may be seen _6_ a concentration of handsome buildings dating barges are moored. The modern boat-houses which have superceded them back _6_ as early as 1000 AD, _7_ an especially good representation _8_ stand on the banks of the river. A popular venue especially in summer, The the 15th _9_ the 18th centuries; here are fi ne examples _10_ the work _11_ Head of the River is a traditional pub, ideally located next to Folly Bridge. Christopher Wren, Nicholas Hawksmoor and James Gibbs. Much of its seating is outdoors which makes it the perfect spot for watching all the activity on the river. There is a long and fl ourishing tradition of rowing Exercise 5 in Oxford. Its most famous expression is the annual Oxford and Cambridge Answer the following questions. University Boat Race, but throughout the year college crews can be seen 1. Why is Oxford considered to be a historic place? training and competing on the river. In the spring term, fi rst year students 2. Whose names are connected with Oxford? take part in Torpids, but the major event in the rowing calendar is Eights 3. Why do people want to come to Oxford? Week when the colleges compete for the title “Head of the River”. 4. What is Carfax? 5. Why was Carfax important in medieval times? Exercises 6. Which colleges are located in the High? Exercise 1 7. Which church in Oxford is known as “the University Church”? Give synonyms to the following words: 8. When was the College of All Souls founded? gather, beautiful, establish, include, situated, present, complete, par- 9. Which college in Oxford does not admit undergraduates? Why? ticipate, watch. 10. Which college was founded during the reign of Elizabeth I? Why was it built? Exercise 2 11. What is Trinity College famous for? These pairs of words are easily confused. Write sentences to show 12. Why is the museum called “Ashmolean”? their different meanings. 13. Who laid the Oxford Botanic Garden and when? - founded/funded, - historic/historical, 14. What is the second name of the River Thames in Oxford - economic/economical, and why? - study/teach, Exercise 6 - routes/roads. Speak about a) High Street, b) the University Church, c) Folly Bridge. Exercise 3 Which of the following words can be used with the verbs ATTEND Exercise 7 and VISIT? Explain the name “Oxford”. Event, doctor, meeting, school, city, theatre, museum, class, site, person. Exercise 8. Role play. Act as a guide in Oxford. Exercise 4 Complete the text. Exercise 9. Role play. Oxford can mean many things. It may be seen _1_ a seat of You are a reporter for your local radio station. Interview a young man/ intellectual activity advancing the frontiers _2_ knowledge, fostering the woman who wants to enter Oxford University. 10 11 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

THE WORLD OF ALICE father’s worth at Daresbury was rewarded in 1843 by a much better living at Croft in Yorkshire; this meant a much more spacious house in the centre of the village which gave the 11-year-old Charles more scope for inventive stories and entertainment for the family. He made a marionette theatre and toys for his sisters and developed conjuring and puzzle-making skills. He began to illustrate sketches and poems in family magazines, where seeds of the later Wonderland stories appear; these continued in school and college vacations. Charles Dodgson arrived at Christ Church, Oxford, as an undergraduate in 1851 and, except for vacations, remained there for the rest of his life. He was nominated to a Studentship (the equivalent of a fellowship in other colleges) in 1852, attained a first- class degree in mathematics in 1854, was ordained deacon in 1861, and for nine years, from 1882, was Curator of the Common Room. The House, as the cathedral college, or Aedes Christi, is known in Oxford, was both home and a way of life for Dodgson for 47 years. Dodgson was always happiest and most relaxed in the company of children. His rooms were said to resemble a toy shop. When Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland was published, Fowler, the future Oxford Professor of Logic, recognised the whimsical fun of the school in the sea, where the master was an old turtle called Wonderland was invented by Lewis Carroll, whose real name was “Tortoise”, because he “taught us”, and lessons “lessened” every Charles Dodgson. He was a reserved bachelor Oxford don who had a day until there had to be a day off, and he consequently told people unique gift for telling stories to children – stories that captured for ev- in Oxford that it was at Whitby that the Alice stories were first told. erybody the wonder of childhood and its “happy summer days”. Dodg- son was a great lover of children, and had a deep understanding of their THE DEAN’S DAUGHTER minds and appreciation of their points of view. This stemmed from his own childhood experiences and memories. A great number of his stories Alice Liddell was born on 4 May 1852 at Westminster School, where have been lost, but Alice Liddell, the daughter of the Dean of Christ her father, the Reverend Henry George Liddell, was headmaster. Alice Church, insisted that those he told to her and her sisters on a “golden was four years old when the Liddells moved to the Christ Church Deanery afternoon” in the summer of 1862 should be written down. When they in 1856. The rest of the family consisted of Alice’s mother, Lorina were published, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland became immortalised, (nee Reeve), Harry, aged nine, Lorina, six, and Edith, two. Soon after and these were followed by the sequel Through the Looking-Glass. The their arrival, Charles Dodgson was given permission to photograph the stories have since become known and loved by children and adults all cathedral from the Deanery garden. Alice and her two sisters immediately over the world. The tale of how they came to be written is, in many ways, came up to him, wanting to be photographed. Dodgson marked the day in just as fascinating as the Alice stories themselves. his diary with the words “white stone”, a term he reserved for occasions Charles Dodgson was very proud of being descended from two which he felt had signifi cance in his life – the subject of this particular ancient northern families who had served their country well. His entry was to change his life for ever. 12 13 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

Dodgson’s friendship with the Liddell children developed rapidly. He took Harry rowing, and was soon asked to tutor him in mathematics. The little girls, who were taken over to his rooms by their nurse, liked to sit on the sofa and tell “Mr Dodgson” what they had been doing, so that the events could be turned into Wonderland adventures. Stories about the seaside would have been told from his own repertoire after Alice’s excitement over her fi rst visit to the seaside, at Llandudno, in 1861.

TELL US A STORY Although child play and mathematics had to be kept apart, there was no personality split between Dodgson the don and Carroll the inven- tor of fairy tales. A delight in make-believe may seem inconsistent with a logical mind, but Dodgson’s imaginative genius was a unique brand of fun-loving nonsense based on logic which appealed instantly to chil- dren – especially to an observant, inquiring child like Alice. One child recalled how Mr Dodgson took delight in the absurdity of the misuse of words, and loved to lead children through complicated mazes of reason- ing to show that they had actually meant the opposite of what they had said. Alice, who was adept at asking disconcerting questions, enjoyed such teasing. The exchange between Alice and the Frog Footman in Through the Looking-Glass is an example of the nonsense based on wordplay that delighted both the child and the logician: “Where’s the servant whose business it is to answer the door?” she began ... “To answer the door?” he said. “What’s it been asking of?” Many of the naive remarks in Carroll’s stories were Alice’s own and he also kept a note of what he had heard other children say in trains, pub- lic parks and at the seaside. Dodgson knew that, to capture a child’s wholehearted attention, the child must be placed at the centre of the story. Alice’s Adventures in Won- derland begins with the word “Alice”, and Alice is the unmistakable hero- ine present on every page “as large as life and twice as natural”. The stories that he told to all the Ediths, Olives, Beatrices and Ruths, although not written down, became each child’s own prized possession, treasured all the more in large Victorian families where everything had to be shared. One child recalled that “my adventures as told by Mr Dodgson made me quite a heroine, and I felt myself a person of some importance with a history”. 14 15 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

Although his stories would take the child into realms of fancy, they Up above the world you fl y, would start in familiar surroundings and recall recent actual events in the Like a tea-tray in the sky! child’s life. From this safe foundation, Dodgson could follow the child’s (by Mavis Batey) imagination and lead it spellbound into unexpected adventures. Exercises Exercise 1 ALICE’S OXFORD These words are easily confused. Write sentences to show their dif- Walks were a necessary part of the children’s afternoon routine, since ferent meanings. it was a strict rule that they should not run about in the quad or make too a) TELL-SPEAK-SAY-TALK much noise in their garden. This was under the windows of the college b) INVENT-DISCOVER Library, from where Dodgson often watched them playing and making c) HEAR-LISTEN daisy chains. They were taken to let off steam in Christ Church Meadow d) RECALL-REMIND and were delighted when Mr Dodgson was free from his mathematics and could accompany them along the Broad Walk to the Botanic Garden, or Exercise 2 take them to see the deer at Magdalen or feed the ducks on Worcester Lake. Arrange A) and B) in pairs of antonyms. Throughout their years at the Deanery, the Liddell children took А) friend, begin, spacious, slowly, love, unmistakable, consistent, a lively interest in all that went on in Oxford. Their father’s Greek appear, lose, capture, give. dictionary was a bestseller and in 1863 Dodgson took them round the В) take, inconsistent, release, enemy, fi nish, rapidly, hatred, University Press to see it being set up for its sixth edition. The building of mistakable, cramped, fi nd, disappear. the new University Museum and the laying out of its exhibits was of great interest; the remains of the extinct Dodo, which was to have a new lease Exercise 3 True or false? of life in Wonderland, fascinated them. Alice couldn’t help questioning 1. Lewis Carroll’s real name was Carl Thomson. the need for such erudite classifi cations of the insects, however, when 2. Lewis Carroll was married. “what she really wanted to know was whether it could sting or not”. 3. Lewis Carroll was a historian. Alice knew most of the Oxford professors, since they were the 4. Lewis Carroll wrote tales. only resident members of the University, other than Heads of Houses 5. Lewis Carroll cared for children. and canons of Christ Church, who were allowed to marry, and most 6. Lewis Carroll descended from two ancient southern families of her friends were professors’ children. She was very familiar with who had served their country well. academics who talked like the egg-headed professor Humpty Dumpty 7. Lewis Carroll’s father was very poor. or were ready to give philosophical advice like the hookah-smoking 8. Lewis Carroll made a drama theatre for his sisters. Caterpillar. Professor Bartholomew Price, who was a great friend and 9. Lewis Carroll studied at Christ Church, Oxford. former tutor of Dodgson, was well known at the Deanery. He was 10. Alice Liddell was Lewis Carroll’s sister. always known as “Bat” in Oxford, as he had a habit of fl ying over 11. Alice Liddell was never photographed by Lewis Carroll. everybody’s heads in his lectures, which Dodgson conveniently linked 12. Many of Alice’s remarks were used in Lewis Carroll’s with his interest in astronomy for Alice’s Wonderland: stories. 13. Lewis Carroll often worked at the university library from Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! where he watched the Liddell children play. How 1 wonder what you’re at! 14. Lewis Carroll liked walking at the Botanic Garden. 16 17 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

15. Lewis Carroll wrote Greek dictionary. 16. Alice was fond of questioning. 17. Alice knew most of the Oxford professors.

Exercise 4 Answer the following questions. 1. Have you read any of Lewis Carroll’s books? 2. Did you like/dislike them? Why? 3. Have you learnt anything new from the text above? 4. Could you name the main characters of Lewis Carroll’s stories?

Exercise 5 Write an article under the title “Alice’s Oxford”.

Exercise 6. Project. Find information on Lewis Carroll’s biography and make a report.

CAMBRIDGE Like Oxford, Cambridge isn’t car-friendly. But, with most of To the right soars the beautiful Perpendicular King’s College its architectural glories concentrated along a short stretch Chapel with the largest fan-vaulted stone ceiling in the world, its only of the River Cam, it is an easy place to fi nd your way apparent support the slender columns of the nave. There are also some around on foot. exquisite stained-glass windows, the work of 16th-century Flemish and English craftsmen. The intricately carved rood screen, donated by In 1209, when riots in Oxford resulted in the hanging of three students, Henry VIII, is a magnifi cent example of Early Renaissance woodwork. a group of scholars settled in the market town of Cambridge, already a The chapel also contains a stunning painting: Rubens’ Adoration of the thriving community, and the seeds of England’s second university were Magi. The renowned King’s College Choir, whose carol performance sown, although the fi rst college was not founded until 1284. Feuds between is broadcast live across the world on Christmas Eve, sings here daily townspeople and students (“town and gown”) soon erupted and continued for during term time and visitors are welcome to attend services. six centuries, although the university’s dominant role was established in the Clare College was founded in 1326 and is an elegant palace. From 1440s by the demolition of a large tract of the medieval centre to make way for Clare Bridge, the oldest of the college bridges, there are good views the construction of King’s College. Today there are 31 colleges in Cambridge; of the river. Cambridge University Press Bookshop is the oldest most of them are open to the public although restrictions apply during the bookshop site in Britain: books have been sold here since 1581. On examinations period (late April-mid-June). Some of the more famous ones – your left you will see the Great Gate of Trinity College, the largest King’s, Queens’, St John’s, Trinity and Clare charge an admission fee. and richest college, founded by Henry VIII just before his death King’s College was founded in 1441 by Henry VI, although the in 1546. Trinity has produced 32 Nobel Prize winners, six prime pinnacled gatehouse was added nearly 400 years later by Gothic revivalist ministers and numerous poets, philosophers and scientists – Francis William Wilkins and the classical Fellows’ Building on the west side is Bacon, Lord Byron, Isaac Newton, Ernest Rutherford, Lord Tennyson an 18th-century structure. and Vladimir Nabokov among them. 18 19 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

spanned by the Mathematical Bridge, an early 20th-century copy of the one designed in 1749 by William Etheridge – and not Isaac Newton, as the myth runs. Pembroke College is best known for its chapel, the fi rst work to be completed (1663-65) by Sir Christopher Wren. Almost opposite stands Peterhouse College, the oldest and most traditional of the colleges, founded in 1284 by the Bishop of Ely. The Gothic chapel on the east side is its most outstanding building. Sir Frank Whittle, inventor of the jet engine, was a student here, as was Charles Babbage whose work led to the modern computer. To the right of Peterhouse is the Fitzwilliam Museum, revitalised by a £12 million Courtyard Development. The museum contains a priceless collection of paintings, books and manuscripts belonging to the museum’s founder, Viscount Fitzwilliam; antiquities, sculpture, sarcophagi, ceramics and jewellery from Egypt, Asia, Greece and Rome; and masterpieces by Italian Renaissance artists, Flemish masters, and French Impressionists. The fan gallery has new displays of European and Oriental fans. After this you might like to walk down Trumpington Road to the You can visit the Elizabethan Dining Hall with an intricately Botanic Gardens, one of the fi nest in the country. A huge variety of carved minstrels’ gallery; and the Wren Library, one of the fi nest plants provide all-year colour; there are also a Water Garden, a Winter classical buildings in the country, designed by Sir Christopher Wren Garden, glasshouses full of tropical plants and a Genetics Garden, which as a gift to the college. The 16th-century Great Court is the site of illustrates how genetic variation plays on the appearance of plants. It’s a the Great Court Run, in which students must try to run round the reminder that the garden was established by Professor Henslow, the tutor perimeter (400 yards/ metres) within the time it takes the clock to who inspired Charles Darwin. strike 12 (43 seconds); a scene memorably captured in the 1981 fi lm Visit Museum of Zoology; among its exhibits are specimens Chariots of Fire. The Olympic runner, Lord Burghley, was the fi rst discovered by Charles Darwin on his 1831 voyage on the Beagle: most successful contestant (in 1927). famous of these are some of the Galapagos fi nches. Leaving the college, cross Trinity Bridge to visit The Backs, the lawns, meadows and gardens that back on to the Cam and are THE HIDDEN HEAD particularly beautiful in spring. The view of the colleges from the rear illustrates the wide variety of architectural styles employed. Sidney Sussex College in Sidney Street is one of the smallest colleges, Beyond the back entrance to King’s, turn left into Queens’ Green founded in 1596 on the site of a dissolved Franciscan friary. It is not the and on to Silver Street to reach Queens’ College. The Old Court most interesting college visually (although it does have attractive shady is a fine example of a medieval quadrangle, and Cloister Court, cloisters), but it is the last resting place of the head of Oliver Cromwell, flanked by the President’s Lodge, a half-timbered building, leader of the Roundheads in the English Civil War. He had briefl y been a makes a delightful setting for summer-evening performances of student here, until his father’s death obliged him to return home and take Shakespearean plays. The Cam divides the college in two and is on family responsibilities. In 1643 he returned as military leader, looted 20 21 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 1. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE the colleges – which supported King Charles I – and requisitioned their Exercise 4 courts as barracks. Complete the following text. Cromwell was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1658, but after Cambridge is the second oldest university city in Britain. It was founded the restoration of the monarchy two years later his relics were in 1284 when the fi rst college, Peterhouse, was built. exhumed and his body hung up at Tyburn Gallows, while his head was impaled on a spike at Westminster Hall for 20 years. When Exercise 5 the skull eventually blew down it was spirited away and passed Choose one of Cambridge colleges and speak on its history. through various hands over the centuries before being offered to the college in 1960. It is buried somewhere under the ante-chapel floor, Exercise 6 in the vicinity of the plaque. Sidney Sussex College has a reputation Your friend is planning to visit Cambridge for the fi rst time and wants to for mathematical expertise: many of the people who worked on know about the things below. Write a letter to him giving suggestions where decoding Enigma at Bletchley Park in World War II came from the to go and why he/she should go there: college. More recent mathematical alumni include TV presenter - learn about local history; Carol Vorderman. - see interesting architecture; - go to theatre performances. Exercises Exercise 1 Exercise 7. Role play. Arrange A) and B) in pairs of words with similar meanings. Act as a guide around Cambridge for tourists from the USA. A) thriving, almost, obvious, watch, found, walk, big, picture, quarrels, especially, myth, include, rebellion; Exercise 8 B) contain, large, clock, particularly, feuds, riot, painting, apparent, Say if you would like to enter Cambridge and explain why. fl ourishing, establish, stroll, legend, nearly. Exercise 9. Project. Exercise 2 Compare two towns: Oxford and Cambridge and make a report. Complete the text. On arriving _1_Cambridge the fi rst thing that strikes the eye is clean Exercise 10. Interview. paved streets, neat little brick houses _2_ gardens, some Sectarian Ask people their opinions on Cambridge. churches _3_quaint styles, and wonderful old colleges that have outlasted many a century and defi ed all changes _4_the weather. The streets are crowded _5_ students _6_both sexes, many _7_ them __8_ bikes, _9_ smart tennis-suits, __10_ a badge _11_their respective clubs and a racket _12_ their arm. Cambridge, just two hours _ 13_ London, is named _14_ the rivulet Cam that fl ows _15_ the place. It is not deep and one can easily see the roots _16_ many water plants that grow _17_it.

Exercise 3 Make up 10 questions for the texts about Cambridge. 22 PART 2. SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY PART 2 SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY

STRATFORD-UPON-AVON

You may go to Warwickshire to see Stratford, Shakespeare’s town, but it has many other treasures – great castles, cathedrals, and the art galleries of Birmingham, England’s second city.

The novelist Henry James (1843-1916) described his much- loved county of Warwickshire as “mid-most England, unmitigated England...” It is a land of patchwork fi elds, mellow brick houses and country lanes, with the River Avon running through it. But this area of the West Midlands also contains Birmingham, England’s second- largest city, and Coventry, which was once synonymous with the In the nearby High Street is a building not associated with British car industry. Shakespeare: Harvard House, covered with ornate carved heads A tour of Shakespeare Country must begin in Stratford-upon-Avon, and friezes. This was the childhood home of Katherine Rogers, who where the Bard was born on 23 April 1564. Stratford is a pleasant town, married Robert Harvard and whose son John emigrated to America set on an attractive stretch of the Avon where it is joined by the Stratford in the 17th century before becoming principal benefactor of the Canal. university that bears his name. Start your tour at the point where the two bridges over the Avon Continue to Chapel Street, where Nash’s House, home of funnel pedestrians and traffi c into town. Beyond the traffi c, in Bancroft Shakespeare’s granddaughter Elizabeth, is a fi ne building stocked Gardens, overlooking the canal basin, is the Gower Memorial, on with 17th-century tapestries, ceramics and furnishings, and which now which Shakespeare sits, surrounded by characters from his plays: Hamlet, houses a small history museum. It adjoins the site of New Place, which Prince Hal, Falstaff and Lady Macbeth. Shakespeare bought as a retreat from London. All that remains of New Follow Bridge Street to Henley Street where Shakespeare’s Place are a well and some foundations but beyond lies a lovely Tudor- Birthplace stands. This timber-framed building was the Shakespeare style knot garden and the Great Garden where two mulberry trees family home and business premises – his father was a glove maker, wool stand; one supposedly a cutting from the original planted by Shakespeare, merchant and moneylender, and became mayor in 1568. The building the other planted by the actress Peggy Ashcroft; her ashes were scattered has been authentically restored and furnished (it served as a pub before it there after her death in 1991. It was at New Place that Shakespeare died, was bought for the nation in 1847). in 1616 – on his birthday. 24 25 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 2. SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY

The riverside park can be entered through Old Town. Dominating the far 4. What was Shakespeare’s father? end is the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, adjacent to the Elizabethan-style 5. What does the building where Shakespeare was born look like? 6. What do you know about Katherine Rogers? Swan Theatre. Built in the early 1930s, after the previous building was de- 7. Where is Nash’s House located? stroyed by fi re, the theatre, which has some marvellous Art Deco interior 8. Where is the Royal Shakespeare Theatre located? fi ttings, is home to the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC). The theatre was 9. When was it built? redeveloped in 2010. Anne Hathaway’s Cottage is in Shottery, about 1 10.What does Anne Hathaway’s Cottage look like? mile (2km) west of town. It’s a delightful timber-framed thatched cottage, with an idyllic cottage garden (not the working farmyard it would have been Exercise 6. Role play. in Anne’s day). The house remained in the Hathaway family until 1892, Act as a guide in Stratford-on-Avon. when it was bought by the Birthplace Trust. Beyond the house is the Shake- speare Tree Garden, planted with most of the trees mentioned in the plays. Exercise 7. Role play. You are a reporter for your local radio station. Interview a foreigner Exercises who came to visit Stratford-upon-Avon. Exercise 1 Give synonyms for the following words: COVENTRY trip, town, stay, area, poet, ground, building, marvelous. Coventry is known principally for three things: for the Exercise 2 destruction it suffered during World War II and the cathedral which Give derivatives for the following words: sprang phoenix-like from the ashes, for the story of 11th-century popular, attract, marvel, describe, industry, tour, furnish, nation, emi- Lady Godiva, a noblewoman, who rode naked through the streets, grate, benefi t, history, suppose, compete. protected only by her long hair, in protest against her husband’s imposition of taxes; and as the birthplace of the British car industry. Exercise 3 All three are celebrated in the city: the first, Coventry Cathedral, Complete the text. is the reason many come to Coventry. No town _1_ comparable size enjoys such universal popularity and veneration _2_ Stratford-upon-Avon, the birthplace _3_ William Shakespeare. It possesses a peculiarly English character derived _4_ its unique heritage _5_ natural setting, history and literary associations. Year _6_ year the fame _ 7_ its long established Shakespeare Festival spreads as increasing numbers _8_ visitors _9_ all parts _10_ the world come to enjoy the plays_11_ the greatest dramatist _12_ all time _13_ the setting _14_ his native town. Exercise 4 Speak on Shakespeare’s biography. Exercise 5 Answer the following questions. 1. How did Henry James describe Warwickshire? 2. Where and when was Shakespeare born? 3. Can you describe the Gower Memorial?

26 27 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 2. SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY

The ruins of the old cathedral, which form a poignant introduction trading past; and Ford’s Hospital is an outstanding medieval building to the city, are now a place of contemplation, and the venue for which has functioned as an almshouse since 1509 – it was restored fol- Mystery Plays, held every two years, as a symbol of peace and lowing bomb damage in the 1940s. For a change from the urban, head for reconciliation. the peaceful canal towpath, where 5½ miles (9km) of waterside art make The new cathedral, designed by Sir Basil Spence and built up the Coventry Canal Art Trail. from 1955 to 1962, stands strikingly juxtaposed with the beautiful ruined shell of the old. The broad steps leading to the entrance on Exercises the university side are guarded by a striking bronze figure by Sir Exercise 1 Joseph Epstein of St Michael triumphing over the devil, while the Complete the table. vast glazed screen is engraved with saints and angels. Verb Noun Adjective/Participle Adverb Inside, the eye is led past slender Peace supporting columns to Graham Build Sutherland’s celebrated tapestry Destroy showing Christ in Glory surrounded by Peacefully symbols of the Evangelists. The Striking baptistry is dominated by a window of equal scale and renown, the abstract Introduce stained glass the work of John Piper Engrave and Patrick Reyntiens, and by a font Principa consisting of a rugged boulder brought Celebration from Bethlehem. The small Chapel of Creat Gethsemane is protected by a screen in the form of the crown of thorns, Exercise 2 designed by Spence himself. Answer the following questions. The second reason is commemorated 1. Why do tourists come to Coventry? more light-heartedly every July at 2. What museums can tourists visit in Coventry? the costumed Godiva Procession, 3. Why is the name of Lady Godiva known to everyone? and by the Herbert Art Gallery and 4. Would you like to visit Coventry? Why? Museum which aims to spotlight the city’s heritage with the creation of a Exercise 3 Complete the text. History Centre. And the third, which Coventry is an evolving and innovative university _1_ a growing began with Daimler in 1896, can be explored in the Coventry Transport reputation _2_ excellence _3_ education. Independent surveys show Museum, where the largest collection of British road transport in the that Coventry University provides a caring and supportive environment, world evokes Coventry’s special contribution to the industry. enriched _4_ a unique blend _5_ academic expertise and practical Much of Coventry was, necessarily, redeveloped after the war, cul- experience. Coventry University was “Highly Commended _6_ the minating in the radical redesign of the city centre, which garnered high Entrepreneurial University _7_ the Year category _8_ the Times praise in 2004. But some historic buildings remain – St Mary’s Guild- Higher Awards 2008. The aim _9_ Coventry University is to keep _10_ hall with its spectacular Arras tapestry is a reminder of Coventry’s wool- improving. Coventry University is investing heavily _11_ developing 28 29 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 2. SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY their state-of-the-art-facilities _12_ 160 million pounds embarked _13_ Anyone will be struck by the vivacity, if not by the beauty, of the improvements _14_ the next 10 years. Coventry University is fi rmly city affectionately known as Brum. St Philip’s Cathedral is an out- focused _15_ preparing students _16_ successful futures. standing example of English baroque, with the glorious stained-glass Exercise 4 windows designed by Edward Burne-Jones (1833–98). Render the text into English. Ковентри – город на востоке английского графства Западный Мидлендс. Известен своей фабричной промышленностью, осо- бенно шляпными фабриками. Здесь также имеются фабрики часов, велосипедов, швейных машин, ковров, кружев и т. п. В Ковентри находится штаб-квартира автомобильной марки «Ягуар карз». Ковентри упомянут в поэме Теннисона «Леди Годива», в честь которой и сейчас три раза в год устраиваются празднества. В городе находится собор Cв. Михаила в легком готическом стиле, разрушен- ный во время Второй мировой войны и отстроенный заново, а так- же собор Cв. Марии времен Генриха VI. Ковентри – 9-й по числу жителей город в Англии и 11-й в Вели- кобритании. Город находится в 153 км на северо-запад от Лондона и в 30 км на восток от Бирмингема. Exercise 5 Speak on the history of a) Coventry Cathedral, b) Ford’s Hospital. Exercise 6. Role play. Work in pairs. You are a reporter for your local radio station. Interview the Mayor of Coventry. Other members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood are also BIRMINGHAM represented in the city: in Chamberlain Square the Museum and Art Birmingham, at the forefront of the 19th-century Industrial Gallery has a matchless collection of their work. A pedestrianised Revolution and still one of the major manufacturing centres, area makes a link on one side with Victoria Square, where the has a history studded with the names of industrial greats – like grandiose 19th-century Town Hall, modelled on the Temple of James Watt, inventor of the steam engine and Matthew Boulton, Castor and Pollux in Rome, and the Council House contrast with who pioneered gas lighting. In the 1960s, the innovative city also some monumental contemporary sculptures. became one of the country’s most famous examples of revolutionary On the other side of Victoria Square, a bridge crosses a section of urban planning. However, thirty years on, Birmingham had lost Queens-way to the Hall of Memory and Centenary Square, one of momentum and was looking decidedly down-at-heel. It embarked the city’s newer public spaces and setting for the huge International on a journey of transformation and is emerging as a great centre Convention Centre. Its Symphony Hall has been acclaimed as one of for services, shopping and cultural activities, as exemplified by the the world’s fi nest auditoriums. The pedestrianised area leads on to Gas dramatic redevelopment of the glass-covered environment of the Street Basin, once the hub of a transport network on Birmingham’s Bullring shopping centre. canals – whose mileage is greater than that of Venice – now converted into 30 31 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 2. SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY a vibrant development of bars and restaurants baptised Brindleyplace. марками. К XVI веку Бирмингем становится центром изготов- The site is home to the National Sea Life Centre, which has a ления металлических изделий. Во время Английской буржуаз- completely transparent underwater tunnel. On a more intimate scale, the ной революции XVII века Бирмингем поддерживал парламент. Icon Gallery, housed in a Victorian building, is a laid-back venue for В 1839 году в Бирмингеме заседал чартистский конвент. С на- contemporary art with a good café-cum-tapas bar. чала ХХ века в Бирмингеме происходит быстрый рост военных Stroll south along the water’s edge to come to the Mailbox, an заводов. В годы Второй мировой войны Бирмингем подвергся exclusive complex of designer shops and eateries, not to mention the значительным разрушениям в результате бомбежки. В 1974 году shiny new home of BBC Birmingham. к Бирмингему был присоединен город Саттон Колдфилд. Бирмингем – индустриальный город. В нем развита металлур- Exercises гическая и машиностроительная промышленность. Город изве- Exercise 1 стен также как пионер строительных сообществ. Paraphrase the following word combinations: Бирмингем является одним из ведущих научных центров Ве- look down-at-heel, studded with the names, dramatic redevelop- ликобритании и Европы. В городе находятся три университета ment, laid-back venue. и два университетских колледжа. Бирмингемский Университет – один из самых крупных и известных в Великобритании. Бир- Exercise 2 мингем также славится школьным образованием. Школа Короля Make up 10 questions to the text. Эдварда ежегодно занимает верхние позиции в рейтинге школ Великобритании. Exercise 3 Complete the text. Exercise 5. Project. In the heart _1_ England about 112 miles north-west _2_ London Find information on Industrial Revolution and make a report. is Birmingham. It is a city _3_ the population of _4_ one million. It is the centre _5_ the iron industry. The district _6_ Birmingham is known _7_ the Black Country. It is the land _8_ factories and mines. Steam-engines, motor-cars, railway carriages, bicycles _8_ agricultural implements are manufactured there. Birmingham is a university city, too.

Exercise 4 Render the text into English. Бирмингем является центром региона Bэст-Мидлендс и вто- рым по населению городом Англии после Лондона. Его населе- ние составляет более 1 млн. Город расположен на Бирмингем- ском плато и занимает территорию 267 кв. м. Он граничит на северо-востоке с графством Уорикшир, на юго-востоке с райо- ном Солихалл, на юге – с графством Вустершир. Первое упоми- нание о поселении на месте Бирмингема относится к XI веку. С XIII века Бирмингем город получил известность своими яр- 32 PART 3. CANTERBURY AND THE SOUTHEAST PART 3 CANTERBURY AND THE SOUTHEAST

The county of Kent is known for its fruit and fair women. It is also the cradle of Christianity in Britain, a land of castles, moated manors and delightful gardens.

Hops, apples, cherries and fair women are the traditional crop from the country’s most south-eastern county of Kent, known as “the Garden of England”. Market forces and agricultural policies have driven all but the fair women to the wall, but the agriculture of the past has shaped the countryside, giving it distinctive hop kilns, while an abundance of wood has led to white weatherboard buildings. The High Weald is a lovely, rolling landscape, and at Dover the chalk Downs spill dramatically into The Normans also built an exemplary cathedral here, on the site of the sea, giving England its ancient name, Albion, from the Latin alba an earlier Saxon cathedral which had been founded in AD 604, which is (meaning white). sturdy, simple and reminiscent of their churches in France. The cathedral This is the nearest England gets to the Continent, and it was here that is an important place of pilgrimage and has been so since the 13th century. the invaders came: Julius Caesar in 55BC, Angles, Saxons and Jutes in You can still see sites that inspired Dickens, notably Restoration House, the Dark Ages, William of Normandy in 1066. Christianity also arrived Crow Lane, which was Satis House in Great Expectations. here with St Augustine in 597, establishing the Church at Canterbury. Chatham is a neighbour in this seamless clutter of Medway towns. Its And it was in the skies over Kent that the ferocious dogfi ghts of the Battle famous Royal Navy dockyards, established by Henry VIII, were closed of Britain took place in 1940. Today England is linked to the Continent by the Admiralty in 1984 with a loss of 8,000 jobs but they found a new through the Channel Tunnel. lease of life as a museum. The Historic Dockyard covers 80 acres (32 hectares) and has the largest concentration of listed buildings in Britain. Visitors can see the shipbuilding sheds, the sail lofts and the impressive CHARLES DICKENS COUNTRY 1,140ft (350-metre) Ropery, built in 1792. Ships on display include the The south, Kent side of the Thames estuary is Charles Dickens country. submarine HMS Ocelot and the last Victorian sloop, HMS Gannet. Nearby, He drew inspiration from the bleak marshes, and the people who lived by at Chatham Maritime, is Dickens World (www.dickens-world.co.uk), a the tidal river. Some marshlands remain, still bleak, but ideal for waders hi-tech recreation of Victorian England, complete with actors dressed as and sea birds. Dickens lived at Gad’s Hill in Rochester. This ancient Dickensian characters. Aimed at families, it features a Great Expectations town on the River Medway has always been of strategic importance: “dark” boat ride, a Victorian schoolroom and a “haunted house”. There’s Watling Street, the Roman road from Canterbury to London, passes also an animatronic show, telling the story of Dickens. through it and the Normans built a fi ne castle with the tallest keep in More of a backwater is Faversham, a pretty town also on Watling England (113ft/32 metres). Street and on the River Swale. Among its ancient quays is a pervading 34 35 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 3. CANTERBURY AND THE SOUTHEAST smell from the local brewery, Shepherd Neame. Apples are prolifi c at Exercise 3 nearby Brogdale Orchard, which holds the national fruit collection. Complete the text. There are almost 2,000 varieties of apple alone, including the earliest For more than 200 years Whitstable has been welcoming visitors _1_ known in England and the variety that is said to have fallen on New- its own brand _2_ seaside entertainment. ton’s head when he mused on gravity. Back on the coast, another attrac- _3_ bathing machines fi rst appeared _4_ 1768 Whitstable has been tive town is Whitstable, known since Roman times for its oysters. Buy known _5_ safe and pleasant resort. Yet it has none _6_ the noisy them in the old harbour or try them at the seafront Whitstable Oyster razzmatazz _7_ other places. Fishery Restaurant, or at Pearsons Crab and Oyster House, the pub and Whitstable has a charm and character all _8_ its own. restaurant opposite. In 1830 George Stephenson built one of the fi rst Famed _9_ centuries _9_ its oysters Whitstable today is popular both passenger railway lines which ran the half dozen miles from here to _10_ those who enjoy water sports and those who like to sit and watch Canterbury. the world go _11_. The main shopping centre has a variety _12_ shops and stores and Exercises several specialists outlets. Harbour Street is also well-known _13_ its Exercise 1 collection _14_ antique and second-hand shops. A) Match parts A and B. Much _15_ Whitstable history can be found _16_ recently opened AB Museum _17_ Coastal Heritage _18_ the Forrester’s Hall, Oxford Street. 1. get along a. leave a place The museum contains a fascinating collection _19_ maritime important 2. get round b. recover from pictures _20 _ the town. 3. get off c. get on 4. get over d. spread Exercise 4 Describe Dickens World. B) Make up sentences with the phrasal verbs which are given above. Exercise 5 Exercise 2 Speak on the Historic Dockyard. Answer the following questions. 1. What is Kent famous for? Exercise 6 2. Why is Kent called “the Garden of England”? Render the text into English. 3. Why is England often referred to as “Albion”? Кент – графство в Англии. Входит в состав Юго-Восточной Ан- 4. Who brought Christianity to England? глии. Столица и крупнейший город – Мейдстон. Площадь графст- 5. What part of England is considered to be Charles Dickens country? ва составляет 3736 кв. км. Омывается Северным морем (на севере) и проливами Ла-Манш (на юге) и Паде-Кале (на востоке и юго-вос- 6. Where did Charles Dickens live? токе). Население около 1,5 млн. 7. What is known about Rochester? Еще до времен Цезаря территория была завоевана одним из пле- 8. Is Chester a district or a town? мен бельгов, явившимся из Галлии. От этого периода в Кенте сохра- 9. Where can tourists see hi-tech recreation of Victorian England? нились друидические памятники вблизи Гилсфорда, многочислен- 10. What is the name of the orchard which holds the national fruit ные земляные сооружения, укрепления. От римлян сохранились collection? остатки крепостей в Дувре, Ричборо и Раколвере, а также следы 11. What is Whitstable famous for? римских вилл. 36 37 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 3. CANTERBURY AND THE SOUTHEAST

CANTERBURY Canterbury is the cradle of English Christianity. Its main at- traction is, of course, the cathedral, which is steeped in history and redolent of its glorious and infamous past. Canterbury is the mother church of the Anglican Communion, its archbishop the Primate of England. In AD 597 Pope Gregory the Great sent St Augustine to England to convert the English, whose religion had lapsed after the Romans had departed. He converted King Ethelbert of Kent, who gave him land on which he founded a monastery (outside the city walls) and the cathedral (within). In 1170 four knights, thinking they were doing King Henry II a favour, murdered the “turbulent priest”, Archbishop Thomas Becket, in the northwest transept. Becket was promptly canonised and in 1174 Henry performed a penance at his tomb. From then until the Reformation, the cathedral was a place of pilgrimage, not just in England, but throughout Europe. The 14th- century poet Geoffrey Chaucer gives a vivid account of the characters who joined the pilgrimages in the prologue to The Canterbury Tales. In 1220 Becket’s bones were transferred to a shrine in the Trinity Chapel and in 1935 T.S. Eliot’s play about Becket, Murder in the Cathedral, was fi rst performed in the Chapter House leading off the Great Cloister. The oldest part of the cathedral is the well-lit crypt, from the 11th century, and there are traces of earlier work; some of its fi ne carved capitals are unfi nished. Four years after Becket’s death a fi re resulted in the building of the Trinity Chapel to contain his tomb and remodelling by William of Sens of the choir, which was used by the monks of the adjoining monastery for singing daily psalms. The glorious, soaring, Perpendicular nave, rebuilt in the late 14th century, is the longest medieval nave in Europe; above the central crossing rises the main Bell Harry Tower (249ft/90 metres), added a century later. Among the many noble tombs perhaps the fi nest is that of the Black Prince in the Trinity Chapel, a copper effi gy encumbered in full armour. The cathedral’s stunning stained glass dates from the 12th and 13th centuries and rivals the best in France. The windows in the Trinity Chapel portray the life of Jesus; a noted window of Adam, formerly part of a series showing the ancestors of Jesus in the choir and Trinity Chapel, is now in the west end of the cathedral. During World War II a 24-hour watch for enemy planes was kept on the cathedral roof. The town was badly bombed, but the cathedral remained miraculously unscathed. 38 39 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 3. CANTERBURY AND THE SOUTHEAST

Despite German aerial bomb attacks in 1942, much of Canterbury’s medieval character remains. The town’s delights include parts of the original Roman wall which once enclosed it. Also worth visiting are the excavated ruins of St Augustine’s Abbey. Further east is North Foreland, the tip of the duck’s tail of Kent and Britain’s most easterly spot. Immediately below is Broadstairs, a pretty old-fashioned seaside town, with a sandy bay and landscaped cliffs, which Dickens described as being “left high and dry by the tide of years”. When he knew it, the clifftop Bleak House was called Fort House. He spent many long summer holidays there in the 1850s and 1860s. It was here that he wrote much of his novel, David Copperfi eld. Sandwich lies along the River Stour, 2 miles (3km) from the sea. In the 9th century it was an important port, but by the 17th century progressive silting of the estuary left it high and dry, and it is now surrounded by a 500- acre (200-hectare) coastal bird sanctuary. In the 11th century, Sandwich became one of the original Cinque Ports (pronounced “sink”), a string of harbours from here to Hastings with special trading privileges granted in return for maintaining vessels to defend the English Channel from the French. Walmer Castle in Deal is still the offi cial residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, a post held by the Queen Mother for 24 years. Here, too, is the simple camp bed where the great Duke of Wellington, who vanquished Napoleon at Waterloo, chose to die like a simple soldier. On the beach of this small resort Julius Caesar landed in 55BC. Sandwich, Deal and Dover are now billed as “White Cliffs Country” and at Dover, Britain’s busiest passenger port, the chalk massif of the South Downs dramatically drops into the sea. On these cliffs the Romans built a lighthouse, the Normans a castle, where you can experience a medieval siege and visit tunnels used by the military in World War II. The recently excavated Roman Painted House in York Street is also worth a visit. Built around AD 200, it was probably an offi cial hotel for those crossing the channel. The neighbouring channel port of Folkestone is also built beside steep cliffs. The town has a large market by the sea on Sunday where you can buy, among many things, dried dogfi sh called “Folkestone beef”. The nearby Channel Tunnel provides last train and car-shuttle services between England and France. Ashford, which along with new station Ebbsfl eet, on the high speed rail link from France to London, is a handy jumping-off point for the rest of Kent. 40 41 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 3. CANTERBURY AND THE SOUTHEAST

Maidstone is the county town of Kent, built alongside the River Medway. forerunner _9_ the present cathedral. _10_ the 7th century Canterbury Places to visit are just out of town: the Museum of Kent Life and Hop Farm Cathedral has been the mother _11_ English churches, its archbishop is Country Park. The park based around a large collection of oast houses; the spiritual head _12_ the established Church _13_ England. shire horses, which once pulled the brewers’ drays, are on display. There are various attractions for children, including a Victorian-style carousel. Six Exercise 4. Game. Pair work. miles (10km) to the south of Maidstone, Leeds Castle (www.leedscastle. One person chooses three words from the text. The other person must com) dates back to the 12th century and later passed into royal hands, make up a sentence or a short paragraph to connect them. becoming the residence of the widowed queens of medieval England. Henry VIII, with his wife Catherine of Aragon visited frequently. This fairy-tale Exercise 5 place, built on islands in a lake, is one of England’s fi nest castles in a lovely Render the text into English. setting among 500 acres (200 hectares) of parkland. As well as visiting Кентербери находится на юго-востоке Англии, в графстве Кент the grand interior of the castle itself, visitors can see the quirky museum в 85 км от Лондона. Кентербери – маленький город с населением of dog collars – some of which date back 500 years and wander through около 50 000 человек. the elaborate yew maze. The extensive grounds include a vineyard, cottage Римский император Клавдий во время завоевания Британии garden and “duckery”. Black swans swim on the large lake. Grand open-air в 43 году нашей эры на месте кельтского поселения заложил город, concerts and son-et-lumière shows are put on in the grounds in summer. который позже был назван Кентербери. Через город прошла дорога из Дувра в Лондон, известная ныне как Уотлинг-стрит. В VI веке Exercises Кентербери становится резиденцией кентского короля Этельбер- Exercise 1 та и его супруги христианки Берты. Последняя радушно приняла Complete the line using at least 2 synonyms. в Кентербери миссионера, посланного папой Григорием I – Авгус- a) portray…. тина. Он основал при королевском дворе аббатство Cв. Августина, b) remain… а позднее заложил Кентерберийский собор, который стал главным c) recollect… религиозным центром Англии. Картина жизни средневекового Кен- d) build… тербери нарисована в «Кентерберийских рассказах» Чосера. e) include… f) see… Exercise 6 Speak on a) the history of Canterbury, b) Canterbury Cathedral. Exercise 2 Give antonyms using prefi xes. Exercise 7 Famous, favourable, important, regular, distinctive, scathed, fi nished. Describe a) Broadstairs, b) Sandwich, c) Folkestone, d) Maidstone.

Exercise 3 Exercise 8. Project. Complete the text. Find information on a) Thomas Becket, b) Geoffrey Chaucer and This appealing South English cathedral city looks back _1_ a his- make a report. tory _2_ _3_ 2000 years. There was already Belgic settlement here _4_ Caesar’s legions conquered the area _6_ 54 B.C. The town was given the Exercise 9. Discussion point. name Cantwararabyrig _7_ the Anglo-Saxon period. It was in A.D.597 Where is it better to live: in a big city or in a small town? Give argu- that St Augustine who converted England _8_ Christianity founded the ments for and against. 42 PART 4. BRIGHTON AND THE DOWNS

PART 4 restaurants and bars. Much of the enjoyment in the town is simply in BRIGHTON AND THE DOWNS walking the streets. From the station, heading into the old town, the fi rst encounter is with an area called North Laine. Here there remains a spirit of the 1960s, with candle and craft shops, vegan specialists, and tattoo parlours. A recent infl ux of independent boutiques now caters for the town’s increasingly wealthy population. The town also has a reputation for antiques. The more respectable shops are in The Lanes, a warren of alleys Londoners do like to be beside the seaside and its resorts between North Laine and the sea. The Lanes have various etymologies, have a raffi sh air. Around about are the bracing hills of the but they follow an agricultural pattern, possibly from former fi elds where Downs with hill forts, horse racing and welcoming pubs. hemp was grown to make fi shermen’s nets. They are one of the best places to head to when it’s time for something to eat. The Downs, a parallel chalk range that stripes the south of England, North Laine and the Lanes are divided by Church Street where gives the region a distinctive outdoor fl avour. Here are the famous horse- the Pavilion Gardens provide the entrance to the excellent Brighton racing tracks of Epsom, Goodwood, Fontwell and Kemp Town; the fi ne Museum and Art Gallery. Its eclectic contents and recently redeveloped golf course at Wentworth; the parklands of Petworth, Glyndebourne and galleries exhibit everything from some fi ne Victorian paintings and an Sheffi eld Park; tennis at Eastbourne; polo at Cowdray; as well as many extensive collection of Art Deco furniture, to contemporary clothing fi ne fl owering gardens. Close to the capital, the whole area is well ex- and a scientifi c facial reconstruction of a Saxon man, made from a skull plored and much of the northern “home county” of Surrey is suburban. discovered locally. The museum is part of an interesting assortment of A few people commute to the city from as far away as the Sussex coast, buildings, which includes the Dome Theatre in the old Royal Stables, which has long been a favourite place for a day’s outing (5 million visits the Corn Exchange in the old riding house, and The Pavilion Theatre. each year), particularly Brighton, one of the world’s fi rst bathing resorts. These all lie on the north side of the town’s great Attraction, the Royal Pavilion. RAFFISH BRIGHTON London’s favourite resort is an hour’s train journey from the capital. The story of Brighton begins with a local doctor, Richard Russell, who in a tract in 1750 extolled the effi cacy of sea water, both to drink and to bathe in. The practice became so sociably desirable that when Russell opened an estab- lishment with attendants called “bathers” (for men) and “dippers” (for wom- en), he could count on the patronage of the Prince Regent (later George IV). It became the favourite haunt of “Prinny”, the Prince of Wales, who in 1784 drove a coach from London on a new, direct road in 4 hours 30 minutes. To- day the journey is accomplished in less than a quarter of that time. At week- ends in summer the trippers arrive at Brighton Station where a vast market fi lls its car park on Sundays. From there it’s a short walk down Queen’s Road and West Street to the promenade, the stony beach and sparkling sea. The town has a raffi sh air, attracting artists, street performers and alternative lifestylers, who are catered for in a variety of good, inexpensive 44 45 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 4. BRIGHTON AND THE DOWNS

In 1785 the Prince Regent rented a small farm on the Old Steine, Four miles (6,5 km) east of Brighton is Rottingdean, a pleasant and on this site Henry Holland and John Nash, inspired by the village by the sea. From 1897 to 1902 Rudyard Kipling, the great architecture of Mughal India, built his lavish Pavilion. The brilliant literary fi gure of Britain’s Empire days, lived at The Elms where he Oriental interiors, designed by Frederick Grace and Robert Jones, wrote Kim, The Just So Stories and Stalky & Co. His 18th-century are decorated with golden dragons, chinoiserie, burnished palms and house cannot be visited but its walled garden on The Green is open coloured glass. The opulent Banqueting Room is laid ready for a feast to be enjoyed. He was related to the Pre-Raphaelite painter Edward from the ballroom-sized Great Kitchen, which has 500 copper pieces Burne-Jones (1833-98) who lived in North End House on the west in its batterie de cuisine. Concerts are sometimes held in the lovely side of The Green. Music Room. On the fi rst fl oor Queen Victoria’s bed has several To the west of Brighton urban ribbon development connects the Sus- mattresses. sex resorts of Worthing, Littlehampton (there is a good sandy beach at Across the Old Steine down by the seafront is the Sea Life Centre, Climping, on the west side of Littlehampton) and Bognor Regis. Wor- which has a modern walk through aquarium, and the Palace Pier. thing is perhaps the most amiable of these resorts. Shaking off its image as a place for retired gentlefolk, it has recently become a popular centre for hi-tech industries. Oscar Wilde took its name for his main character, John Worthing, in his 1895 play The Importance of Being Earnest, which he wrote while staying here, and every year he is remembered in the town’s August festival. Exercises Exercise 1 Arrange A) and B) in pairs of words that have similar meanings. A) stroll, journey, rich, different, lead, impressive, amuse. B) entertain, wealthy, various, head, commute, lavish, outing.

Exercise 2 Complete the text. Sussex is a historic county _1_ South East England. It is bounded _2_ the north _3_ Surrey, north-east _4_ Kent, south _5_ the English Channel and west _6_ Hamshire. It is divided _7_ West and East Sussex and the city of Brighton and Hove. Brighton and Hove was created _8_ a With pubs, fi sh-and-chip shops and amusements arcades, this 1,700ft unitary authority _9_ 1997 and was granted City status _10_ 2000. _11_ (500-metre) protuberance is an English institution. The West Pier then Chichester had been Sussex’s only city. _12_ the south-west _13_ is a listed building, but years of neglect, some ferocious storms and Sussex lies the fertile and densely-populated coastal plain. North _14_ a disastrous fi re have left it in a sorry and perilous state. On the east this lie the rolling chalk hills _15_ the South Downs _16_ which lies the side of the Palace Pier is Madeira Drive, where the London to Brighton well-wooded Sussex Weald. Veteran Car Run ends up every November. The Volks Railway goes more than a mile (2km) from here along the sea front. Built in 1883, this is said Exercise 3 to be the oldest electric railway in the world. Make up 10 questions to the texts. 46 47 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES

Exercise 4 PART 5 Render the texts into English. THE ENGLISH GARDEN 1. Суррей (Саррей) – графство в южной Англии, одно из так на- зываемых «Домашних графств». Административный центр граф- ства – город Кингстон-эпон-Темс. Население графства составляет более миллиона человек. Значительная часть территории графства покрыта лесами. Есть меловое взгорье. Единственная значительная England’s temperate climate encourages a great diversity река Саррея – Вэй. Саррей славится своим университетом, который of gardens which blend the grand and the homely открылся 9 сентября 1966 года, но его корни уходят вглубь 19 сто- in a cosmopolitan range of styles. летия, когда был открыт Батерси Политехнический институт. Позже на его базе открылся Университет графства Саррей, а несколько лет спустя он был переведен в Гилфорд. В 1998 году Университет граф- ства Саррей объединился с институтом в Рочамтоне. Со дня своего основания Университет графства Саррей открыл колледжи в разных частях графства. 2. Брайтон расположен на южном побережье Англии на берегу пролива Ла-Манш. Расстояние от Брайтона до Лондона – 80 кило- метров. Брайтон считается наиболее оживленным морским курор- том Англии. Здесь сосредоточено множество модных ресторанов, бутиков, отелей, а ночные клубы и бары Брайтона затмят своих кон- курентов даже в Лондоне. Неудивительно, что сами англичане на- зывают Брайтон «Лондоном у моря». В Брайтоне любители досто- примечательностей найдут, что посмотреть. Церковь святого Барто- ломью, расположенная на улице Энн Стрит, одна из самых высоких в Европе. Также стоит побывать в музее и художественной галерее Брайтона, музее естественной истории, музее игрушек и музее ры- боловства. Все туристы в восторге от потрясающего Королевского павильона – комплекса залов на морском берегу, спроектированного The formal gardens of great houses have both followed fashion and для развлечения Георга IV в начале XIX века. set the style for the nation’s favourite hobby. In medieval times, fruit trees, roses and herbs were grown in walled enclosures. In the 16th Exercise 5 century, aromatic plants were incorporated in “knots” (carpet-like Speak about a) Brighton, b) Brighton Museum. patterns). Tudor Gardens (like those at Hatfi eld House in Hertfordshire) were enclosed squares of fl owers in geometric patterns bordered by low Exercise 6. Project. hedges and gravel paths. Find information on the Dawns and make a report. A taste for small fl ower beds persisted through the 17th and 18th centuries when fountains and canals began to be introduced. 49 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 5. THE ENGLISH GARDEN

The Victorians put the emphasis on plants and Gertrude Jekyll (1843– 1932) promoted the idea of planting cycles to ensure that colour lasted through the year.

THE GREAT GARDENERS Lancelot Brown (1715–83) was nicknamed “Capability Brown” when he rode from one aristocratic client to the next pointing out “capabilities to improvement”. His forte was presenting gardens in the “natural” state, and his lasting infl uence lay in his talent for combining quite simple ele- ments to create harmonious effects. Brown liked to create elegant lakes for his parks, as at Blenheim Pal- ace in Oxfordshire. He was also involved with the gardens at Stowe in Buckinghamshire, which the National Trust today describes as “Britain’s largest work of art”, and with the gardens at Kew, Britain’s main botani- cal establishment, just outside London. One of the 20th century’s most infl uential gardeners was Vita Sack- ville-West (1892–1962), who developed her gardens at Sissinghurst Castle in Kent. She revived the 16th-century idea of dividing a garden into separate sections, combining a formal overall style with an infor- mal choice of fl owers.

THE ART OF THE LANDSCAPE In the 1740s a rich banker, Henry Hoare, inspired by Continental art during his Grand Tour, employed William Kent (1685–1748) to turn his gardens at Stourhead in Wiltshire into a series of lakes dotted with build- ings in the classical style. This was the birth of the landscape garden, known as le jardin anglais. “Capability” Brown rejected formal plantings in favour of natural parkland and restricted fl owers to small kitchen gardens. But Hum- phry Repton (1752–1815) reintroduced the formal pleasure garden. 50 51 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 5. THE ENGLISH GARDEN

Exercises Exercise 3 Exercise 1 Complete the text. Answer the following questions. The National Botanical Gardens _1_ Dublin (Ireland) were founded 1. What is the national hobby in England? _2_ the Dublin Society _3_ 1795. _4_ the 19th century David Moore 2. What was grown in gardens in medieval times? and his son, Sir Frederick Moore developed the botanical garden and 3. When were plants “incorporated” in geometrical patterns? it fl ourished. Although the soil is naturally unsuitable _5_ acid-loving 4. When did small fl ower-beds come into fashion? plants such _6_ rhododendrons and heather, they nevertheless succeeded 5. Who started the so called “le jardin anglais”? _7_ creating an environment _8_ which plants _9_ all sorts _10_ habitats 6. What did the Victorians put the emphasis on? could thrive. 7. Why was L. Brown nicknamed “Capability Brown”? The British Royal Botanic Gardens concentrated _11_ the cultivation 8. Where did he design parks? _12_ vegetables, herbs and other “useful” plants as well as ornamental plants. Its educational importance is _13_ no means the least of its Exercise 2 functions. _14_ example, it provides training which produces a number Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of _15_ expert gardeners every year. the line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There are almost as many types of natural Exercise 4 scenery in England as there are counties. Render the text into English. Yet to generalize on natural beauty is DIVERSE Английские сады являются сильнейшим национальным увлече- difficult because of that great_1_. нием. Достаточно только посмотреть на лица англичан, когда они Nine out of ten strangers coming to England APPEAR дружно гуляют по садам-музеям, деловито обсуждая свойства раз- for the first time and asked to speak of личных цветов. Каждое поместье, открытое для посещений, непре- its _2_, will say something equivalent to SKILL менно содержит свои неповторимые сады и парк, иначе число по- “park-like”. England in truth looks like one IMPRESS сетителей резко сократится. Кроме этого, поскольку англичане не great well-ordered park, under the charge CONSIDER любят просто отвлеченно любоваться предметами, но предпочита- of a _3_ landscape gardener. The land does ют жить ими, практически все, что растет в том или ином музее, там not seem ever to be doing anything – not же можно купить и посадить под своим окном. at all a correct _4_ in fact, but it is the one PROSE В Англии даже существуют специальные садоводческие туры conveyed irresistably. The hedges which MARVEL в Европу. Часами английские туристы стоят около цветочных клумб, take up a _5_ fraction of English arable soil рисуя акварельки, делая карандашные наброски или просто улыба- help make England look like a park. The ясь цветам. В книжных магазинах можно увидеть огромные стелла- Englishman is at heart aesthetic, though жи, посвященные садам. В Англии выпускается огромное множе- he is supposed to be a dull, _6_, practical ство журналов и телепередач, посвященных садам и паркам мира. man. All along the English countryside the gardens are _7_ from the winsome cottage Exercise 5 plots to the nobly sweeping landscape Speak about the art of gardening. surrounding a typical manor house.

52 PART 6. HAMPSHIRE, WILTSHIRE AND DORSET PART 6 HAMPSHIRE, WILTSHIRE AND DORSET

The area’s highlights include the splendid cathedral town Salisbury, the ancient stone circle at Stonehenge, Stourhead, stunning gardens, and some of the best beaches in England.

SALISBURY TO STONEHENGE The best place to begin a visit to Salisbury is on a windswept hill just outside it, Old Sarum, where extensive ruins of the earlier town Its purpose has baffled archaeologists and other experts for are set within the ramparts of an Iron-Age hill fort. Salisbury itself centuries and engendered many myths. Inigo Jones, one of the first is dominated by the creamy-white limestone Cathedral with its won- to formally investigate the monument at the behest of James I in the derful spire (the tallest in Britain), timber roof and Decorated-style 17th century, concluded it was a Roman temple to Uranus. Though cloister. It was built in the 13th century and is a stunning example of the alignment of the major axis with the midsummer sunrise suggests the Gothic style. One of the four original copies of the Magna Carta a religious significance, no firm evidence has been found, and (1215) is displayed in the Chapter House. The cathedral is not the only theories about it range from the practical – that it was some kind of attraction; stroll around the town enjoying the gracious Queen Anne calendar – to the extraterrestrial. Whatever its purpose, its builders buildings, or stop for tea or a light lunch at one of them, the National must have had some knowledge of mathematics and astrology. It Trust-run Mompesson House. is popularly associated with the Druids, but in fact predated them Only 3 miles (5km) west of Salisbury is Wilton, dominated by Wil- by about 1,000 years. Regardless of this, present-day Druids and ton House, the estate of the Earl of Pembroken. The 17th century house many other people regard it as a place of ritual and worship on was designed by Inigo Jones and the grounds have a marvellous adven- Midsummer Eve, and the police regard it as a priority to stop them ture playground. trespassing. Between Wilton and Salisbury, the road goes 11 miles (16km) to Stonehenge was part of the ancient Kingdom of Wessex, a region Stonehenge, which stands on Salisbury Plain. England’s most famous that was later immortalised in the novels of Thomas Hardy. The name ancient monument, it has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. referred to “West Saxons”, and part of what was Wessex has more It spans the period 3,000–1,600 BC (the central ring of stones dates ancient sites than the Norman land of the New Forest. from circa 2,000 BC) and was built in phases. Part of it is constructed From Stonehenge, visitors can make a detour north to the village of large bluestones, hauled here from the Preseli Mountains in Pem- of Avebury, the site of one of the most important megalithic monu- brokeshire, 200 miles (320km) away – the fi nal part of their journey was ments in Europe, as well as Bronze Age burial mounds. Northwest probably by water. There are also enormous sarsen stones which outcrop of Stonehenge, you reach Warminster and Longleat. The property locally. of the Marquess of Bath, this was the fi rst stately home to be opened 54 55 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 6. HAMPSHIRE, WILTSHIRE AND DORSET to the public (in 1948). The house, Elizabethan in origin and with an Exercise 3 eclectic mixture of styles spanning the past four centuries, is splen- 1. Answer the following questions. did, but so is the safari park, where animals roam freely in grounds 2. Where is it better to start sightseeing Salisbury? originally landscaped by “Capability” Brown, which is now the great- 3. What is the main tourists’ attraction in Salisbury? est draw. 4. Why is Wilton House famous? After the safari let us visit Stourhead. The Palladian-style 5. What is the most ancient British monument? house, built for banker Henry Hoare in the 18th century is sur- 6. Where is it located? rounded by one of the loveliest landscaped gardens in England. 7. What were the functions of Stonehenge? Classical temples dedicated to Flora and Apollo stand beside the 8. Why is it worth visiting Averbury? dark waters of the lake. In spring the walks are vivid with azaleas 9. Who used to write about Shaftesbury? and rhododendrons. Now let’s go to Shaftesbury, one of southern England’s few hill Exercise 4 towns. Climbing cobbled Gold Hill, lined with 18th century cottages Speak about a) Salisbury, b) Wilton. and the remaining wall of a demolished abbey, is like stepping back into a picturesque version of the past. Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) Exercise 5 used Shaftesbury, renamed Shaston, as the setting for his 1896 novel Describe Stourhead. Jude the Obscure. Our next destination is Sherborne, the burial place of two Saxon Exercise 6 kings. There is a wealth of medieval buildings, including the Abbey Write a letter to your friend describing your impressions of Stone- Church and Almshouse Sherborne Castle is an interestingly eccen- henge. tric pile, built for Sir Walter Raleigh (1552–1618). At Yeovil, 5 miles (8km) west, is the Elizabethan Montacute Exercise 7. Project. House built in golden stone with ornamental gazebos for the lawyer Find information on Magna Carta and make a report. who prosecuted Guy Fawkes, one of the conspirators who tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament in 1605. In the Church at East Coker, 3 miles (5 km) south, are the ashes of T. S. Eliot (1888–1965), whose ancestors emigrated to the USA. “In my beginning is my end”, he wrote in the poem named after the village. Exercises Exercise 1 Find the odd word out. Give your reasons. Salisbury, Wilton, Stourhead, Shaftesbury.

Exercise 2 Give synonyms for the following words: ancestor, display, journey, enormous, suggest, regard, construct, an- cient, purpose, roam. 56 PART 7. BATH PART 7 BATH

Visitors no longer come to Bath to take curative waters, but most go away feeling a lot better after even a short stay in this lively and beautiful city.

Cradled in the folds of the Mendip Hills and dissected by the River Avon, Bath has a long history. The Romans built the baths which give it its name – they are among the most impressive Roman remains in the country – and after years as a popular spa it was transformed, early in the 18th century, into one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. In 1988 Bath was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From here the route leads down to the heart of the baths, the Temple The transformation of the city was largely thanks to three men: Precinct, excavated in the early 1980s. Richard “Beau” Nash, a dandy and gambler and the town’s master of ceremonies; Ralph Allen, a far-sighted businessman; and John Wood, an innovative architect. Our tour of Bath begins at the Pump Room which was built in the 1790s. Here the therapeutic waters could be sampled in comfort but it was also a social arena complete with musical entertainment, a place to see and be seen. Admire the room from one of the elegant tables, entertained by the Pump Room Trio or the regular pianist, with a Bath bun and coffee to hand. At the far end of the room, a statute of Beau Nash presides over the scene, and in an alcove on the south side, overlooking the King’s Bath, spa water is dispensed from a lovely late 19th century drinking fountain graced by four stone trout. The greatest attractions are the Roman Baths (www.romanbaths. co.uk). The Great Bath was discovered in the 1880s during investigations into a leak in the King’s Bath that was causing hot-water fl oods in local cellars. The Victorians were excited by archaeology and the past and the The temple was built around AD 60, on the site of the native Sanctuary of discovery was greeted with great interest throughout Britain. Sulis, a Celtic goddess associated with healing whom the Romans identifi ed 58 59 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 7. BATH with their own goddess of healing, Minerva. Finds from the period include coins, votive offerings and petitions to the goddess. There are also curses inscribed on pewter or lead sheets, some written backwards. Other highlights include the gilded bronze head of Minerva, discovered in 1727 by workmen, the fi rst intimation of the marvellous Roman ruins below the medieval buildings; the Gorgon’s head which would have adorned the main temple’s pediment; the corner blocks of a sacrifi cial altar; and the sea beast mosaic. The museum emerges next to the Great Bath. The Great Bath is the best place to see the water at close quarters, bubbling up at a temperature of 45°C and laden with 43 minerals, including iron which stains the stone red. Its green colour is caused by light reacting with algae: when the baths were roofed over in Roman times, the water would have been clear. The King’s Bath, overlooked by the Pump Room, is named after King Bladud, mythi- cal founder of Bath, who, as a prince, suffered from leprosy and roamed the countryside as a swineherd. According to legend he was miraculously cured when he stumbled upon some hot springs. Duly rehabilitated, he went on to found the city on the site of the curative waters.

THE ANCIENT ABBEY

From the Baths it is a short hop across Abbey Churchyard to Bath Abbey, the heart of medieval Bath. In 675, a Convent of Holy Virgins was founded here, and although there is no further record of the convent, there is evidence that a Saxon abbey existed by 757. Edgar, the fi rst king of all England, was crowned in the abbey church in 973. He introduced the Benedictine monks who were to control the abbey and the town for the next 500 years. In 1107, in the wake of the Norman Conquest, the Bishop of Somerset moved the seat of the bishopric from Wells to Bath and built a Norman 60 61 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 7. BATH church on the site of the Saxon one. This lasted until 1499, when Bishop This was England’s fi rst circular street and there is a wealth of Oliver King rebuilt the church in the Perpendicular style characterised by architectural detail, not least the three types of column on the facades: fl ying buttresses, wide windows and fan vaulting. The Dissolution of the Doric at the bottom, Ionic in the middle, and Corinthian at the top. Monasteries by Henry VIII in 1539 brought the work to a halt, leaving the nave without a roof for many years. West of the Pump Room, along colonnaded Bath Street, the state-of-the- art luxury Thermae Bath Spa complex has been created from a cluster of historic baths harnessing the waters of two of Bath’s three hot springs. They include the Cross Bath, built by Thomas Baldwin in 1791, the neighbouring Hot Bath, and the New Royal Bath. During the 17th century the Cross Bath had a reputation for curing sterility, and Mary of Modena, the wife of James II, conceived a much-needed heir after bathing here. The modern complex includes a roof-top pool with views over the historic centre.

GEORGIAN ELEGANCE Head now to Sawclose and the Theatre Royal one of the oldest loveliest theatres in England, which attracted some of the best-known actors of the late 18th century – such as David Garrick and Sarah Siddons. The Royal presents a year-round programme of plays, opera, dance and concerts. Queen Square was built in the 1730s by John Wood the Elder, the architect credited with introducing the Palladian style to Bath. The North side, with John Wood the Younger designed another architectural fi rst: the Roman portico, is particularly striking. Up Gay Street now to The Circus, Royal Crescent, built from 1767-74, a short walk west of The Circus. designed by John Wood, although completed after his death by his son.

62 63 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 7. BATH

This is Bath’s star turn, set At the end of the century Bath began to lose its lustre, as the in a dramatic position above upper classes deserted it for Tunbridge Wells, Cheltenham and, later, Royal Victoria park, and com- Brighton, where George IV had built the fl amboyant Pavilion. prising 30 separate properties. Bath turned into a residential city favoured by the professional No. 1 Royal Crescent has be- classes in search of a comfortable but relatively inexpensive living. come a museum, restored and furnished by the Bath Preser- Exercises vation Trust as it would have Exercise 1 been in the 18th century. The Find the odd word out. Give your reasons. crescent had its share of fa- Richard Nash, Thomas Eliot, Ralph Allen, John Wood. mous residents: Isaac Pitman, inventor of shorthand, lived at Exercise 2 No. 17; and Elizabeth Linley, A) Match parts A and B. who was painted by Gainsbor- AB ough and who eloped with 1. turn into a. happen in a particular way playwright Richard Sheridan, 2. turn away b. become something different lived at No. 11. 3. turn out c. try to get help, advice, sympathy Assembly Rooms and the Fashion Museum. The magnifi cent 4. turn to d. refuse to give someone sympathy ballroom is lit by cut-glass chandeliers, and there are separate rooms for gambling and taking tea. The Fashion Museum is dedicated to the B) Make up sentences with the phrasal verbs which are given above. fi ckleness of fashion over the past four centuries, with the exhibits on the Georgian period being the most fascinating. The collection was started Exercise 3 by Doris Langley Moore, who gave her collection to Bath in 1963. True or False? The elegant environment created by Nash, Allen and Wood drew 1. Bath is located on the River Avon. the cream of fashionable society during the 18th century who came 2. The Romans gave the name to the town. to see and be seen. 3. Bath is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The main “season” was September to May, with most visitors stay- 4. Pump room was built in 1690s. ing from six weeks to three months. From the moment the abbey bells 5. The Great Bath was called the King’s Bath. pealed out to welcome the new arrivals, days were a round of bathing, 6. The Temple Precinct was devoted to Sulis. visiting, play-going and dancing, so fi nely captured by Jane Austen 7. The King’s Bath overlooked the Pump Room. (1775–1817) in her novels. 8. King Bladud suffered from leprosy. Mornings began with a dip in the baths followed by a turn around 9. Edgar, the fi rst king of all England, was crowned in Bath Abbey the Pump Room and breakfast in the Assembly Rooms; afternoons church in 973. were divided between shops, coffee houses and gaming tables. Twice 10. East of Pump Room there is a Thermae Bath Spa complex. a week a ball was held at one of the assembly rooms; other nights 11. Queen Square was built by John Wood the Younger. might be spent at the theatre, where Sarah Siddons held audiences 12. No 1 Royal Crescent is a museum. spellbound during the 1770s, or at a concert by Venanzio Rauzzini, 13. The Fashion museum was started by Doris Moore. for whom Mozart wrote Exultate Jubilate in 1773. 14. At the end of the 18th century Bath began to lose its importance. 64 65 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES

Exercise 4 PART 8 Complete the text. THE LAKE DISTRICT This town has been important _1_ the Roman times. It gets its name _2_ the large Roman baths here. You can drink special water _3_ Bath. The water tastes horrible but people say it’s very good _4_ you. The beautiful city _5_ Bath, itself an architectural masterpiece, offers a wide range _6_ fi ne museums, some _7_ unique _8_ themselves _9_ the city. They are: the Geology Museum based _10_ the work _11_ Charles The landscape that inspired the Lakeland poets continues Moore; the Museum _12_ Costume _13_ a large display of costume to exert its spell on visitors, who come to walk the fells, _14_ the world, founded _15_ the famous collection _16_ Mrs Doris to sail the waters, or simply to enjoy the breathtaking Langley Moore; and Burrows Toy Museum – the only museum _17_ the scenery. west _18_ England devoted entirely _19_ children’s playthings: books, games, mechanical and constructional toys, dolls, dolls’ houses, etc.

Exercise 5 Say if you would like to visit Bath. Explain why.

Exercise 6 Describe a spa resort in your country (100–150 words).

The Lake District, in northwest England, is a small area, but extremely beautiful, with the varied delights of soft hills and woodland, the panoramas of the great lakes, the unexpected discoveries of the smaller waters or tarns, the bare contours of the fells and high ground and the awe-inspiring power of the more remote mountains and mountain passes. The poet William Wordsworth, who was born here at Cockermouth in 1770 and spent most of his life here, rightly remarked: “I do not know any tract of country in 67 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 8. THE LAKE DISTRICT which, within so narrow a compass, may be found an equal variety in the influences of light and shadow upon the sublime or beautiful features of landscape”. The Lake District is more frequently visited, both by day tourists and holidaymakers, than any other region of outstanding natural beauty in the British Isles. The two routes that were popularised by the first tourists in the 1760s and 1770s still carry the greatest share of summer traffic. One is from Penrith to Ambleside by the west shore of Ullswater (scene of Wordsworth’s poem The Daffodils) and over the Kirkstone Pass; the other is from Keswick to Windermere by the side of Thirlmere, Grasmere, Rydal Water and Windermere. Away from these routes you can find quiet areas of great beauty – particularly if you avoid the high summer – and experience the sense of solitude and oneness with nature that was valued so highly by the 19th-century Romantic poets. The central area of mountains was never much affected by industry or quarrying, and the 19th- You can also take a car ferry to Near Sawrey and Hill Top, Potter’s century shipbuilding, iron manufacturing and coal mining that home, a fi ne example of a 17th-century Lakeland farmhouse, with a once flourished by the coast have now almost entirely disappeared. traditional cottage garden. Sheep farming was the traditional way of life of the hill folk, and it continues today throughout the area covered by the Lake District National Park, often on farms owned and leased by the National Trust.

THE SOUTHERN LAKES Windermere is a Victorian town, which really came into be- ing when the railway arrived. In a pretty lakeside setting is Win- dermere Steamboats and Museum, which has a large collection of mementos from the age of steam (including the 1850 steam- launch Dolly, said to be the oldest mechanically powered boat in the world). Windermere is closely associated with the children’s writer Beatrix Potter (1866–1943) and The World of Beatrix Pot- ter in the Old Laundry at Crag Brow recreates her characters in a lively exhibition. You can walk down Lakes Road to Bowness-on-Windermere, the most popular resort, which has a very attractive centre but is almost always too crowded for comfort. 68 69 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 8. THE LAKE DISTRICT

William Wordsworth (1770– for agriculture and the wool trade. The old packhorse trail between 1850) attended the Grammar Ambleside and Grasmere was the main route between the two towns School at Hawkshead. before the new turnpike road was completed in 1770. With the coming Downstairs, it suggests little of of the turnpikes, the packhorse trains were superseded by horse-drawn the excellence of its teaching in the stagecoaches, which regularly travelled between Keswick and Kendal 1780s when the Wordsworth via Ambleside. Now Ambleside is a base for hiking, mountaineering and brothers studied there. But upstairs mountain biking. is a superb library with books From Ambleside pick up the road towards Keswick. You’ll soon come dating from the foundation of the to Rydal Mount, which was the home of the Wordsworth family from ancient school by Archbishop 1813 until William’s death in 1850. Sandys in 1585. St Michael’s Church preserves wall paintings of scriptural texts. From beneath its east window you can take in the view of this tiny, white washed town. Ambleside is a Victorian town of splendid slate buildings. The town’s name is derived from Old Norse Á-mel-sóetr = «river – sandbank – sum- mer pasture».

The house (still owned by a descendant) contains portraits and family mementos; the grounds were landscaped by Wordsworth and retain their original form. Rydal Water is a small reedy lake with a population of waterfowl, and red squirrels in the larches round the edge. Two miles (3km) north lies Grasmere, a pleasant village on the lake of the same name: “the prettiest spot that man has ever found’’ In 1650 the town was granted a charter to hold a market and later, according to Wordsworth. St Oswald’s Church with its ancient timber in the reign of James II, another charter was granted for the town to roof is worth a visit in its own right, not just to see the Wordsworthian collect tolls. The town’s Market Place became the commercial centre graves. 70 71 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 8. THE LAKE DISTRICT

THE LAKE POETS

There’s no getting away from the Lake Poets – not that anyone really wants to. They were the fi rst generation of English Romantics, united by their love of poetry, free thought, progressive causes and natural beauty. William Wordsworth (1770–1850) was the focus. Born in Cockermouth, he lived most of his adult life in the dis- trict, accompanied by his wife Mary and sister Dorothy (1771–1855), whose journals provided inspiration for her brother’s work. His line “I wandered lonely as a cloud...” must be one of the few that every English person knows. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) joined them in 1800, living in Greta Hall, Keswick, and continuing the in- tense friendship begun a few years earlier. It ended in an irrevocable quarrel 10 years later, by which time he was ad- dicted to opium. Robert Southey (1774–1843) The display of joined the group shortly manuscripts and portraits afterwards; he took over of the poet’s family and Greta Hall and lived friends in the Wordsworth there for 40 years. He Museum brings home was appointed Poet Lau- the magnitude of the reate in 1813. Thomas poetry that was written de Quincey (1785–1859) here and the importance was more of a journalist that Wordsworth and his than a poet, but close- friend Samuel Coleridge ly associated with the held in the cultural life group. He settled for a of their day. Entrance to while in Grasmere, at the museum also gives Dove Cottage, previ- access to whitewashed ously occupied by the Dove Cottage from which Wordsworths, and made William, his wife Mary, and his name in 1821 with sister Dorothy, had a view The Confessions of an over Grasmere to the fells, English Opium Eater – a although it’s now hemmed subject on which he was in by later buildings. well qualified to write. 72 73 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 8. THE LAKE DISTRICT

THE DAFFODILS Exercises Exercise 1 Write defi nitions for the following words. Use a dictionary. I wandered lonely as a cloud Exert, spell, fells, remote, solitude, access, irrevocable. That fl oats on high o’er vales and hills, Exercise 2 When all at once I saw a crowd, A) Match parts A and B. A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, AB Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. 1. settle down a. decide or agree on smth 2. settle for b. pay what you owe on an account Continuous as the stars that shine 3. settle on/upon c. to start living a quiet life in one place And twinkle on the milky way, 4. settle up d. accept smth even though it’s not the best They stretched in never-ending line B) Make up sentences with the phrasal verbs which are given above. Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Exercise 3 Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. Answer the following questions. 1. What inspired the Lakeland poets? 2. Where is the Lake District located? The waves beside them danced; but they 3. What did William Wordsworth write about this district? Out-did the sparking waves in glee: 4. How many routes were popularized by the fi rst tourists? What were A poet could not but be gay, they? In such a jocund company: 5. What can one feel when he/she is in the Lake District? I gazed – and gazed – but little thought 6. Is the Lake District an industrial centre? What wealth the show to me had brought: 7. When was Windermere founded? 8. What can tourists do in Windermere? 9. What kind of school did Wordsworth attend? For oft, when on my couch I lie, 10. What can one fi nd in St Michael’s Church? In vacant or in pensive mod, 11. Is Ambleside a big town? Why do tourists like to visit it nowadays? They fl ash upon that inward eye 12. What is Rydal Mount known for? Which is the bliss of solitude; 13. What is Grasmere? And then my heart with pleasure fi lls, 14. What Lakeland poets do you know? Have you read any of their And dances with the daffodils. poems? 15. Have you learnt anything new from the texts?

74 75 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES

Exercise 4 PART 9 Work in pairs. Interview tourists. Ask their opinions of Lake District. YORK Exercise 5 Describe a) Ambleside, b) the Wordsworth Museum.

Exercise 6. Role play. Act as a guide of Lake District. This venerable city of the north, easily explored on foot, has a vast Minster and strong links with the Romans, Vikings Exercise 7. Project. and the golden age of railways. Find information on a) Beatrix Potter, b) Bowness-on Windermere. England’s most ancient northern city lies on the River Ouse in the centre of the Vale of York between the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors. It was once the principal town of Yorkshire, and it remains the seat of the Archbishop of York, Primate of England, second to the Archbishop of Canterbury in the hierarchy of the Church of England. Its streets, walls and buildings mark the pageant of its history, from Roman and Viking ancestry to medieval heart and Georgian elegance. A child- friendly city, its Viking, Castle and Railway museums have plenty to engage young people as well as adults.

77 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 9. YORK

The starting point of any visit is York Minster (www.yorkminster. INTO THE OLD TOWN org), England’s largest medieval church, which dominates the city. The Minster is the largest Gothic cathedral north of the Alps Cross the street in front of the museum and head straight into the and is both a cathedral – because of its archbishop’s throne – and a old town to arrive at Stonegate, the fi nest street in York, which follows minster because it has been served since Saxon times by a team of the route of the Roman Via Praetoria. Elegant shops now use the 15th- clergy. It has the widest Gothic nave in England, stands 196ft (60 and 16th-century houses: No.52A is the 1180 Norman House, the oldest metres) high, is 525ft (160 metres) long and 250ft (76 metres) wide surviving house in the city. Another historic site is Coffee Yard where across the transept. The fi nest stained glass in the country gives an coffee houses were once meeting places described by the 19th-century immediate impression of airy lightness. The fi rst church was founded author Laurence Sterne as “chit chat” clubs. in 627, followed by two Norman cathedrals and the present Gothic Stonegate leads down towards the River Ouse where the Guildhall one, completed in 1472. Major restoration was needed after two 19th- and Mansion House lie. The Mansion House is the residence of the century fi res, and one in 1984, caused by lightning, which destroyed city’s Lord Mayor, the only one outside London to be accorded the title the south transept roof. of The Right Honourable; the building was completed in 1730, 10 years The Minster’s Visitor’s Centre is beside it in St William’s before London’s Mansion House. The arched passageway alongside College, founded in 1461 as the home of the chantry priests who this pretty building leads to the Guildhall. First mentioned in 1256, it sang Masses for the souls of founder. In Dean’s Park on the north was rebuilt in the 15th century, and since 1810 the city’s business has side of the minster is the Minster Library. The Archbishop’s Palace been conducted from the council chamber rich with Victorian carved once covered this area, and the library, which is the largest cathedral desks and chairs, and with a view over the river. Hooks on the ceiling library in the country, is in its former chapel. To the right of the chapel were used for hanging meat. Committee Room No.1 is where the Scots is the Treasurer’s House. Built in 1419, it was fully restored at the received payment in silver from the Parliamentarians in 1646 for handing end of the 19th century, but ghosts of Roman legionnaires are said to over Charles I who had fl ed to Scotland. The cash was counted out on continue to march through its cellar. The Roman city was walled but the table. The impressive, oak-beamed Common Hall is a replica: the the walls that can be seen today date largely from the 14th century original was destroyed by German bombs. and are the longest remaining medieval walls in Britain. Monk Bar which lies on the north side of the Minster, gives access up on to the HEART OF THE OLD TOWN Bar Walls. Walking round the wall to the left brings you to the city gate of Bootham Bar, which once led out to the Forest of Galtres; Goodramgate leads down to King’s Square and Colliergate where armed guards used to wait here to protect travellers, it is said, from the shortest street in York has the longest name: Whipmawhopmagate. wolves and robbers in the forest. A plaque suggests this is 16th-century dialect for “What a gate!”. King’s In Exhibition Square there is a fountain and statue of the local Square is the place to be in summer: buskers, jugglers and street art- artist William Etty whose work can be seen in the nearby City Art ists provide some of the best free entertainment in the north of England. Gallery, which displays 600 years of British and European paintings Leading off the square is The Shambles, York’s most famous street and and pottery. Behind the gallery, set within the 10-acre (4-hectare) site one of the best-preserved medieval streets in all Europe. Once called of Museum Gardens, is the Yorkshire Museum. Fleshammels (the street of the butchers), its broad windowsills served One of the oldest museums in the country, it has important geology, as shelves to display meat. The half-timbered houses lean inwards and natural history and archaeology collections, including a marble head neighbours can shake hands across the street. Three narrow alleyways of Constantine the Great who was proclaimed Roman Emperor in this lead to Newgate Market, open daily with stalls selling everything from city in 306. fi sh to fashions. The original main market area was on Pavement, on the 78 79 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 9. YORK other side of Newgate Market. This was the fi rst paved street in the city, There is still evidence of the former prison: the cell of the highway a place of punishment (whipping, pillorying) and execution. robber Dick Turpin is preserved; in 1739 he was sentenced next door in Pavement leads to Coppergate and the Jorvik Viking Centre the Assize Court and hanged on St George’s Field. (www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk). The museum is based on an On the south side of the River Ouse is Micklegate, once York’s most archaeological dig at Coppergate in the 1970s which revealed wicker important street, as it was the road into the city from London. Many fi ne houses and shoulder-high walls, the best-preserved Viking settlement Georgian houses were built along it. But for a century and a half, visitors in Britain. have been arriving by rail: York is famous for its railways, personifi ed Visitors are whisked back to a reconstructed settlement in “time in George Hudson, the 19th-century “Railway King”. The National capsules”. Background chatter of the ancient Norse language and Railway Museum is one of the greatest in the world. Exhibits include evocative smells of middens and latrines give a convincing atmosphere. Queen Victoria’s favourite travelling “home”, a replica of Stephenson’s Rocket, the legendary Flying Scotsman and the only “bullet train” outside Japan. Visitors can also see Mallard, the fastest steam train in the world. THE AGE OF HORSE AND STEAM Castlegate behind the Viking Centre ends in a great earth mound Exercises topped by Clifford’s Tower, thrown up by the Normans in their conquest Exercise 1 of England. The Castle Museum (www.york. castlemuseum.org.uk) Write defi nitions for the following words. Use a dictionary. housed in what were a female and a debtors’ prisons, is a folk museum Venerable, hierarchy, pageant, ancestry, archbishop, minster, transept, with a reconstruction of a complete Yorkshire street and a glimpse of lost monk, archaeology, nave, pavement. ways of life. Exercise 2 Give derivatives for the following words: engage, impress, air, light, restore, destroy, travel, survive, shake, legend, execute.

Exercise 3 A) Match parts A and B. AB 1. give away a. produce a smell, light, heat, a sound 2. give off b. stop doing something 3. give up c. capitulate 4. give in d. show where someone is

B) Make up sentences with the phrasal verbs which are given above.

Exercise 4. Game. Pair work. One person chooses three words from the text. The other person must make up a sentence or a short paragraph to connect them. 80 81 O. KOLYKHALOVA, K. MAKHMURYAN. BRITISH CITIES PART 9. YORK

Exercise 5 Exercise 7 Answer the following questions. Speak about a) York’s history, b) York’s sights. 1. Where is York located? 2. Who lives in York? Exercise 8. Project. 3. What is the starting point of the excursion around York? Why? Find information on 4. Why is York called a child-friendly city? a) the Yorkshire county, b) River Ouse 5. When was St William’s College established? and make a report. 6. When was the Treasurer’s House built? 7. What is there in Exhibition Square? 8. What can tourists see in the City Art Gallery? 9. Is Stonegate a tower? 10. Who lives in Mansion House? 11. When was the Guild hall fi rst mentioned in the records? What is known about the Guild hall? 12. Which York’s street has the longest name? 13. What is the name of the most famous York’s street? Why is it famous? 14. Why is Jorvik Viking Centre called so? 15. What can tourists see in the Castle museum? 16. What can visitors see in the National Railway Museum?

Exercise 6 Render the text into English. Йорк – один из важнейших городов Англии. Он возник в 71 году нашей эры на основе римской крепости Эборакум. В городе рас- положена резиденция архиепископа провинции Йорк. Первый епи- скоп Йорка получил свой сан в деревянной церкви, на месте кото- рой позднее возник Йорк-Минстер. Город имеет богатое историческое и культурное наследие, долгое время на его фоне развивались важнейшие политические события, оказавшие влияние на весь ход истории Англии. Туризм является сегодня важной статьей дохода города. Йорк знаменит множест- венными историческими и архитектурными памятниками, самым известным из которых является Йоркский кафедральный собор. В Йорке имеются спортивные сооружения, пользующиеся популяр- ностью среди посетителей: Йоркский ипподром, стадион Кит-Кат- Кресент. На реке Уз проводятся также спортивные соревнования и совершаются речные прогулки. 82 Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бакалавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование»

Колыхалова Ольга Алексеевна, Махмурян К????? С?????

BRITISH CITIES

Рекомендовано УМО по образованию в области подготовки педагогических кадров в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлению 050100.62 «Педагогическое образование»

Редактор Дубовец В. В. Оформление обложки Удовенко В. Г. Компьютерная верстка Дорожкина О. Н.

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