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Design Tool for Hydronic Building Installations

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Design Tool for Hydronic Building Installations Ninth International IBPSA Conference Montréal, Canada August 15-18, 2005 DESIGN TOOL FOR HYDRONIC BUILDING INSTALLATIONS Luc Soethout1, Jan Aerts2, and W im Plokker3 1TNO, P.O. Box 49, NL-2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands E-mail: luc.soethout@ tno.nl 2ISSO, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 3Vabi, Delft, The Netherlands during commissioning. This leads an unbalance in the ABSTRACT heat transfer to the rooms, some rooms having a high This paper discusses a method for designing hydronic temperature and other rooms having a low circuits for heating, covering both the full-load temperature (for example an undesired difference situation and the part-load situation. The method is between the lower and the top floors of a building). supported by a software tool. The method and the W hen occupants complain about the comfort, the tool are based on a modular approach, starting with building manager often reacts by increasing the the heat demands required by the various functions heating curve temperature. This primitive approach and locations in the building and from there gradually might solve the most urgent problems but will building and evaluating the complete hydronic definitely lead to an increased energy use system. The method provides standard modules for (approximately 7% for each degree Celsius building the hydronic system, consisting of temperature increase for an average office building in configurable user modules (heat supply), supplier the Netherlands). modules (heat generation) and distribution modules To improve this situation, the whole process from (heat distribution). The user gets support for choosing design to operational use needs to be improved. A the correct modules, such that both the full-load good handbook on the subject of hydronic balancing situation is sufficient and the part-load situation is PetitJean, 1994, and references therein. Since this results in optimal control. publication is in English, this limits the accessibility for people in the Dutch practice. Fortunately, several INTRODUCTION Dutch publications exist that support the designer and In practice, in many buildings people experience the commissioner of hydronic systems (see ISSO, comfort problems, problems that are often related to a 1987; ISSO, 1995; ISSO, 1996; ISSO, 1998a; ISSO, climate installation that is not operating optimally. 1998b; ISSO, 2002). However, also these pubications This is even the case in modern buildings equipped are hardly used in practice since a lot of theoretical with the most recent control techniques. Common background is required. problems are: The project that is described in this paper intends to Some zones or rooms never reach the improve the accessibility of these publications by the desired temperature, especially when the development of a software tool for the design and internal heat load is variable. dimensioning of hydronic systems, based mainly on ISSO, 1998b. The tool offers a high-level design The room temperature is not constant but method, based on chaining standard hydronic fluctuates considerably around the setpoint. modules and showing directly the implications of the The design supply power of the heating units design while hiding the low-level details. The tool in a room is never reached, needed for differs from existing products like described in et al. example during startup after the weekend. Couillaud , 2004 and Hegetschweiler and Gaehler, 2004 by not offering a general-purpose tool Often, the cause of such problems is found in a but by intentionally limiting the number of cases to malfunctioning of the duct system or the hydronic the ones used in common Dutch practice. system, or a wrong balance between the two systems. It appears that the design of these systems is crucial, The next section describes a general overview of the in combination with the commissioning of the complete proces to design, commission and use a installations before the actual operational use. hydronic system. Then, the paper focuses on the modular design method for a hydronic system, W ith respect to the hydronic system, the distribution enabling the user to design the system in such a way of the water flows through the system is often not as that all user modules can be controlled in a rather originally designed, due to flaws in the design and decoupled way, and guaranteeing the required full- - 1155 - load. Finally, the paper describes the software hydronic system in connection to the design of the supporting this design method and shows the benefits building and the rest of the technical installation. For of the approach. optimal results, the quality of every aspect of the total chain needs to be guaranteed, since the weakest link PROCES FOR HYDRONIC DESIGN determines the final outcome. The total process is shown in Figure 1. Adjustment and balancing of a hydronic system is part of the complete process of designing the Energy performance check Heating- curve setting Commis- Design Maintenance Realization Balancing sioning Controller setting Performance check installation New building New building & existing building Existing building Figure 1 Development cycle for HVAC installations (water and air) The following stages need to be addressed: designed. The latter will also lead to changes with respect to adjustment. 1. Design. 3. Adjustment and balancing. The criteria with respect to usability, comfort and energy performance need translation to the The main bottlenecks with hydronic adjustment technical specification of the hydronic system. are related to the market pressure (proper adjustment competes with offering a low price), Important conditions for flexible later adjustment knowledge (guidelines and proper tools) and are: legislation (see Hiemstra and Schiebaan, 2001). The presence of adjustment provisions, like 4. Setting of heating curve and controllers. adjustment valves. After adjustment of the air and water flows, the The correct location of these adjustment next step is to set the heating curves for both provisions. subsystems, i.e. the temperature levels of both media. The balance between the two is crucial The correct size of the adjustment for supplying the amount of heat that is required provisions. by building and organisation, both at full load For control purposes during the operational and (even more) at part load. This requires the phase: application of the correct controllers, in supplement of the control dampers and valves. The correct size and type of control valves, in order to have a linear response 5. Commissioning, maintenance and energy characteristic in the whole range of assessment or building certificate. operation. W hen the building is renovated or its function 2. Realisation. and organisation is changed, a new assessment of energy and comfort is likely to lead to other This stage is normally not a problem, unless the technical requirements to the installation of the system requires a different layout than originally building. The whole process needs to be repeated. - 1156 - ,einforcing the process sketched above requires the recognition the bottlenecks and to remove these. Below a short overview of the most important threats: Building demand profile 1. Knowledge. As said before, the knowledge is present in Choice of ISSO 43 installation concept hardly accessible college books, hand books and guidelines, but is hardly picked up in practice. Hydronics Hydronics Air ducts 2. Guidelines and procedures. cooling heating In the Netherlands, the foundation ISSO has Conceptual choice ISSO 44 of hydronic modules published three publications related to the design User Supplier and adjustment of climate installations (ISSO, modules Distribution modules modules 1995; ISSO, 1998b; ISSO, 2000). Combined, the Check of module ISSO 44 publications cover the whole process as sketched 44 combinations End of conceptual before. However, the value of the publications is design not recognized very well in practice. Though the Module selection publications contain a wealth of information, ISSO 18 I1S8S O 33 Module details both theoretical as practical, the information is ISS O 44 difficult to grasp for the average practitioner. Design check 3. Tools. Dimensioning calculations ISSO 44 Valve / Pipe / Pump These consist of guidelines, calculation tools and Total design End of detailed tools for adjustment on the spot (measuring design instruments). Export design to Coupling to 4. Hardware components. balancing equipment realization The commercially available components, like Figure 2 Design of a hydronic system radiators, valves, are not a limiting factor for broad application of adjustment. The design method and tool described in this paper Figure 2 gives an overview of the design method addresses the bottlenecks described above and will be incorporated in the tool. The method starts with the extended to cover the complete design and requirements to the climate installation as determined commissioning process of climate installations in the by the building design and the organisation that will near future. occupy the building. This will lead to the choice of the installation concept, according to ISSO, 1998a. DESIGN METHOD W ith respect to the hydronic part of the installation, this forms the starting point of the design method as The design method covers the following aspects: implemented in the tool. Easy access to the publications of the The design of the hydronic side of HVAC foundation ISSO. installations in buildings is in practice often limited to Design of the hydronic part of the climate only
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