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Technology in Higher Education Mathematics: a Mixed Methods Study TECHNOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION MATHEMATICS: A MIXED METHODS STUDY By DENA ELIZABETH WALKER Bachelor of Science in Mathematics Education Northwestern Oklahoma State University Alva, OK 2003 Master of Education in Secondary Education Northwestern Oklahoma State University Alva, OK 2004 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2014 TECHNOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION MATHEMATICS: A MIXED METHODS STUDY Dissertation Approved: Dr. Patricia Lamphere Jordan Dissertation Adviser Dr. Adrienne Redmond-Sanogo Dr. Shanedra Nowell Dr. Tyler Tapps ii Name: DENA ELIZABETH WALKER Date of Degree: May 2014 Title of Study: Technology in Higher Education Mathematics: A Mixed Methods Study Major Field: Professional Education Studies – Mathematics Education Abstract: The integration of technology has become a high priority at various levels of education, including higher education. This study focused on discovering and describing the technology being used in higher education mathematics content courses by faculty members at colleges and universities. The research questions focused on what technology was being used by higher education mathematics faculty, how it was being used, what factors would encourage the incorporation of technology, the description of an adopter of technology, who is most likely to use technology to engage students in learning, and challenges that must be overcome to implement technology. The study uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods design which allowed for gathering qualitative data through semi-structured interviews and a vignette to support the quantitative data, which was gathered from a general technology survey administered electronically. The participants included 68 faculty members from research universities, regional public and private universities, and community colleges in a Midwestern state. Results from the study found that technology used by faculty included computers, projector systems, calculators, word processing software, learning management systems, e-mail communication, and the Internet. Technology was found to be predominately used for classroom instruction as a visual aid to present multiple forms of mathematical representations. Factors that could influence the integration of technology into mathematics content courses include the need for a technology resource bank that has appropriate and high-quality tasks that correspond to content and the need for additional time to investigate and implement new technologies. The description of an adopter of technology that evolved during the study was not adequate, but the analysis did show that the attitudes and beliefs of faculty toward technology influenced technology-use preferences. Future research is needed to identify a complete description of an adopter of technology. The study also reinforced the idea that technology-rich classrooms offer an avenue to engage students in learning mathematics. Lastly, the study highlighted challenges that faculty encounter when integrating technology including demands from administration, time for exploration, the need for additional training opportunities, and the lack of technical support. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 Background and Context..........................................................................................2 Research Problem ....................................................................................................4 Research Purpose and Research Questions ..............................................................6 Research Design Overview ......................................................................................8 Assumptions .............................................................................................................9 Limitations of the Study...........................................................................................9 Delimitations of the Study .......................................................................................9 Potential Ethical Issues .........................................................................................10 Key Terms ..............................................................................................................10 Conclusion .............................................................................................................14 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................................................................15 What is technology? ...............................................................................................18 History of Technology in Society ..........................................................................20 History of Educational Technology .......................................................................22 The Role of Technology ........................................................................................26 Technology as a Tool .......................................................................................27 Technology as a Tutor .....................................................................................32 Technology for Exploration .............................................................................34 Technology to Communicate ...........................................................................36 Role of Technology in a Mathematics Classroom .................................................38 Technology in the Mathematics Classroom ...........................................................43 Pedagogical Roles of Technology in the Mathematics Classroom ........................46 Management Tool ............................................................................................47 Communication Tool .......................................................................................49 Evaluation Tool ................................................................................................51 Motivational Tool ............................................................................................53 Cognitive Tool .................................................................................................54 Technology’s Impact on Learning .........................................................................55 Technology or Instructional Procedures: Which cases change in the classroom? .59 Teacher Perceptions .........................................................................................63 Technology in PK-12 Mathematics .......................................................................63 Technology in Higher Education Mathematics .....................................................66 Conclusion .............................................................................................................70 iv Chapter Page III. METHODS ............................................................................................................71 Organization of Chapter .........................................................................................72 Brief Overview of Study ........................................................................................72 Philosophical and Theoretical Foundation.............................................................73 Rationale for Mixed Methods Research ..........................................................81 Research Sample ..............................................................................................83 Overview of Information Needed ....................................................................85 Research Design.....................................................................................................86 Data Collection Methods .................................................................................89 General Technology Survey and Demographic Information ...........................91 Vignette ............................................................................................................97 Semi-structured Interviews ..............................................................................98 Data Analysis and Synthesis ..........................................................................101 Ethical Considerations ...................................................................................105 Issues of Trustworthiness ...............................................................................105 Impact of Researcher .....................................................................................107 Limitations of the Study.................................................................................107 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................108 IV. RESULTS ............................................................................................................110 Data Analysis Overview ......................................................................................111 General Technology Survey and Vignette ....................................................112 Semi-Structured Interviews ...........................................................................113 Demographics ......................................................................................................115
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