Small-Scale Sanitation in the Nile Delta: Baseline Data and Current Practices Philippe Reymond, Colin Demars, Anastasia Papangelou, Mohamed Hassan Tawfik, Kareem Hassan, Rifaat Abdel Wahaab, Moustafa Moussa 2nd edition, ESRISS: Egyptian - Swiss Research on incl. more data Innovations in Sustainable Sanitation and a summary in Arabic Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Confédération suisse Confederazione Svizzera Confederaziun svizra Swiss Confederation Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO August 2014 Picture on the cover page: Household survey in Beheira Governorate (©Colin Demars) How to quote this report: Reymond Ph., Demars C., Papangelou A., Tawfik M. H., Hassan K., Abdel Wahaab R., Moussa M. (2014), Small‐Scale Sanitation in the Nile delta: Baseline Data and Current Practices. 2nd edition. Eawag, Seco, HCWW, Cairo. All documents of the ESRISS Project can be downloaded at: WWW.SANDEC.CH/ESRISS ESRISS Project Small‐Scale Sanitation in the Nile Delta Baseline Data and Current Practices TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 5 7 ............................................................................................................................................... ملخص تنفيذي EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 14 ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................ 22 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 24 2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 25 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................................................25 2.2 VILLAGE / EZBA SELECTION .....................................................................................................................25 2.2.1 Governorate selection ............................................................................................................25 2.2.2 Selection criteria for villages ..................................................................................................26 2.2.3 Identification methods ...........................................................................................................26 2.2.4 Final selection of villages .......................................................................................................27 2.3 SEMI‐STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS AND SURVEYS............................................................................................28 2.3.1 Household surveys .................................................................................................................29 2.3.2 Semi‐structured interviews for key sanitation stakeholders ..................................................30 2.4 TRANSECT WALKS, FIELD OBSERVATIONS ...................................................................................................31 2.5 MAPPING ...........................................................................................................................................32 2.6 SAMPLING CAMPAIGN ...........................................................................................................................33 2.6.1 Sewage ...................................................................................................................................34 2.6.2 Septage ..................................................................................................................................35 2.6.3 Liquid Animal Manure ............................................................................................................37 ND RD 2.7 LABORATORY ANALYSES (2 AND 3 CAMPAIGNS) .....................................................................................37 2.7.1 Material and evaluation method ...........................................................................................38 2.7.2 Precision analysis and error tracking .....................................................................................39 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 40 3.1 EXISTING DOCUMENTS ON THE TOPIC .......................................................................................................40 3.2 LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .....................................................................................................42 3.3 QUANTITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL WASTEWATER .........................................................................45 3.3.1 Sewage ...................................................................................................................................45 3.3.2 Greywater ..............................................................................................................................48 3.3.3 Septage ..................................................................................................................................49 3.3.4 Gaps in knowledge .................................................................................................................49 3.4 REUSE OF WASTEWATER, SLUDGE AND BIOGAS ...........................................................................................50 ‐ 1 ‐ August 2014 ESRISS Project 4 RESULTS OF INTERVIEWS, SURVEYS AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS ................................................... 52 4.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................................................................................53 4.1.1 Selected villages .....................................................................................................................53 4.1.2 Population ..............................................................................................................................55 4.1.3 Village features ......................................................................................................................56 4.1.4 Buildings and households ......................................................................................................58 4.1.5 Non domestic buildings ..........................................................................................................58 4.2 CURRENT SANITATION PRACTICES ............................................................................................................59 4.2.1 On‐site systems ......................................................................................................................59 4.2.2 Informal sewer systems .........................................................................................................61 4.2.3 Management of animal manure ............................................................................................62 4.2.4 Storm water management .....................................................................................................64 4.3 WATER SUPPLY ....................................................................................................................................65 4.4 GREYWATER PRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................66 4.5 BLACKWATER PRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................66 4.6 REUSE PRACTICES .................................................................................................................................67 4.6.1 Wastewater reuse ..................................................................................................................67 4.6.2 Reuse of sludge and biogas ...................................................................................................68 4.6.3 Reuse of manure and use of fertilisers ...................................................................................69 4.7 COSTING THE CURRENT SANITATION SITUATION ..........................................................................................71 4.7.1 Drinking water .......................................................................................................................71 4.7.2 Bayara emptying ....................................................................................................................71 4.7.3 Informal sewer networks .......................................................................................................72 4.7.4 Synthesis of water and sanitation costs.................................................................................73 4.8 PROBLEMS FACED BY THE POPULATION .....................................................................................................74 5 RESULTS OF THE SAMPLING CAMPAIGN ....................................................................................... 76 5.1 BASIC WASTEWATER CHEMISTRY BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................76 5.2 SEWAGE .............................................................................................................................................77