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Università Degli Studi Di Pisa UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PISA DIPARTIMENTO DI DIRITTO PUBBLICO SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO GIUSTIZIA COSTITUZIONALE E DIRITTI FONDAMENTALI XXIII CICLO TESI DI DOTTORATO DAS RECHT ZWISCHEN EINHEIT UND FREIHEIT: LA TEORIA GIURIDICA DI OTTO GIERKE Settore scientifico disciplinare Filosofia del diritto - IUS 20 RELATORE CANDIDATO PROF. TOMMASO GRECO FERNANDO D’ANIELLO MATR. 431666 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2010/2011 Das Recht zwischen Einheit und Freiheit: la teoria giuridica di Otto Gierke. Ungehorsam, Widerstand, Revolution erscheinen dann als letzte Waffen der Gerechtigkeit gegen das Recht. Aber wenn die Anwendung dieser Waffen unter Umständen sittlich erlaubt, ja sittlich geboten sein kann, so gibt es auf dem Rechtsgebiet für sie keinen Titel. Otto Gierke Il principio degli stati moderni ha questa enorme forza e profondità, di lasciare il principio della soggettività compiersi fino all'estremo autonomo della particolarità personale, e in pari tempo di ricondurre esso nell'unità sostanziale e così di mantener questa in esso medesimo. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Se una grande filosofia esprime il pensiero del proprio tempo, essa esprime ugualmente ciò che manca a questo tempo e ciò che è maturo per realizzarsi nel tempo a venire. Solo così essa scava e illumina di riflesso il nuovo latente, ossia la società migliore, il mondo più vero. Ernst Bloch i INDICE INTRODUZIONE p. v PRIMO CAPITOLO p. 1 SECONDO CAPITOLO p. 50 TERZO CAPITOLO p. 100 QUARTO CAPITOLO p. 149 OSSERVAZIONI CONCLUSIVE p. 196 BIBLIOGRAFIA p. 206 ii CONTENUTO INTRODUZIONE CAPITOLO I UN RECHTSPHILOSOPH NEL II REICH. GENESI E SVILUPPO DELLA TEORIA DI OTTO GIERKE TRA XIX E XX SECOLO: UNA PROSPETTIVA STORICA. I. Premessa. Principali difficoltà nell'interpretazione dell'opera di Otto Gierke. II. L'autore della Genossenschaftslehre tra l'Ottocento giuridico tedesco e la I Guerra mondiale: per una prospettiva storica. III. Un giovane intellettuale 'radicalizza' la scelta germanista: il primo volume del Das deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht. IV. La sfida alla scienza giuridica dominante: l'alternativa organicista all'assolutismo statale e alla codificazione romanista. V. L'impossibile transizione in una teoria generale. VI. Der greise Gierke. La guerra e gli ultimi anni. Originalità del 'conservatorismo' gierkiano. VII. Conclusioni provvisorie. CAPITOLO II UNA 'VIA' TEDESCA ALLA MODERNITÀ: LA GENOSSENSCHAFT COME STRUMENTO PER UNA NUOVA SCIENZA GIURIDICA E UNA NUOVA TEORIA DELLO STATO. I. Premessa. La Genossenschaft. II. Per una critica della scienza giuridica dominante. III. Una storia diversa e alternativa a quella ufficiale. IV. Intermezzo: Gierke interprete della Politica di Althusius. V. La via tedesca alla modernità. Critica di una riduzione reazionaria della Genossenschaftslehre. VI. La natura di diritto, popolo e Stato. VII. Limiti della teoria gierkiana: l'impossibile mediazione con la Sovranità. CAPITOLO III LA GENOSSENSCHAFT, IL GEMEIN E IL DIRITTO SOCIALE: IL METODO GIURIDICO DI OTTO GIERKE. I. Premessa. Per una valutazione autonoma del contributo di Gierke. iii II. Ancora sulla Genossenschaft. Le ragioni di un dibattito. III. Un presupposto indispensabile: il contributo di Georg Beseler. IV. Polivalenza strategica di un concetto. A cosa serve la Genossenschaft? V. La critica alla codificazione: die soziale Aufgabe des Privatrechts. VI. La proprietà e il diritto sociale: il metodo sociologico. VII. Il concetto di diritto: critiche necessarie, auspicabili potenzialità. La Rechtsphilosophie di Otto Gierke. CAPITOLO IV ZURÜCK ZU GIERKE? LA CONTROVERSA 'RINASCITA' DI OTTO GIERKE NEL NAZIONALSOCIALISMO. I. La Germania alla morte di Gierke. La repubblica di Weimar. II. Gierke e l'esperienza giuridica nazionalsocialista: ipotesi di analisi. III. L’Antrittsvorlesung di Herbert Meyer e la compiuta formalizzazione di un ritorno all'opera di Otto Gierke. IV. Ernst Rudolf Huber: il recupero del concetto di Genossenschaft per la definizione di un nuovo ordinamento del lavoro. V. Il compimento della 'rivoluzione' nazionalsocialista e la rottura con le tradizioni giuridiche precedenti. La critica a Gierke come premessa e qualificazione della Rechtserneuerung. VI. La polemica Höhn – Helfritz: un uso 'politico' di Otto Gierke? VII. Hans Krupa e un'analisi autonoma dell'eredità gierkiana. OSSERVAZIONI CONCLUSIVE E PROBLEMI APERTI BIBLIOGRAFIA I. Opere citate di Otto Gierke. II. Letteratura specifica sull’opera di Gierke. III. Letteratura secondaria. iv Introduzione Cade quest'anno il novantesimo anniversario della morte di Otto Gierke, scomparso ottantenne a Berlino nel 1921: trent'anni fa Albert Janssen, fra gli interpreti più profondi dell’autore della Genossenschaftstheorie, ricordava la medesima ricorrenza, caduta esattamente mentre si apprestava ad avviare i lavori della propria dissertazione dottorale, dedicata al metodo giuridico di Gierke, che avrebbe difeso qualche anno dopo. Si trattava, però, di una fase ben diversa da quella attuale: gli studi incentrati sull'opera di Gierke erano, infatti, numerosi, spaziando dall'attenzione per una radice 'sociale' e anti- individualista della Genossenschaftslehre, che ben si adattava alle trasformazioni che interessavano le scienze sociali dalla metà degli anni '60, sino a ricerche volte a evidenziare e approfondire i momenti chiavi della dottrina di Gierke e a confrontarsi criticamente con essi. Anche l'Italia, seppur 'indirettamente', fu coinvolta da questa Reinassence del pensiero gierkiano – il termine venne utilizzato proprio da Janssen per indicare gli anni dell'esperienza nazionalsocialista caratterizzati da uno straordinario interesse per l'opera di Gierke – se è vero che due degli interventi più famosi e significavi a lui dedicati apparvero sui Quaderni Fiorentini – il primo di Gerhard Dilcher, Genossenschaftstheorie und Sozialrecht: ein “Juristensozialismus” Otto von Gierkes?, in un volume dedicato al Socialismo giuridico (1974-75), e il secondo proprio di Albert Janssen, Otto von Gierkes sozialer Eigentumsbegriff, in quello dedicato agli Itinerari moderni della proprietà (1976-77). In quegli stessi anni Paolo Grossi, in un celebre studio dedicato alla proprietà, significativamente intitolato Un altro modo di possedere, ricordava, seppur brevemente, l’influenza che le teorie germaniste ma in particolare quelle di Gierke ebbero su alcuni giuristi italiani che, nella cosiddetta grande disputa sulla proprietà, tentarono di rovesciare la predominante impostazione romanista. Bisogna, poi, ricordare il riferimento fatto da Edoardo Ruffini all’opera di Otto Gierke nei suoi studi sul principio di maggioranza, raccolti nel ’77 nel volume La ragione dei più. Ruffini ricordava come Gierke avesse ripreso la teoria del diritto intermedio, attribuendo solo alla Genossenschaft l’applicazione del principio di unanimità, mentre v nell’organizzazione corporativa, dalla quale si produceva una volontà comune diversa dalla somma delle singole volontà, rilevava quello di maggioranza. Sui Materiali per la storia del pensiero giuridico del 1979 era, invece, comparso il saggio di Maximilien Fuchs, La Genossenschaftstheorie di Otto von Gierke come fonte primaria della teoria generale del diritto di Santi Romano, che provava a connettere le consociazioni di Gierke con il pensiero di Santi Romano – perlomeno quanto al suo periodo 'giovanile', rappresentato dalla breve prolusione La crisi dello Stato e dagli scritti sull'ordimento giuridico –. Nel saggio si ipotizzava che proprio l'impostazione del germanista abbia costituito un potente stimolo per la teoria romaniana del diritto come ordinamento – nel senso di un superamento del giusnaturalismo individualista, anche a partire dalla opposizione di Gierke alla teoria del contratto sociale e a quella della fictio, alla quale opponeva la Theorie der realen Verbandspersönlichkeit –. Quasi esclusivamente, dunque, ci si confronta con contributi di giuristi tedeschi, comparsi all'interno del dibattito scientifico italiano: va, però, ricordato che nel 1970 nel III volume della sua Storia della filosofia del diritto, Guido Fassò aveva brevemente indicato in Gierke un giurista prossimo alla sociologia positivista e ne aveva tracciato un quadro tutto sommato favorevole. In ogni caso si tratta di un’eccezione, alla quale se ne possono aggiungere poche altre: in effetti, nel dibattito italiano, Gierke non fu – e non è –figura centrale. A tal proposito va ricordato che, soprattutto in ragione dell’estraneità del concetto di Genossenschaft nella cultura giuridica italiana, gli studi su Gierke furono molto limitati: un’estraneità che aveva fatto sostenere a Francesco Ferrara, nel suo celebre studio sulle persone giuridiche, di non aver compreso cosa potessero essere le consociazioni di Gierke e di considerarle come l’ipotesi fantastica di un artista del diritto. Forse non era soltanto sorpresa ma vera incomprensione, quella rammentata da Adolf von Harnack nel ricordo di Gierke all’indomani della sua morte, quando sottolineò, tornando con la mente al 1903 alla partecipazione a un congresso a Roma, lo stupore e la meraviglia degli italiani, che ebbero la sensazione di vedere in Gierke per la prima volte un autentico germano. Ancora oggi l'analisi italiana di Gierke riguarda prevalentemente il tentativo di una fondazione della teoria delle associazioni diversa dalla teoria della fictio savigniana: su questo ha scritto pagine interessanti Francesco Galgano, sulle quali occorrerà tornare. vi Accanto e in ragione di una certa distanza dal concetto centrale di cui Gierke si servì, le sue opere non furono mai tradotte in italiano, con
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