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The Scottish Background the Looting of Lochaber

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The Scottish Background the Looting of Lochaber THE SCOTTISH BACKGROUND THE LOOTING OF LOCHABER E.J. COWAN [ADDRESS OF BEELZEBUB]' But, hear me, my lord! Glengary, hear! To the Rt HonbleJOHN, EARL OF BREDALBANE,Presi- Your HAND'S OWRELIGHT ON THEM, I fear: Your FACTORS,GREIVES [overseers], TRUSTEES an' BAILIES dent of the RcHonb" the HIGHIANDSOCIETY, which [bailiffs], met, on the zjd of May last, at the Shakespeare, I canna say but they do gailies [tolerably]; Covent garden, to concert ways and means to frus- They lay aside a' tender mercies trate the designs of FIVE HUNDRED HIGHLANDERSwho, Ad tirl [strip] the WLIONS [rascals] to the BIUIW as the Society were informed by M' McKenzie of [bristles]; Applecross, were so audacious as to attempt to escape Yet, while they're only poin'd [distressed], and herriec [plundered], from their lawful lords and masters whose property They'll keep their stubborn Highlan spirit. they are emigrating from the lands of Mr McDonald But smash them! crush them a' to spaik [splinters]! of Glengary to the wilds of CANADA,in search of that An' mt the DWOU fiankrupts] i' the J~W! fantastic thing -LIBERTY- The young dogs, swinge [flog] them to the labour, Let wman' ~mcmmak them sober! TEDCowm is Professor of Scottish History and Litera- The ~rzuw,if they're oughtlins fausont [at all ture at the University of Glasgow. He has taught at the decent], Universiry of Edinburgh, and from 1979-1993was Profes- Let them in DRURYLANE be lwon'd! sor of History and Chair of Scottish Studies at the Uni- An' if the wives, an' dirty brats, versity of Guelph. He is the author of Mont~osc.For Cov- Come thiggan [begging] at your doors an' yets [gates], antand King and The PcopIr's Perg Scottish Folk in Flaffan [flapping] wi' duds [rags], an' grey wi' beese Scottish History, as well as numerous articles on various Frightan awa your deucks an' geese; aspects of Scottish History. He is currently researching Get out a HORSE-WHIP. or a iomm ihoundl. the Vikings in Scotland, Scottish popular culture 1500- The langest thong, the fiercest growler, 1800. and Scottish emigmion to Canada. He has no An' gar- [make] the ratreid gipseys-. .pack McMillan connection whatsoever. Wi' a' their bastarts on their back! PART 11: THE SCOTTISH BACKGROUND Thus in 1786, in excerpt from his only poem link- duet, and a gamekeeper; and he was involved in iev- ing Scotland and Canada, Scotland's national bard, era1 bloody assaults.' At the Invergarry Highland Robbie Burns, encapsulated the great debate on emi- Gathering, he invented the sport of twisting the four gration which raged throughout his own short life- legs off a cow, first prize being a fat sheep. His own time (1759-1796). and beyond it to 1820, the year of life ended impetuously in 1828 when a steamer was the 'Radical War' when the 'lower orders' of Scotland wrecked on rocks south of Fort William. All the pas- were allegedly on the brink of revolution. During sengers were safely landed, except for Glengarry who these years, the British establishment such as 'jumped off the plank, or fell off on hi head on the Breadalbane and Glengarry frowned upon emigration roch and was killed.'' He left debts of £80.000 which since it reduced the number of bodies contributing to presumably would have been higher had not some of the economy and the military. West Inverness-shire his tenants and clansfolk been considerate enough to emigrants, the subject of this book, thus departed depart for Ontario. from their native land when such activity was dis- Although many of those who remained were couraged. proud of their chief's behaviour, Glengarry typified Rare is the historian of Highland history who is the unreality infecting many contemporaries. He uninfluenced by the mythos of the Gaidhealtachd craved the profits of modern economic management (Gaelic-speaking Scotland). It requires a considerable in order to bolster a pre-industrial lifesryle and due effort of will to put aside the various prisms through system; he sought shelter from modernity in a semi- which the Highlands have long been viewed, from mystical past; and he lived a Highland legend while 1 the primitivism of James MacPherson whose famed knowing little of the real world. Even someone as 1 translations of the legendary poet Ossian brought pragmatic as the Rev. James Robertson was fascinated about the Romantic revival in the aftermath of the by the mystique of clanship. Of the inhabitants of last Jacobire Rising of 1745-6; to the tartan-tinted Inverness-shire Robertson wrote: spectacles of Sir Walter Scott, obswed as he was with the clash between tradition and technology. The bru- They have uniformly proved themselves to be tality of the Clearances when people were replaced by warm in their attachments, true to the cause they sheep, and subsequently deer, contrasts painfully with espouse, steady in their engagements, prudent the image of empry scenery peddled by the Scottish under many privations, vigorous in their consti- Tourist Board. The desolation of modern Loch tution, inured to toil, active in their mocives, in- Arkaig is a powerful monument to a human tragedy defatigable in exertion and fearless in the hour of danger. Descended, or conceiving themselves to that was part of a profound historical process. be descended, from some renouned leader of The Glengarry of Burns' poem, Alastair their tribe, and counting kindred with the Chief- MacDonneU, the 'Highland devil', was himself a glo- tain of their own time, they feel the impulse of rious, if dangerous, anachronism with a head full of honour, natural to such blood, and becoming Ossianic nonsense. He swaggered around in full such connexion; and disdain to bring a stain Highland regalia topped offwith a Glengarry bonnet upon their Clan, by bringing a stain upon them- invented by its wearer, as well as a light sporran. He selves. This pride of clanship affects their man- was remembered as 'a man of excitable disposition, ners, their habits, their conversation, their senti- desirous to be considered the type of an old chief, ab- ments, their address, and their prospects in life. It solute in hi commands, litigious, and sometimes inspires them with a certain elevation of mind, hurried by his ungovernable temper into acts of the which is perhaps unfriendly to the drudgery of ( most serious nature.' He killed an innocent man in a continued labour, while untutored by experience I CHAPTER 2: THE LOOTING OF LOCHABER Clan map of Lochaber, Scotland, by Somerled McMillan for his Bygone ~ochaber(l971). or not supported by clear views of interest. It era1 of the great clans such as the McDonalds, the gives them, however, consequence in their own Macleans and the Mackenzies were in the process of eyes, and they aspire to obtain the same conse- self destructing through fragmentation, internecine quences in the opinion of others.' strife and intra-clan rivalry. The Camerons were drowned in debt, their estates largely held in wadset While Robertson's assertions contain some truth, (mortgage) by the Campbells and the Gordons. ) the clan system itself was over in many parts of the There is little sign that the McMillans had functioned Highlands by the early seventeenth century when sev- as a clan since the fourteenth century, if ever. PART II: THE SCOTTISH BACKGROUND Clan survival was a myth perpetuated by lingering served for the Lochiel estates as well as for those of clan rivalries. During the hundred years between the MacDonnell of Glengarry and the Macdonald estates Montrose wars of 1644-45 and Bonnie Prince of Knoydart and Moidart, the homelands of most of Charlie's Jacobite Rising of 1745-46, the so-called the emigrants who would find their way to Canada 'Loyal Clans' fought for the Stewart cause again and some fifty or sixty years later. Some of those who had again, motivated by contempt for Clan Campbell, followed Cameron to join Prince Charles were reluc- the most successful of all clans. The lesser clans hoped tant recruits. It has even been asserted that some of to regain territory and estates. Their victories during Lochiel's own tenants assisted the Duke of Cumber- Montrose's 'Glorious Year' were not to be repeated, land's troops when they burned Achnacarry Castle in the apparent successes, for example, at Killiecrankie 1746. There is also the legend that when the Prince (1689) or Prestonpans (1745), being mere flashes in sought refuge in the heather after Culloden, not one the heather. British armies enjoyed superior technol- Highlander would play Judas by betraying him for a ogy and the military function of the clan was becom- reward of £30,000. Somerled MacMillan, however, ing redundant. While individual participants showed has pointed out that two out of three Lochaber men bravery, clan sentiment was cynically exploited in a willing to claim the reward were McMillans.5 doomed cause. When Lochiel fled to the Continent, his estates At the same time the chiefs were becoming alien- were forfeited and administered by strangers, to the ated from their kinsfolk and tenants. The Statutes of detriment of tenants and kindred alike. Tenants were Iona (1609) had insisted that the sons of chiefs be forced to pay double dues, to Lochiel in exile, and to educated in the Lowlands, as many of them had been the crown. It was such irritants that led to the murder for over a century. By 1620 the heirs of the Earl of of Colin Campbell of Glenure - the Red Fox - in Sutherland were attending schools in England. The nearby Appin in 1752, the central episode in Robert Jacobite fiasco of 1745-46 forced several chiefs into Louis Stevenson's novel Kidnapped A similar event exile.
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