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The Effects of Placing Cattle on Feed at Bimonthly Intervals, Housing, and Stage of Feeding Upon Feedlot Performance and Carcass Grades " (1986)

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The Effects of Placing Cattle on Feed at Bimonthly Intervals, Housing, and Stage of Feeding Upon Feedlot Performance and Carcass Grades Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1986 The effects of placing cattle on feed ta bimonthly intervals, housing, and stage of feeding upon feedlot performance and carcass grades Gary Michael Pusillo Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Pusillo, Gary Michael, "The effects of placing cattle on feed at bimonthly intervals, housing, and stage of feeding upon feedlot performance and carcass grades " (1986). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8029. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8029 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to indicate this. 3. 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[FTMTr'"®»-V^JLVJ-LJLL IhtefTiaHofia] 8615077 Pusillo, Gary Michael THE EFFECTS OF PLACING CATTLE ON FEED AT BIMONTHLY INTERVALS, HOUSING, AND STAGE OF FEEDING UPON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS GRADES Iowa State University PH.D. 1986 University Microfilms In t0rnâtion 8ll SOO N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) . lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University Microfilms International The effects of placing cattle on feed at bimonthly intervals, housing, and stage of feeding upon feedlot performance and carcass grades by Gary Michael Pusillo A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Animal Science Major; Animal Nutrition Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1986 il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 The Physical Environment and Its Affect on Cattle 3 Climate, weather, season 3 Physiological reactions 5 Heat dissipation 10 Adaptation 16 Hair coat 18 Feed and water intake, gain, and feed efficiency 19 Digestibility • 34 Volatile fatty acids 37 Compensatory growth 39 Shelter effects on cattle production 41 Environmental effects on the production of steers in different stages of feeding 52 Carcass composition 56 Climatic effects on carcass composition 59 Production traits influence on carcass traits 60 Housing effects on carcass traits 64 MATERIALS AND METHODS 70 Experimental Procedure 70 Statistical Methods 74 RESULTS AKD DISCUSSION 75 Feedlot Performance 75 Feed consumption 75 Average daily gain 105 Feed conversion 128 Final live weights 142 Carcass traits 146 SUMMARY 158 LITERATURE CITED 165 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 178 iii Page APPENDIX A: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLES FOR CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS 180 APPENDIX B; CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS BY HOUSING AND MONTH ON TEST 185 APPENDIX C: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE FOR CATTLE LIVE WEIGHTS BY PERIODS 188 APPENDIX D: CATTLE LIVE WEIGHTS BY PERIOD, HOUSING, AND MONTH ON TEST 190 1 INTRODUCTION Variability among feedlot cattle is due to genetics, nutrition, disease, hormones, tissue-specific regulatory factors, and nearly all aspects of the animal's environment. The potential for growth and develop­ ment is provided by heredity, and maximization or minimization of this potential is determined by the animal's environment. Environmental condi­ tions have been shown to influence feed and water intake, availability of energy in ingested feed, heat production of animals, net energy available for productive purposes, and body composition of growing animals. Housing provides a means of coping with stressful environmental conditions which might otherwise impede the ability of cattle to maintain optimal levels of physiological activities essential for growth in the face of adverse environmental conditions. Under present market conditions, it is extremely essential to use every available means to produce a pound of gain efficiently. An objective of good feedlot management is to make optimum use of available facilities so as to allow animals to achieve their genetic potential for growth. 5y attenuating the adverse effects of the environ­ ment, the producer may be able to increase production and the efficiency of production. Currently, more and more Iowa cattle feeders are buying their feeder cattle on a continuous basis throughout the year in an attempt to keep their lots filled so as to make more efficient use of labor, equipment, buildings, and possible marketing strategies. Cattle producers wishing to fill their lots once a year or those desiring to keep their lots filled on a continuous basis must determine which combinations of starting cattle on 2 feed and housing conditions provide the most desirable conditions to achieve efficient performance. Experimentation on the performance of cattle in various housing units, placed in the feedlot at bimonthly inter­ vals, may aid the producer in deciding which combinations of month and housing are the most economical in terms of feedlot cattle production. The primary objective of this study was to determine the Influence of three housing systems, month, and stage of feeding, upon feed consumption, average dally gain, feed efficiency, and carcass grades of feedlot cattle put on feed at bimonthly Intervals throughout the year. The intentions were to ascertain the best starting times and housing conditions for maximizing production and also to project feedlot performance when cattle were fed on a continuous or year-round basis. 3 LITERATURE REVIEW The Physical Environment and Its Affect on Cattle Climate, weather, season Growth is a complex set of metabolic events which is environmentally and genetically controlled. The environmental conditions to which the animals are exposed includes nutrition, climatic conditions, disease levels, and various management techniques (Ray ^ al., 1969). Among the climatic conditions that may impose stress on the rate of growth are temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiation. The climatic condi­ tions also affect the amount of food and water intake, the availability of the potential energy in the ingested forage, the animal's heat production system, the net energy available for productivity, and the body composition of growing animals (Hafez, 1968). Climate determines production potential of both grain and livestock producers, and it identifies strategies avail­ able to the producer for resource allocations and marketing (Decker, 1983c). Climate is defined by the systematic space and time distribution of weather events (Decker, i983c). Weather is a specific combination of meteorological factors, which includes temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, and sunshine and is characterized by the rate at which each of these factors varies (Fuller, 1969). Living organisms respond not only to changing conditions but also to the rate of change. Normal diurnal and annual terrestrial energy balance exchanges produce expected daily and annual climatic variations.
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