DOCSLIB.ORG

Published Version

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Published Version Small-Scale Sanitation in the Nile Delta: Baseline Data and Current Practices Philippe Reymond, Colin Demars, Anastasia Papangelou, Mohamed Hassan Tawfik, Kareem Hassan, Rifaat Abdel Wahaab, Moustafa Moussa 2nd edition, ESRISS: Egyptian - Swiss Research on incl. more data Innovations in Sustainable Sanitation and a summary in Arabic Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Confédération suisse Confederazione Svizzera Confederaziun svizra Swiss Confederation Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO August 2014 Picture on the cover page: Household survey in Beheira Governorate (©Colin Demars) How to quote this report: Reymond Ph., Demars C., Papangelou A., Tawfik M. H., Hassan K., Abdel Wahaab R., Moussa M. (2014), Small‐Scale Sanitation in the Nile delta: Baseline Data and Current Practices. 2nd edition. Eawag, Seco, HCWW, Cairo. All documents of the ESRISS Project can be downloaded at: WWW.SANDEC.CH/ESRISS ESRISS Project Small‐Scale Sanitation in the Nile Delta Baseline Data and Current Practices TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 5 7 ............................................................................................................................................... ملخص تنفيذي EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 14 ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................ 22 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 24 2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 25 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................................................25 2.2 VILLAGE / EZBA SELECTION .....................................................................................................................25 2.2.1 Governorate selection ............................................................................................................25 2.2.2 Selection criteria for villages ..................................................................................................26 2.2.3 Identification methods ...........................................................................................................26 2.2.4 Final selection of villages .......................................................................................................27 2.3 SEMI‐STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS AND SURVEYS............................................................................................28 2.3.1 Household surveys .................................................................................................................29 2.3.2 Semi‐structured interviews for key sanitation stakeholders ..................................................30 2.4 TRANSECT WALKS, FIELD OBSERVATIONS ...................................................................................................31 2.5 MAPPING ...........................................................................................................................................32 2.6 SAMPLING CAMPAIGN ...........................................................................................................................33 2.6.1 Sewage ...................................................................................................................................34 2.6.2 Septage ..................................................................................................................................35 2.6.3 Liquid Animal Manure ............................................................................................................37 ND RD 2.7 LABORATORY ANALYSES (2 AND 3 CAMPAIGNS) .....................................................................................37 2.7.1 Material and evaluation method ...........................................................................................38 2.7.2 Precision analysis and error tracking .....................................................................................39 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 40 3.1 EXISTING DOCUMENTS ON THE TOPIC .......................................................................................................40 3.2 LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .....................................................................................................42 3.3 QUANTITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL WASTEWATER .........................................................................45 3.3.1 Sewage ...................................................................................................................................45 3.3.2 Greywater ..............................................................................................................................48 3.3.3 Septage ..................................................................................................................................49 3.3.4 Gaps in knowledge .................................................................................................................49 3.4 REUSE OF WASTEWATER, SLUDGE AND BIOGAS ...........................................................................................50 ‐ 1 ‐ August 2014 ESRISS Project 4 RESULTS OF INTERVIEWS, SURVEYS AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS ................................................... 52 4.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................................................................................53 4.1.1 Selected villages .....................................................................................................................53 4.1.2 Population ..............................................................................................................................55 4.1.3 Village features ......................................................................................................................56 4.1.4 Buildings and households ......................................................................................................58 4.1.5 Non domestic buildings ..........................................................................................................58 4.2 CURRENT SANITATION PRACTICES ............................................................................................................59 4.2.1 On‐site systems ......................................................................................................................59 4.2.2 Informal sewer systems .........................................................................................................61 4.2.3 Management of animal manure ............................................................................................62 4.2.4 Storm water management .....................................................................................................64 4.3 WATER SUPPLY ....................................................................................................................................65 4.4 GREYWATER PRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................66 4.5 BLACKWATER PRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................66 4.6 REUSE PRACTICES .................................................................................................................................67 4.6.1 Wastewater reuse ..................................................................................................................67 4.6.2 Reuse of sludge and biogas ...................................................................................................68 4.6.3 Reuse of manure and use of fertilisers ...................................................................................69 4.7 COSTING THE CURRENT SANITATION SITUATION ..........................................................................................71 4.7.1 Drinking water .......................................................................................................................71 4.7.2 Bayara emptying ....................................................................................................................71 4.7.3 Informal sewer networks .......................................................................................................72 4.7.4 Synthesis of water and sanitation costs.................................................................................73 4.8 PROBLEMS FACED BY THE POPULATION .....................................................................................................74 5 RESULTS OF THE SAMPLING CAMPAIGN ....................................................................................... 76 5.1 BASIC WASTEWATER CHEMISTRY BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................76 5.2 SEWAGE .............................................................................................................................................77
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Changes in Coastal Line and Their Impact on Coastal Tourist Services in Damietta Governorate, Egypt by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques Alboo-Hassan, A
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 7, July-2015 61 ISSN 2229-5518 Changes in coastal line and their impact on coastal tourist services in Damietta governorate, Egypt by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques Alboo-Hassan, A. S. a,b , ELMewafi, M.a, Zidan, Z.M.a , Metwally, Sc ,and Elnaggar, A. A. d a Department of Public Works, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt. b Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mosul, Iraq. c Desert Researches Center, Cairo , Egypt. d Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt. Corresponding Author: Alboo-Hassan, A. S., Email: [email protected] Abstract— Damietta coastal plain northern of Nile Delta, is a very promising area for energy resources, tourism and industrial activities. It suffered from several changes over the past century, especially in its boundaries and topography. The objective of this work was to study the spatial and temporal changes that took place along the coastal line of Damietta governorate by using RS and GIS techniques. This is in addition to providing an accurate estimation of the areas where erosion and deposition processes take place. For that purpose multi- temporal Landsat data were collected in 1984, 2000, 2011 and 2014. Also, two spectral indices were used in this study, which are the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the World View Water Index (WVWI)) to study the changes along the coastal water/land 2 2 interface. The obtained results indicated that the eroded areas were about 14.08 kmP P from 1984 to 2000, about 3.54 kmP P from 2000 to 2 2 2011, and about 2.05 kmP P from 2011 to 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION PROJECT Contract Number 263-0031-HHC-01
    EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION PROJECT Contract Number 263-0031-HHC-01 ACTIVITY REPORT NUMBER 11 1 October 1983 - 31 December 1983 Submitted by LOUIS BERGER INTERNATIONAL, INC. 100 HalsteadStreet East Orange, New Jersey TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Summary 1 2. Project Accomplishments 5 3. Financial and Technical Level of Effort 12 4. Implementation 16 5. Next Quarter's Objectives 20 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Comparison of budgeted and actual 2 expenditures. Figure 1.2 Credit funds. 2 Figure 4.1 Extension schedule (Jan'84-Jan'85). 17 Figure 4.2 Research schedule (Oct'83-Sept'84). 18 Figure 4.3 Land Improvement schedule 19 (Oct'83-Sept 84). LIST OF TABLES Table 2.0 Demonstration/training equipment: 8 on-site (1983) and planned (1984). Table 2.1 Service center/village workshop loans 10 in-process at Governate banks and at the Project-level, 31/12/83. Table 3.1 Financial level of effort: foreign and 13 local currencies, 15/9/80 - 31/12/84. Table 3.2 Technical level of effort, 14 15/9/80 - 31/12/84. ANNEXES 22 'Annex A Monthly Reports Annex B Machinery Evaluation Series #2: 196 Grain drills, Mower-binders, Combines. Dr. Peter Reiss Annex C Egyptian Research and Development Needs, 225 September, 1983 - December, 1988. Dr. Carl A. Reaves Annex D Computer/Data Acquisition System for the 244 Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute. Dr. M. Yousary Hamdy Annex E A Mechanization Extension Program 273 for the Small Farmer Production Project. Mr. Fred Schantz - 1 ­ 1.0 SUMMARY Compared to the budgetary projections for this year (figure 1.1), Project expenditures are on schedules 1) the overall/outgoing category exceeded expectations by 11 per.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficiency of the Using of Human and Machine the Sources in Wheat Production in Beheira Governorate
    Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com International Journal of Development Research ISSN: 2230-9926 Vol. 11, Issue, 07, pp. 48934-48940, July, 2021 https://doi.org/10.37118/ijdr.22437.07.2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS EFFICIENCY OF THE USING OF HUMAN AND MACHINE THE SOURCES IN WHEAT PRODUCTION IN BEHEIRA GOVERNORATE Ashraf M. El Dalee1,*, Lamis F. Elbahenasy2, Safaa M. Elwakeel2 and Eman A. Ibrahim3 1Professor Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center –Egypt 2Senior Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute Agricultural Research Center – Egypt 3Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center – Egypt ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT The research problem is represented in the high costs of producing wheat crop as a result of the high prices of Article History: production requirements, which may affect the cultivated areas of it, and due to the rapid and successive Received 20th April, 2021 progress in the transfer of technology in the field of agriculture, especially agricultural operations, it has been Received in revised form possible to replace human work with automated work, after the high wages of rural labor trained women in the 10th May, 2021 fields of agriculture and continuous migration to urban areas as a result of the seasonality of agricultural Accepted 30th June, 2021 production on the one hand, and the low wages in the country side compared to the urban ones, which Published online 28th July, 2021 prompted farmers to move towards using
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation in the North Coast and Nile Delta Regions in Egypt Environmental and Social Management Frame
    Annex VI (b) – Environmental and Social Management Framework Green Climate Fund Funding Proposal I Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation in the North Coast and Nile Delta Regions in Egypt Environmental and Social Management Framework 31 August 2017 FP-UNDP-050617-5945- Annex VI (b) 17 Aug 2017.docx 1 Annex VI (b) – Environmental and Social Management Framework Green Climate Fund Funding Proposal I CONTENTS Contents ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Overview of the Project ............................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1 Summary of Activities .......................................................................................................... 12 1.2.2 Construction Material .......................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Environmental and Social Risk Assessment ............................................................................... 18 1.3.1
    [Show full text]
  • Shereif Hassan Mahmoud
    Hydroclimate Changes to Arid regions subjected to Impact of climate change, human activities, and Large-scale climate patterns by Shereif Hassan Mahmoud A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Water Resources Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alberta © Shereif Hassan Mahmoud, 2020 Abstract In recent years, many regions worldwide have suffered from natural hazards related to the impact of human activities and climate change, such as floods and droughts, sea level rise, extreme weather events and an accelerated hydrological cycle. In Africa, the driest continent on Earth, climate change has led to more frequent occurrences of droughts of greater severity. Beside climate change, human activities have also incurred negative environmental impact which in turn has likely affected the climate at a wide range of temporal-spatial scales worldwide. For example, in the Middle East, floods of greater magnitude have been occurring more frequently in recent decades, which could be attributed partly to rapid urbanization or the effect of climate change, or both. In the Nile River basin (NRB), recurring droughts and increasing population have led to rising tension between competing users for water. Therefore, to develop more effective mitigation strategies against the potential impact of climate change, there is an urgent need to better understand changes to the hydrologic cycle of arid regions and linkage to regional climate change. The objectives of this dissertation are: 1) To investigate the potential implications of urbanization and climate change to the flood risk of Egypt and Saudi Arabia of arid climate in the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy COMPLIANCE of COPORATE BUSINESSES to HEALTH AND
    The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy COMPLIANCE OF COPORATE BUSINESSES TO HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT STANDARDS THE CASE OF CELL PHONE TOWERS IN EGYPT A Thesis Submitted to the Public Policy and Administration department. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Public Administration Submitted by Mohamed Mostafa Abdel Razek Under the Supervision of Khaled Abdelhalim, PhD January, 2016 DEDICATION I am dedicating this research to Allah the Almighty for all, His numerous grants during my whole life. I also dedicate it to my parents and my wife for their encouragement to do this research and to my colleagues those who have supported me, especially in the hard times, to finish this research in such short time. I would like also to deeply thank my supervisor Dr. Khaled Abdelhalim for his support, cooperation and for being responsive during the whole thesis work. I am also grateful for my readers Dr. Hamid Ali for his support and Dr. Ghada Barsoum for her precious feedback as readers for the thesis. Table of Contents List of acronyms ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5 a. Background ........................................................................................................................................... 5
    [Show full text]
  • Developing an Instrument to Measure Penetration of Lean Thinking for Frontline Nursing Staff
    IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e- ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 7, Issue 4 Ver. VIII (Jul.-Aug. 2018), PP 83-95 www.iosrjournals.org Developing an Instrument to Measure Penetration of Lean Thinking For Frontline Nursing Staff Reem Mabrouk Abd El Rahman1, Amal Diab Ghanem Atalla2 1Faculty of Nursing, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt 2 Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Corresponding Author: Reem Mabrouk Abd El Rahman Abstract: Background Lean thinking and management are continuous improvement management plan that design the work flow to produce improvements in safety, quality and productivity. Aim: to develop an instrument to measure penetration of lean thinking for frontline nursing staff. Methods: A methodological mixedresearch design was utilized in all hospitals that are affiliated to the Ministry of Health and Population at El-Beheira Governorate (n= 21). Subjects: Jury group (n=55), divided into two groups: academic experts (n=10) and clinical/professional experts (n=45).Tools: tool one: Frontline Lean Thinking(FLT) Instrumentand tool two: opinnionaire sheet and a demographic data sheet for study subjects. The tool development was executed based on five steps: (1) Content domain specification; (2) Item pool generation; (3) Face & content validity evaluation; (4) Reliability assessment; lastly, (5) Instrument refinement. Results: The study findings revealed that the majority of expert groups agreed on the final version of the developed FLT Instrument with the three levels, namely: organization, unit and individual with its ten sub-domains. Conclusion: the overall result from panel of experts: both academics and clinical/professional experts showed that the developed FLT Instrument has face and content validity.
    [Show full text]
  • Added Value from Industries, Introduced in Villages, Oases and Reclaimed Lands
    Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 2375-9402, USA February 2017, Volume 3, No. 1-2, pp. 1-10 Doi: 10.15341/mast(2375-9402)/01.03.2017/001 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2017 www.academicstar.us Added Value from Industries, Introduced in Villages, Oases and Reclaimed Lands Hamed Ibrahim El-Mously1, 2 1. Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams, Egypt 2. Egyptian Society for Endogenous Development of Local Communities, Egypt Abstract: A considerable portion of the agricultural resources are being treated as valueless waste! This leads to the loss of sustainable resources as a comparative advantage and the associated opportunity of sustainable development. This can be attributed to the narrowness of the angle, by which we are accustomed to view these renewable resources, as well as the absence of the appropriate means to turn this waste to wealth. The first aspect is associated with the level of the R&D activities. The role of the researchers is, proceeding from the understanding and valorization of the traditional technical heritage of use of these resources, to issue a contemporary edition for the use of these resources, to rediscover them as a material base for the satisfaction of human needs: on the local, national and international levels. The second aspect is associated with industry. Industry here is understood in broad terms as these activities, conducted under defined conditions to transform the state, shape or properties of the agricultural resources to satisfy a certain criterion or requirement along a predetermined path of transformation to a final product. Proceeding from this definition industry includes a wide spectrum of activities including: sorting (to various sizes or quality levels), packaging, drying, freezing, pressing, squeezing, filtering, threshing, baling, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants of Coastal Mediterranean Cities with More Than 2,000 Inhabitants (2010)
    UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.357/Inf.7 29 March 2011 ENGLISH MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN Meeting of MED POL Focal Points Rhodes (Greece), 25-27 May 2011 INVENTORY OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS OF COASTAL MEDITERRANEAN CITIES WITH MORE THAN 2,000 INHABITANTS (2010) In cooperation with WHO UNEP/MAP Athens, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .........................................................................................................................1 PART I .........................................................................................................................3 1. ABOUT THE STUDY ..............................................................................................3 1.1 Historical Background of the Study..................................................................3 1.2 Report on the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Mediterranean Coastal Cities: Methodology and Procedures .........................4 2. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IN THE MEDITERRANEAN ....................................6 2.1 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater in the Mediterranean.......................6 2.2 Impact of Wastewater Discharges to the Marine Environment........................6 2.3 Municipal Wasteater Treatment.......................................................................9 3. RESULTS ACHIEVED ............................................................................................12 3.1 Brief Summary of Data Collection – Constraints and Assumptions.................12 3.2 General Considerations on the Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Sustainable Development of Damietta: As a Coastal Intermediate City in Egypt
    882 Journal of Engineering Sciences Assiut University Faculty of Engineering Vol. 43 No. 6 November 2015 PP. 882 – 902 TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF DAMIETTA: AS A COASTAL INTERMEDIATE CITY IN EGYPT Ahmed Yehia Mohamed Gamal E-ldin Rashid 1, Mona Awad Abo El-Anin 2, Walaa Abd Al-Razik 3 1 Department of Architecture, British University 2 Department of Architecture, Mansoura University 3Architect (Received 13 July 2015; Accepted 8 August 2015) ABSTRACT Damietta[1] is a port and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt. It is located at the Damietta branch, a distributary of the Nile, (latitude 31°25′N, longitude 31°49′E). Damietta is located at the Damietta branch, a distributor of the Nile, 15 kilometer (9.3 mi) from the Mediterranean Sea, about 200 kilometers (120 mi) north of Cairo. [2] The intermediate cities are considered to be one of the cities that had a vital and powerful foundation in establishing a significant economic and social interaction. Damietta is classified as an intermediate city (according to UIA-CIMES program) that has costal environments with great economic value. This Paper aims to highlight the features of sustainable development to prospers coastal intermediate cities and provide plans and new approaches to be applied to its counterpart, then to predict the rates of urban development in order to control the direction of sustainable urbanization in intermediate cities. All of these issues were studied previously from the theoretical point of view that deals with the concepts related to the research problematic, and reviewed it through an analytical study of the city represented in Damietta city as a coastal intermediate city on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, to come with an analytical research ended with results & recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • Labor and Professional, and Social Protests During Jan 2019
    The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information ANHRI Program of freedom of expression of workers and social movements Labor and Social Protest Index during January 2019 Introduction January has witnessed no major protests, but in general we can say that the number of participants in the protests in most of the labor and professional protests was estimated by hundreds, or dozens, while individualism dominated the social mobility; at best the number of participants in the protests did not reach thousands, except in the case of solidarity with the Bar Association during the hearing to appeal the sentence of imprisonment for failure to implement a judicial ruling, and the failure to implement the provisions of registration of graduates of open education on the registration schedule of the union. In terms of the authorities' handling of the protests, labor protests were mostly dominated by negotiations, while social protests were mostly dominated by repression and intimidation, or even being ended automatically. The program monitored 47 protests during the month of January, including 11 labor and professional protests, and 36 social, summarized as follows: Labor and Professional, and Social protests during Jan 2019 23.40% 76.60% Labor and Professional 23.4% Social 76.6% I- Labor and Professional Protests: The program has monitored 11 labor and professional protests, distributed as follows: 1- Protests: 4 cases 2- Strike to work: 2 cases 3- Hunger strikes: 2 cases 4- Sit in: 2 cases 5- Threatening to protest: 1 case. Methods of Labor and Professional Protesting during Jan 2019 9.10%, 9% 18.20%, 18% 36.40%, 37% 18.20%, 18% 18.20%, 18% Protest 36.4% Strike to work 18.2% hunger strike 18.2% Sit in 18.2% Threats to protest 9.1% The details of such protests go as follows: A.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical and Microbiological Examinations of Water and Fish Taken from Manzala Lake of Damietta Gavernorate, Egypt
    American Journal of Food Science and Health Vol. 5, No. 2, 2019, pp. 50-60 http://www.aiscience.org/journal/ajfsh ISSN: 2381-7216 (Print); ISSN: 2381-7224 (Online) Chemical and Microbiological Examinations of Water and Fish Taken from Manzala Lake of Damietta Gavernorate, Egypt Husain El-Fadaly, Sherif El-Kadi *, Salah El-Kholy Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt Abstract Water and fish samples were collected in three replicates from the same site of Manzala lake water of El-Roda city in Damietta Governorate, Egypt were examined. Morphological examination of fish obtained from Manzala lake water was examined. The 20 highest value of BOD 5 was found during summer being 14.8 mgO 2/L while the lowest value was found during winter being 7.6 mgO 2/L. Arsines and Stannum did not present in all examined seasons of all samples (water and fish). Lead did not detected in all seasons samples except in spring being 0.003 and 0.003 ppm in water and fish, respectively. Also, cadmium and cupper did not presented in all fish samples. Lead did not detected in spring and summer samples while the highest value was during winter being 0.007 ppm in water and 0.032 ppm during autumn in fish. The highest value of total bacterial count in Manzala lake water was found during spring being 4400 cfu/ml ×10 3, while the lowest value was in autumn. The highest value of total fungal count was in summer being 22500 cfu/ml ×10 3 while lowest value was in the winter being 0.06 cfu/ml ×10 3.
    [Show full text]