Safety Case for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel at Olkiluoto - Features, Events and Processes 2012

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Safety Case for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel at Olkiluoto - Features, Events and Processes 2012 POSIVA 2012-07 Safety Case for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel at Olkiluoto - Features, Events and Processes 2012 Posiva Oy December 2012 POSIVA OY Olkiluoto FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND Phone (02) 8372 31 (nat.), (+358-2-) 8372 31 (int.) Fax (02) 8372 3809 (nat.), (+358-2-) 8372 3809 (int.) ISBN 978-951-652-188-9 ISSN 1239-3096 Raportin tunnus – Report code Posiva-raportti – Posiva Report POSIVA 2012-07 Posiva Oy Olkiluoto Julkaisuaika – Date FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND December 2012 Puh. 02-8372 (31) – Int. Tel. +358 2 8372 (31) Tekijä(t) – Author(s) Toimeksiantaja(t) – Commissioned by Posiva Oy Posiva Oy Nimeke – Title SAFETY CASE FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL AT OLKILUOTO - FEATURES, EVENTS AND PROCESSES 2012 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Features, Events and Processes sits within Posiva Oy’s Safety Case “TURVA-2012” portfolio and has the objective of presenting the main features, events and processes (FEPs) that are considered to be potentially significant for the long-term safety of the planned KBS-3V repository for spent nuclear fuel at Olkiluoto. The primary purpose of this report is to support Performance Assessment, Formulation of Radionuclide Release Scenarios, Assessment of the Radionuclide Release Scenarios for the Repository System and Biosphere Assessment by ensuring that the scenarios are comprehensive and take account of all significant FEPs. The main FEPs potentially affecting the disposal system are described for each relevant sub- system component or barrier (i.e. the spent nuclear fuel, the canister, the buffer and tunnel backfill, the auxiliary components, the geosphere and the surface environment). In addition, a small number of external FEPs that may potentially influence the evolution of the disposal system are described. The conceptual understanding and operation of each FEP is described, together with the main features (variables) of the disposal system that may affect its occurrence or significance. Olkiluoto-specific issues are considered when relevant. The main uncertainties (conceptual and parameter/data) associated with each FEP that may affect understanding are also documented. Indicative parameter values are provided, in some cases, to illustrate the magnitude or rate of a process, but it is not the intention of this report to provide the complete set of numerical values that are used in the quantitative safety assessment calculations. Many of the FEPs are interdependent and, therefore, the descriptions also identify the most important direct couplings between the FEPs. This information is used in the formulation of scenarios to ensure the conceptual models and calculational cases are both comprehensive and representative. Avainsanat - Keywords Features, events, processes, FEPs, scenarios, Olkiluoto, spent nuclear fuel, canister, buffer, tunnel backfill, auxiliary components, geosphere, surface environment, performance assessment, safety case ISBN ISSN ISBN 978-951-652-188-9 ISSN 1239-3096 Sivumäärä – Number of pages Kieli – Language 460 English Raportin tunnus – Report code Posiva-raportti – Posiva Report POSIVA 2012-07 Posiva Oy Olkiluoto Julkaisuaika – Date FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND Joulukuu 2012 Puh. 02-8372 (31) – Int. Tel. +358 2 8372 (31) Tekijä(t) – Author(s) Toimeksiantaja(t) – Commissioned by Posiva Oy Posiva Oy Nimeke – Title TURVALLISUUSPERUSTELU KÄYTETYN YDINPOLTTOAINEEN LOPPUSIJOITUK- SELLE OLKILUODOSSA -ILMIÖT TAPAHTUMAT JA PROSESSIT 2012 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tämä raportti on osa Posiva Oy:n TURVA-2012-turvallisuusperustelun raporttisalkkua ja sen tavoitteena on kuvata ne ilmiöt, tapahtumat ja prosessit (FEPit), joita pidetään potentiaalisesti merkittävinä Olkiluotoon rakennettavan käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen loppusijoituslaitoksen pitkäaikaisturvallisuudelle. Raportin pääasiallinen tarkoitus on tukea raportteja Performance Assessment, Formulation of Radionuclide Release Scenarios, Assessment of the Radionuclide Release Scenarios for the Repository System ja Biosphere Assessment varmistamalla, että määritetyt skenaariot ovat kattavia ja kaikki merkittävät FEPit on otettu niissä huomioon. Loppusijoitusjärjestelmään potentiaalisesti vaikuttavat keskeiset FEPit on kuvattu erikseen kullekin loppusijoitusjärjestelmän komponentille tai vapautumisesteelle (näitä ovat käytetty ydinpolttoaine, kapseli, puskuri ja tunnelitäyttö, muut rakenneosat, kallioperä sekä pintaympäristö). Lisäksi on kuvattu joitakin ulkoisia ilmiöitä, tapahtumia ja prosesseja, joilla voi olla vaikutusta loppusijoitusjärjestelmän kehityskulkuun. Kunkin ilmiön, tapahtuman ja prosessin ilmentyminen loppusijoitusjärjestelmässä on kuvattu nykytiedon mukaisesti, kuten myös ne loppusijoitusjärjestelmän keskeisimmät piirteet (muuttujat), jotka voivat vaikuttaa kyseisen FEPin esiintymiseen tai merkitykseen. Olkiluoto- kohtaiset näkökulmat on otettu esille tarpeen vaatiessa. Kunkin FEPin osalta on kuvattu myös merkittävimmät epävarmuudet (konseptuaaliset ja parametriset). Joissain tapauksissa on myös esitetty viitteellisiä parametriarvoja kuvaamaan prosessin suuruusluokkaa tai nopeutta, mutta raportin tarkoituksena ei ole esittää kattavasti turvallisuusarvionnin laskuissa käytettäviä lukuarvoja. Monet FEPit ovat toisistaan riippuvia ja sen tähden kuvauksissa luetellaan kaikkein tärkeimmät kytkennät niiden välillä. Tätä tietoa käytetään skenaarioiden muodostamisessa varmistamaan konseptuaalisten mallien ja laskentatapausten kattavuus ja edustavuus. Avainsanat - Keywords Ilmiöt, tapahtumat, prosessit, FEPit, skenaariot, Olkiluoto, käytetty ydinpolttoaine, kapseli, puskuri, tunnelitäyttö, muut rakenneosat, kallioperä, pintaympäristö, toimintakykyanalyysi, turvallisuusperustelu ISBN ISSN ISBN 978-951-652-188-9 ISSN 1239-3096 Sivumäärä – Number of pages Kieli – Language 460 Englanti 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. 1 ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS .......................................................................... 5 FOREWORD .................................................................................................................. 9 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 11 1.2 The KBS-3 method ..................................................................................... 11 1.3 Posiva’s programme for developing a KBS-3 repository at Olkiluoto ......... 12 1.4 Regulatory context for the management of spent nuclear fuel ................... 14 1.5 Safety concept and safety functions .......................................................... 15 1.6 TURVA-2012 Safety Case portfolio ........................................................... 17 1.7 Quality assurance ...................................................................................... 22 1.8 Scope and structure of the present report .................................................. 24 2 THE APPLICATION OF FEPS TO THE SAFETY CASE .................................... 29 2.1 Identification and screening of FEPs for potential significance .................. 29 2.2 FEPs and the formulation of scenarios and calculation cases ................... 30 2.3 The classification of FEPs .......................................................................... 33 2.4 Organisation of FEPs and system components ......................................... 34 2.5 FEP couplings and interactions between system components .................. 39 2.5.1 Couplings between individual FEPs ............................................. 39 2.5.2 Component interactions ............................................................... 39 2.6 The FEP description template .................................................................... 40 3 SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL .................................................................................... 45 3.1 Description ................................................................................................. 45 3.1.1 Long-term safety and performance .............................................. 48 3.1.2 Overview of the potentially significant FEPs ................................ 49 3.2 System evolution FEPs .............................................................................. 55 3.2.1 Radioactive decay (and in-growth) ............................................... 55 3.2.2 Heat generation ............................................................................ 57 3.2.3 Heat transfer ................................................................................ 59 3.2.4 Structural alteration of the fuel pellets .......................................... 60 3.2.5 Radiolysis of residual water (in an intact canister) ....................... 63 3.2.6 Radiolysis of the canister water .................................................... 66 3.2.7 Corrosion of cladding tubes and metallic fuel assembly parts ..... 68 3.2.8 Alteration and dissolution of the fuel matrix .................................. 72 3.2.9 Release of the labile fraction of the inventory .............................. 80 3.2.10 Production of helium gas .............................................................. 83 3.2.11 Criticality ....................................................................................... 85 3.3 Migration FEPs ..........................................................................................
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