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Growth, Longevity, and Mortality of the Largemouth Bass Micropterus Salmoides (Lacépède, 1802) in a Mediterranean Lake (Rome, Italy)

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Growth, Longevity, and Mortality of the Largemouth Bass Micropterus Salmoides (Lacépède, 1802) in a Mediterranean Lake (Rome, Italy) View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by I-Revues GROWTH, LONGEVITY, AND MORTALITY OF THE LARGEMOUTH BASS MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (LACÉPÈDE, 1802) IN A MEDITERRANEAN LAKE (ROME, ITALY) Massimiliano SCALICI 1, Francesca SC H I AVO N E 1*, Andrea MARINELLI 1 1 & Giancarlo GIBERTINI RÉSUMÉ. — Croissance, longévité et mortalité de l’Achigan à grande bouche Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802) dans un lac méditerranéen (Rome, Italie).— L’objectif de notre étude est l’analyse de la structure et de la dynamique d’une population invasive de l’Achigan à grande bouche (Micropterus sal- moides Lacépède, 1802) dans un lac méditerranéen. La croissance a été décrite par les paramètres de Von Bertalanffy, eux-mêmes obtenus en utilisant les données « taille à l’âge ». Les valeurs moyennes des quatre classes d’âge observées (identifiées par la lecture des écailles) ont été analysées par la méthode analytique de Gulland & Holt, dans le but de calculer le paramètre de courbure (k = 0.49) et la longueur asymptotique (L∞ = 31). Les paramètres de Von Bertalanffy ne semblent pas liés au dimorphisme sexuel car nous n’avons pas trouvé de différences dans la taille ou dans la structure de la population entre les deux sexes. La longévité observée est de cinq ans, mais peu de spécimens atteignent cet âge, du fait d’un taux élevé de mortalité liée à la pêche. La structure et la dynamique de cette population semblent révéler sa stabilité et sa capacité d’ex- pansion, expressions des conditions favorables rencontrées par l’espèce sur le site d’étude. Les paramètres de croissance reflètent les capacités d’acclimatation de Micropterus salmoides dans un habitat qui n’est pas celui d’origine et montrent la plasticité de l’espèce, capable de coloniser de nombreux habitats tempérés et chauds à travers le monde et notamment les zones humides méditerranéennes. SUMMARY. — The analysis of the structure and dynamics of an invasive population of the Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacépède, 1802) in a Mediterranean wetland was the main goal of this study. Demographic potentialities were described by means of the Von Bertalanffy parameters, the latter obtained using length-at-age data. The mean values of the observed four age classes (recognized by the scale read- ing) were analysed by the Gulland & Holt analytical method, in order to calculate the curvature parameter (k = 0.49) and the asymptotic length (L∞ = 31). The Von Bertalanffy parameters were not considered to be affected by sexual dimorphism since no between-sexes differences were found in size and population struc- ture. Besides the two previous parameters, we computed longevity of 5 years, with only a limited number of Largemouth Bass reaching this age (due to a high fishing mortality rate). Structure and dynamics of this population seem to reveal its stability and spreading potential, as an expression of the favourable ecological conditions encountered in the study area. Growth parameters reflect the acclimation capability of M. sal- moides in a non-native habitat and show the ecological plasticity of this species, capable of colonizing many temperate and warm habitats worldwide, Mediterranean wetlands included. Transfaunation is considered as the first ecological danger, caused by the rapid and con- stant increase of species movement (Ruesink et al., 1995; Cox, 1999). This phenomenon devel- oped and increased as a consequence of halieutic and aquaculture activities, emerging as one 1 Department of Biology, University “Roma Tre”, v.le G. Marconi, 446 – 00146, Rome (Italy). E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] * Author for correspondence Rev. Écol. (Terre Vie), vol. 64, 2009. – 51 – of the great problem in conservation (Sala et al., 2000) and representing the actual risk of a general alteration of the biological diversity through the ecosystem homogenization (Mack et al., 2000; Rahel, 2000). Among all the invasive fish, theL argemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacépède, 1802, is estimated one of the 5 most introduced species in inland waters of several countries (Ladiges & Vogt, 1979; Welcomme, 1992). The Largemouth Bass is a centrarchid species native from North-American freshwater systems (from Canada to Florida and Mexico). It mainly inhabits lentic and lotic habitats showing particular preference for marshy environments and shallow waters of large lakes (Hickley et al., 1994). M. salmoides has been shown to be successful in colonizing areas outside its native range (Weyl & Hecht, 1999). Recorded in North Italy for the first time more than 30 years ago (Tor- tonese, 1975), this species is now widespread in the whole national territory (Zerunian, 1980; Alessio, 1981, 1983; Lorenzoni et al., 2002a,b; Marinelli et al., 2004, 2006a,b,c), and can be considered as well naturalized in all the Italian inland waters (Zerunian, 2002). Although many records occur in the Italian literature (see Marinelli et al., 2007), fishermen continuously indi- cate the occurrence of M. salmoides in an increasing number of sites, attesting its fast coloniza- tion potential. In the past, due to its voracity, the Largemouth Bass was used as a control instru- ment for cyprinid species in artificialized water systems (Gandolfiet al., 1991). Unfortunately, fishing (introduction activities inclusive) was not always well-managed mainly due to a lack of information about the biology of fish in the lake Bracciano, where the Largemouth Bass was observed for the first time at the end of the last century (Marinelli et al., 2004). M. salmoides has been described as an ichthyophagous fish (Heidinger, 1974; Lorenzoni et al., 2002a; Marinelli et al., 2007), although a shift of the diet habit occurs all during its life: from a zooplanktonic diet, during larvae phase, the feeding habit of juveniles is based on lit- tle invertebrates and finally the sub-adults and adults are piscivorous (see Nicola et al., 1996; Godhino & Ferreira, 1998; Garcia-Berthou, 2002). Moreover, M. salmoides seems to be an opportunistic predator with a diet depending on environment and feeding resources (He et al., 1994; Hickley et al., 1994; Godinho et al., 1997; Olson et al., 1998). It can contribute seriously to compromise the native fish communities (Lorenzoni et al., 2002a; Marinelli et al., 2006b, 2007). In fact, once acclimated, an exotic species can create serious problems for the native fish species (Holcik, 1991), overall whether it impacts upon their juveniles (Marinelli et al., 2006b) or its niche overlaps that of those native species (Gandolfiet al., 1991; Lorenzoni et al., 2002a; Marinelli et al., 2007). Standing that introduction’s prevention of invasive species is ‘‘the only environmentally sound approach’’ (Gollasch & Leppäkoski, 1999), after the occurrence of an exotic species in a given habitat, eradication or mitigation activities seem to be a priority (Holdich et al., 1999). Although an early eradication may be carried out with little or superficial knowledge of the population biology of an alien species (Simberloff, 2003), in several cases the opportunity for rapid management activities is lost. In those cases, biological details on nuisance species, including population structure and dynamics, seem to be useful for developing effective tools for a maintenance management. Based on these premises, and considering the importance of understanding demography and population regulation to the theory of sustainable exploitation (Kokko & Lindstrom, 1998; Freckleton et al., 2003; Scalici et al., 2008), and biological control (see for example May et al., 1981; Tuyttens et al., 2000; Scalici & Gherardi, 2007; Scalici et al., 2007), this study aims to investigate aspects of the biology of Largemouth Bass. In particu- lar, we focused our attention on population structure, growth, longevity, and mortality of M. salmoides estimated by using the fish stock assessment principles, in order to know the popu- lation status and dynamic properties of the Largemouth Bass in Mediterranean ecosystems. Determination of the age and assessment of dynamic potentialities are to be considered a cru- cial tool in fisheries biology for the formulation of management strategy (Britton et al., 2004). Our results are also compared with those of other Largemouth Bass populations in native and non-native countries, Italy inclusive. – 52 – MATERIAL AND METHODS STUDY AREA The studied population inhabits the oligotrophic volcanic lake Bracciano, sited at 164 m a.s.l. within the Sabatini Mountains group (between 42°10’and 42°05’ N, and 12°10’ and 12°17’ E – Province of Rome). The lake has a perimeter of 31.5 km, a surface of 57.2 km2, and a depth mean and max of 88.6 and 165 m, respectively. Its surface temperature (0-4 m) ranges between a minimum of 8°C in winter and a maximum of 26°C in summer, with an annual mean value of 13.5°C (± 5.7 standard deviation). Aquatic vegetation was constituted mainly by Characeae and secondarily by macrophytes, such as Potamogeton perfoliatus Linnaeus, 1753, Potamogeton lucens Linnaeus, 1753, Vallisneria spiralis Linnaeus, 1753, Myriophyllum spicatum Linnaeus, 1753, and Ceratophyllum demersum Linnaeus, 1753. Fish community is composed by different native and exotic species of ecological and conservation interest, such as (in alphabetical order of scientific name) Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758), Cobitis taenia bilineata Canestrini, 1865, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859, Lepomis gibbosus
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