A Discussion of How Young Mexican Women
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LATINAS IN THE CITY: A DISCUSSION OF HOW YOUNG MEXICAN WOMEN IDENTIFY AND ENGAGE WITH SEX AND THE CITY A Thesis by ELIZABETH ANGELICA CANTU Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2007 Major Subject: Communication LATINAS IN THE CITY: A DISCUSSION OF HOW YOUNG MEXICAN WOMEN IDENTIFY AND ENGAGE WITH SEX AND THE CITY A Thesis by ELIZABETH ANGELICA CANTU Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Antonio La Pastina Committee Members, Eric Rothenbuhler Stjepan Mestrovic Patrick Burkart Head of Department, Richard L. Street August 2007 Major Subject: Communication iii ABSTRACT Latinas in the City: A Discussion of How Young Mexican Women Identify and Engage with Sex and the City. (August 2007) Elizabeth Angélica Cantú, B.A., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Antonio La Pastina Globalization trends and treaties, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), have increased the access and flow of United States media and popular culture products in Mexico. Limited research has been done examining the exposure of Mexican audiences to U.S. media products and the possibility of mass media’s impact on Mexican cultural identity. This qualitative study examines how twenty college-educated Mexican women identify and engage with the transnational popular culture text of Sex and the City (SATC). A multi-disciplinary theoretical approach, mainly from cultural studies and media studies, provides the backbone for my study of a foreign audience’s identification and engagement with a U.S. popular culture text. Thematic categorization of my interview data showed that genre, gender, class and location all played a role in the media engagement process. SATC enabled these twenty women to examine their lived experiences in Mexican society and be exposed to alternative viewpoints. The women interviewed were active audience members that discussed their experiences as college-educated, career driven women associated with modernity but living in the traditional, patriarchal society of Mexico. iv The women interviewed preferred watching television from other countries, such as the U.S., because it resonated with their lived experiences more than the telenovelas, which are the most common form of television programming in Latin America. In terms of discussing the representation of women on SATC, women talked about the gender roles, myths and structural forces of Mexican society to engage in resistive pleasure and to talk about gender politics. For these Mexican women, discussing SATC allowed them to express concerns over the representation of women in telenovelas, the importance of having alternative viewpoints available to women, and the experiences that have allowed them to foster spaces for change based on SATC’s content and characters. While factors, such as education, socioeconomics and geographic location framed the respondent comments, SATC was a source of strategic knowledge and cultural capital for women to open up new discussions with friends and family, new ways of looking and living out their sexuality, and ideas of the female body. v DEDICATION In loving memory of my mother and father, who always stressed the importance of an education through their unconditional love and support. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis and the completion of my master’s degree would not have been possible without the support of my professors, friends and family. I would like to start off my thanking Dr. Antonio La Pastina, who has been my advisor, mentor and friend. I would not have been able to complete this project without his constructive feedback, patience and encouragement. I would also like to thank my thesis committee for their patience and support during the long writing process. These professors along with others at Texas A&M have challenged me to think critically and stimulated my interest in academics. I thank you all for your wisdom and time. The financial support for conducting some of my research in Mexico was provided by the Glasscock Center at Texas A&M University in the form of a Graduate Student Fellow Award. I would like to thank the Glasscock Center for their commitment to providing funding opportunities to students that enable us to fulfill our research interests and objectives. I would like to thank all the people in Mexico who helped me throughout the research process; from reading my translated interview questions, driving me to the interviews, providing facilities to do my research, and finding women who were viewers of Sex and the City. I know my research experience would not have been as positive had it not been for your help. Also, to all the women who participated in my study, this thesis would not have been possible without your participation, time and views regarding Sex and the City. ¡Muchísimas gracias por su tiempo y apoyo! vii In addition, I would like to thank my wonderful friends for believing in me and always offering their support. Alexis Koskan for providing comic relief, being a shoulder to cry/lean on, and devoting countless hours of watching Sex and the City with me. Tanja Djokic for her unrelenting support, long hours of listening to me discuss my thesis, and for providing her constructive feedback on my work. Iftekhar Ahmed and Jayant Anand for allowing me to discuss my work during our coffee/tea breaks, encouraging me during the writing process and for being concerned that I had food and enough sleep during those long writing days. Masa Kraguljac for sharing her big heart and providing the best compliments during times that I doubted myself, and for egging each other on to finish our thesis writing. To the rest of my friends, both near and far, I offer you my deepest gratitude and thank you from the bottom of my heart for your friendship and support. Last, but certainly not least, I am infinitely grateful to my family for their love and help. I would like to thank Rosie Bravo, who is my mother-figure and friend, for providing her unconditional love, support and advice throughout my life. I wish to thank my sisters for allowing me to discuss my thesis with them, encouraging me to pursue my goals and for their love. I am thankful to my family in Mexico for opening up their homes to me when I was doing my research in Monterrey, and for being the best, funniest, most loving family. ¡Los quiero mucho! Above all, I am grateful to my wonderful father, Dr. Francisco Cantú, for always stressing the importance of an education and for providing me the resources to grow and follow my dreams. My father’s examples of love, sacrifice and wisdom give meaning viii and inspiration to my life, while also encouraging me to challenge myself and think critically about world issues. My father is the person that I am the most indebted to and who made this thesis possible through his unconditional love, financial support and encouragement throughout my life. Even though my father was not able to see the completion of this thesis, I know he was with me every step of the way. I thank you Daddy for being such a wonderful father and role model in my life. I love you and miss you dearly! ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………... iii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………….. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………... ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….. 1 United States and Popular Culture…………………………… 2 NAFTA and Mexico…………………………………………. 5 SATC’s Global Audience…………………………………….. 7 Information on SATC’s Plot and Characters…………………. 11 SATC and U.S. Culture………………………………………. 14 Chapter Overview……………………………………………. 20 II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…………………………………….. 23 Power, Culture and Globalization…………………………… 23 Women on Television, Women and Television……………... 28 SATC and Gender Politics…………………………………… 33 Women’s Talk and Resistive Pleasure………………………. 41 Cultural Capital……………………………………………… 43 Cultural Proximity…………………………………………… 46 Narrative Transparency……………………………………… 49 Telenovelas and SATC………………………………………. 54 Identification and Reception Studies………………………… 57 Intersection of Theories and Media Engagement Model……. 59 Research Questions………………………………………….. 61 III CONTEXT AND METHODOLOGY………………………………… 63 A Brief Look at Television in Mexico………………………. 64 A Brief Look at Gender Roles in Mexican Culture…………. 67 A Brief Look at Mexico City and Monterrey, N.L………….. 71 Decision Time on Method…………………………………… 73 Entering the Scene…………………………………………… 74 The Interview Process……………………………………….. 75 x CHAPTER Page IV SEX IN ANOTHER CITY: NEGOTIATION AND INTERPRETATION OF SEX AND THE CITY IN MEXICO………… 78 Viewership of SATC by Respondents……………………….. 79 ‘Legitimate’ Text……………………………………………. 82 SATC v. Telenovelas………………………………………… 84 Show Me the Money………………………………………… 90 Filling in the Familial Gaps…………………………………. 96 Location as a Factor…………………………………………. 99 Identification with Themes………………………………….. 102 Mexico City: Independent Women in Modern Times………. 104 Mexico City: Sexually Explicit……………………………… 105 Monterrey: A New ‘Age’ Look……………………………… 107 Monterrey: The Circle of Friends…………………………… 108 Significance of Chapter……………………………………… 110 V LET’S GIVE THEM SOMETHING TO TALK ABOUT: RETHINKING GENDER ROLES, MYTHS AND SPACES FOR CHANGE THROUGH SEX AND THE CITY………………………… 111 Examining Gender Roles in Mexican Culture through SATC.. 112 The Pink of a New Perfection……………………………….