Widow and their Relatives

Integrated Pest Management for Homes, Gardens, and Landscapes

There are two species of widow spiders structures provide ideal habitat for the in California, the western black widow western black widow, these spiders are and the brown widow. Both are in the often very common around homes, genus and are characterized barns, outbuildings, and rock walls. In by a similar body shape, reclusive habit, such supportive habitats, mature and irregular cobwebs. females can be found every few feet and sometimes within inches of each The western black widow, a native spe- other. cies, is widespread, and is the posing the greatest potential envenom- Identification ation threat to humans in the western Figure 1. Mature female western black United States. It is well known in many A mature female western black widow widow spider. localities, and nonprofessionals can spider (Figure 1) is about ½ inch (13 identify it easily. mm) in body length, and has a rounded abdomen and very characteristic color- In the first decade of the 21st century, ation. She is shiny jet black all over her the non-native brown widow became body and legs, except for a red pattern established in southern California. on the underside of the abdomen, Although it isn’t nearly as dangerous as which looks, in perfect specimens, like the black widow, it causes alarm an hourglass. Some specimens have a because of the reputation of its relative. brownish or plum-colored tinge, but usually these are females that are so BLACK WIDOW SPIDERS well fed that the black-pigmented abdo- Figure 2. Immature female western black men has been stretched until it looks widow spider. Several species of black widow are com- brown instead of black. mon in North America, but in the west- ern United States the only species The red hourglass varies in appearance; present is the western black widow, Lat- it can be two perfect triangles with rodectus hesperus. Its habitat ranges from points merged to make a perfect hour- British Columbia and Alberta to Mexico glass, two triangles separated by a and throughout the Rocky Mountains space, a triangle and a small bar, mini- to the western portions of the Great mal or almost imperceptible red color- Plains. ation, or, on rare occasions, completely absent. The false black widow, which is In California, it is a common desert spi- discussed below, is chocolate brown der that can survive very hot, dry con- and never has red coloration, although ditions. However, black widows also many people frequently mistake it for a can be found in mountainous terrain black widow. above 5,000-foot elevation in Southern Figure 3. Western black widow spider- California, where snow covers the As easy as it is to identify an adult lings and egg sac. ground every winter. Outside Califor- female black widow, the immatures, nia, western black widows are common looking nothing like the mother (Figure abdomen is mostly white with a few in urban Colorado, in central and east- 2), can be difficult to recognize. When black spots. ern Washington state, and in southern black widow spiderlings emerge from British Columbia. their egg sac (Figure 3), they have tan legs and a tan cephalothorax (the body As the spider grows, the background coloration of the abdomen becomes Because the holes, cracks, crevices, trash, part to which the legs attach), while the olive-gray or tan; and there is a and clutter associated with human

P EST NOTES Publication 74149

Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program March 2017 March 2017 WIDOW SPIDERS AND THEIR RELATIVES

longitudinal white stripe on the top of fluffy cotton balls, making it difficult to the abdomen and diagonal stripes on determine exactly where the egg sac the flanks, with a small black dot at the starts). The egg sac covering is very uppermost portion of each diagonal tough and difficult to rip apart. stripe. A female western black widow typically As the spiderlings continue to grow lays about 300 eggs per sac. Because larger, they molt, like all spiders, in females can store sperm from their only order to shed their restrictive exoskele- mating, they can produce more than 10 tons. With successive molts in females, egg sacs without subsequent matings the white stripes become thinner, the and without a decrease in the number olive-gray or tan coloration darkens of eggs or a reduction in the percentage toward black, and eventually the spider of eggs that will successfully hatch into acquires its well-known black color- spiderlings. ation. Some mature females retain one or two conspicuous, indented white Habitat lines on the front surface of the abdo- men that look like a corporal’s chevrons. The western black widow is found in populated areas almost everywhere in In the youngest spiders, the space California. Although they can be found where the hourglass develops starts off in homes, black widows typically nest being a whitish shield. As the spider outside, around the home in holes and grows and molts several times, the Figure 4. Mature male western black widow crevices, and within clutter. In garages, color of this shield turns from white- spider. they usually make webs by doors, near yellow to orange-red and changes from vents, and in other places where insects a shield with a thick middle portion to may pass by. Because most people don’t an hourglass with a thin, tapered mid- tolerate large numbers of insects in their dle. living spaces, widow spiders usually won’t find sufficient prey to survive In contrast to the female, the male black inside homes. widow (Figure 4) retains the coloration of the juvenile. After it matures, it stops Black widows are shy spiders that seek eating and its abdomen shrinks (its only retreats, such as holes between bricks or task at this point is to mate). The male spaces around pipe penetrations in still retains one longitudinal abdominal walls, where they can hide during the stripe and a set of diagonal flank stripes day and then come out at night. In nat- on each side of the abdomen. The males ural settings, you can often find them in are much smaller than the females in rodent burrows and crevices in rock body length, although sometimes their faces. The spider makes a web of tan- legs are almost as long as those of the gled silk extending from this retreat adult female. hole.

One more color variation involves the The web doesn’t have a very recogniz- longitudinal stripe that runs up the able pattern, although it does have ver- middle of the top surface of the abdo- tical support threads above and below men in immature black widows; some- the central areas where the spider sits times it has a vivid red stripe within the while it waits for prey at night. The confines of the white border. This color- Figure 5. Black widow spider and egg case. lower support threads also alert the ation can cause anxiety for anyone who widow to the presence of a prey item isn’t familiar with widow immatures, Egg Sac blundering into the web. because they might incorrectly identify it as the Australian redback widow spi- The egg sac of the western black widow In most cases, a widow spider will seek der, which has red markings on the top is yellowish and teardrop-shaped, a retreat near the ground as the home but otherwise is uniformly black rather tapered at the top and bulbous at the base for her web, which connects to the than mottled as an adult. Redback bottom (Figure 5). The margins of the retreat, allowing the spider to emerge to widow spiders are not found in North sac are well defined (as opposed to catch both flying and crawling prey at America. some spider egg sacs, which look like night, usually within three feet of the

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ground. However, some spiders will Another sign of envenomation is that make a retreat well above ground level, bite victims will sometimes move or BROWN WIDOW SPIDERS such as in the eave of a house, and then rock back and forth incessantly to try to drop down 10 or more feet before build- lessen the pain from the venom injec- The brown widow spider, Latrodectus ing their web. tion process. geometricus, is found worldwide in sub- tropical habitats. It probably originated Widow spiders come out at dusk. After Although these are the most severe from , or possibly from South making improvements to their existing manifestations of black widow bites, America. web, they take up a position in the mid- symptoms most often merely resemble dle, their underside facing upward, to those of the flu. Black widow bites In North America, the brown widow wait for prey. Any large disturbance of don’t cause conspicuous swelling, was found only in Florida for many the web that indicates something larger necrosis, or deterioration of tissue decades, where it remains rather com- than a prey item causes the spider to around the bite. mon. However, in the first decade of the quickly move toward the safety of its 21st century, the spider began appearing retreat. As a neurotoxin, the venom of a black elsewhere, from Texas throughout the widow affects the nerve-muscle junc- Gulf Coast states and up the Atlantic The silk of a mature black widow is tion in the body. Normally, the body’s coast into South Carolina. very strong. If you run your finger neurons work like a light switch: they through the web of a large spider, the make the muscle turn on and then off While they were expanding in the result is an audible ripping sound. again so that the muscle can relax and southeastern United States, brown wid- Black widow silk is so strong that dur- be ready to contract again if needed. ows started being discovered in great ing World War II, it was used to make The venom causes the muscle to repeat- numbers in Southern California, where crosshairs for gun sights. edly contract. It would be like flipping they have caused great concern within on a light switch and not being able to the general public. Initial news reports Medical Aspects turn it off again. exaggerated the impact of the brown widow. However, unlike that of the Bites from black widow spiders are If bitten, seek medical attention imme- black widow, the bite of this spider is quite rare, even where these spiders are diately. You can place a cold pack on the not much more toxic to humans than very common. In the unlikely event of bite to relieve the pain. An antivenom that of other common spiders. an actual bite from a black widow, the for black widow bites is available that bite itself is painless or may feel like a works for all species that have been little pinprick. Almost all medically tested worldwide. Response is fast, and important black widow bites are from bite victims can go from intense pain the adult female, which is much larger back to normal in 30 minutes. than the male. The female also has stronger biting muscles and a larger The antivenom is based on horse serum, venom reserve. At the site of the bite, so physicians need to monitor for ana- there may be a little red mark or red phylactic shock. American physicians streaking away from the bite. Within an are somewhat reluctant to use antive- hour, other symptoms may start to nom for this reason and might prefer to appear. have the bite victim simply endure the symptoms, which can be similar to Figure 6. Mature female brown widow Bite victims might suffer from some but those of a bad flu episode and usually spider. not all of the following symptoms: dissipate in a few days. • Rigid stomach muscles, which some medical professionals have misdiagnosed as appendicitis Table 1. Features used to distinguish brown widows from immature black • Sweating, sometimes of just the widows. bitten body part, such as a bite to the Feature Brown widow Black widow hand that results in only the arm (immature) sweating profusely • Pain that can be local, radiating, or Black spots on lateral abdominal stripes large; squarish small, elliptical regional bottom half larger top half larger Hourglass • Urine retention rough margins crisp, straight • Numbness, agitation, fever, and margins patchy paralysis (less common) White markings on front of abdomen not continuous continuous

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Identification

Mature female brown widows are smaller than mature female western black widows, being about 3/8” in body length (10 mm). The normal brown widow spider coloration is a mottled collection of tan, brown, and gray (Figure 6). It has a lengthwise stripe halfway up the back side of the abdomen with two isolated dots in front of it and diagonal stripes on the side, somewhat similar to immature Figure 7. Male brown widow (right) and a female brown widow (left). western black widow spiders (see Table 1). However, the usual background col- oration of the brown widow is more of a tan, as compared to the western black widow, in which background coloration is more olive-gray. Male brown widows are much smaller [body length: 3/16 inch (4 to 5 mm)] than other widow spi- ders and therefore might be overlooked or misidentified (Figure 7). Figure 9. Dark-colored brown widow There is, however, great variation in Figure 8. Light-colored brown widow spider. spider. brown widow coloration. Spiders can vary from almost white (Figure 8) to strong silk, similar to those of western almost black (Figure 9). When brown black widows. widows are very dark, though, this col- oration is closer to a flat black than a Both black widows and brown widows shiny black like that of a mature black are almost never found in homes. In widow female. garages, black widows are common but brown widows are not. Outside and A mature brown widow female looks around the home, both spiders are very very similar to an immature western common. black widow, thus some skill is needed to identify the two accurately. However, The brown widow appears to be dis- the brown widow egg sac, as described placing the black widow in some of its in the next paragraph, is distinctive and habitats, especially in urban areas. a much surer way to confirm the spe- Southern California residents frequently cies. mention that they used to have a few Figure 10. Brown widow spider-egg sacs. black widows, but now only can find Egg Sac brown widows (and in greater num- bers). In a study published in 2012, The egg sac of the brown widow spider Habitat brown widows outnumbered black has protuberances of silk all over its widows in urban areas; such as around surface (Figure 10), resembling a very The habitat of the brown widow is simi- homes, in parks (especially under play- large pollen grain. The sac is so charac- lar in many respects to that of the black ground equipment), in zoos, etc. teristic that it can be used to verify the widow. They generally reside in clut- presence of brown widows even if the tered areas outside, such as woodpiles, The same study, however, reported that spiders themselves are not seen. but you will also find them in more brown widows were not found in natu- exposed areas, such as on chain-link ral areas in southern California (such as Brown widows produce about 130 eggs fences where black widows normally in chaparral and coastal sage scrub hab- per egg sac and are able to make 20 or would not be found. They are also itat) and were rare around agricultural more egg sacs in a lifetime, sometimes extremely common in the nooks and buildings. Brown widows were occa- multiple sacs within a short time period. crannies on the undersides of inexpen- sionally found in agricultural crops Female brown widows can be collected sive plastic patio furniture. Brown such as citrus, apple, and avocado trees with several simultaneously-developing widow spiders make irregular webs of as well as in corn stalks, bird-of-para- egg sacs. dise leaves and other plants, but most

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of these finds were in vegetation associ- as tested in mice), the brown widow is ated with small home gardens rather smaller and likely injects much less than large commercial properties. venom during a bite. In addition, bites to people are unlikely since brown wid- As of 2016, brown widows were well ows, when disturbed, typically pull established from Santa Barbara to the their legs close to the body, drop from San Bernardino area and south to Mex- their web, and play dead. ico. Established populations have not yet been found north of the Los Angeles The recent arrival of the brown widow Basin, in the Central Valley, or in the in Southern California is not a cause for Figure 13. nobilis, a species of desert areas (which may be inhospita- alarm. In fact, if the brown widow is false black widow spider recently ble for them due to the arid climate). indeed displacing the more toxic black established in Southern California, the widow, there actually might be a reduc- San Francisco Bay area, and the Although unsubstantiated reports of tion in spider bite risk as compared to Monterey area. brown widows occurring north of the previous decades. Los Angeles - Santa Barbara region with indistinct margins. Unlike black (such as in the San Francisco Bay area) widow spiders, false black widow spid- have been made for years, submitted erlings are dark like their mothers when spiders have been immature black wid- they emerge. ows, Steatoda (false black widow) spi- ders of several species, or orbweavers. Because they are common in homes, However, it is possible that the brown false black widows are more frequently widow is continuing to expand its involved in bite incidents than black range in California. widow or brown widow spiders. They have mild venom, and bites may cause Medical Aspects symptoms similar to those of yellow- jacket wasp stings: initial burning pain The bite of the brown widow is much followed by minor localized swelling milder than that of the western black around the envenomation site. When Figure 12. False black widow egg sac. widow. In a study in Africa, the most black widow antivenom mistakenly has common symptoms in 15 verified bites been used on false black widow bites, it were that the bite hurt when it hap- OTHER RELATED SPIDERS appeared to eliminate the venom’s pened and that there was burning pain effects. at the bite site. None of these patients False Black Widow developed the typical dynamic symp- Noble False Widow Spider toms of black widow envenomation. The false black widow spider, Steatoda Despite these observations, there is one grossa, (Figure 11) is not a true widow In 2011, Steatoda nobilis was discovered American record of a verified bite spider; however, it is in the same family, in Southern California. Like the false where the patient developed more , as widow spiders and can black widow, this spider is a European severe symptoms and required hospi- easily be confused with them. It shares native. Mature females can reach 5/8 talization. the same rounded-abdomen body form inch (14 mm) in body length, which is and web-making traits. It is slightly significantly larger than the false black Although its venom is at least as potent smaller than a mature western black widow. as black widow venom (drop for drop, widow spider [body length: 3/8 inch (10 mm)], chocolate brown in color, and Instead of being uniformly colored on never has red coloration on its belly. the top surface of the abdomen as is the false black widow, Steatoda nobilis usu- The false black widow is a European ally has a light tan pattern somewhat immigrant that has become extremely resembling a house with two windows common in Pacific Coast homes from and a domed roof (Figure 13). However, San Diego to British Columbia, with in some specimens, only the remnant isolated finds in Alaska. Unlike black tip of the “roof” is exhibited. There is widows, false black widow spiders also a broad, tan band on the front-fac- thrive indoors, especially in washrooms, ing surface of the abdomen. inside cupboards and underneath Figure 11. False black widow spider appliances, furniture and cabinets. This spider was first found in Ventura (adult female). County. It is now widespread in coastal False black widows make an egg sac San Diego County, Monterey, and the (Figure 12) that looks like a cotton ball San Francisco Bay area. Isolated finds

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have occurred in Los Angeles and Santa up pieces of wood unless you are wear- Chemical Control Barbara. ing gloves. Typically, control of spiders using pesti- Bites from this species are not consid- Eliminate places for spiders to hide and cides is difficult. Various insecticides ered to be medically significant. There build their webs by keeping areas near are registered for control of spiders; have been two recorded bites from the building foundations free of trash, leaf including pyrethrins, pyrethroids, and spider, with minor symptom develop- litter, and accumulations of other mate- combinations of these products. ment, but because of its large size, it has rials. the potential to hurt merely from fang Curiously, most of these registered pes- penetration. This spider will probably Outdoor lighting attracts insects, which ticides are water-based while the silk of continue to spread throughout coastal in turn attract spiders. If possible, keep spider egg sacs repels water. In a 2016 California. lighting fixtures pointed off structures study, water-based insecticides sprayed and away from windows and door- on brown widow egg sacs provided no MANAGEMENT ways. Sweep, mop, hose, or vacuum significant effect on the egg contents. webs and spiders off buildings regu- However, when petroleum-based prod- Minimizing sites around the home larly. Insecticides do not provide long- ucts were used, the pesticide was read- where spiders may hide, such as clutter, term control. ily carried past the silk outer layer and woodpiles, and heavy ground cover, is killed the egg sac contents. essential for reducing widow spider Because widow spiders are nocturnal, a populations. However, it is not practical nonchemical method of eradication is REFERENCES to eliminate these spiders completely. to search for them at night with a flash- Both widow species will continue to light and kill them with a shoe or rolled Clark, R. F., S. Wethern-Kestner, M. V. re-infest treated areas. up newspaper. If you are concerned Vance, and R. Gerkin. 1992. Clinical pre- about wildlife and feel comfortable sentation and treatment of black widow Regularly vacuuming or sweeping win- doing so, you can remove individual spider envenomation: a review of 163 dows, corners of rooms, storage areas, spiders from indoor areas by placing a cases. Annals Emergency Medicine. and other seldom-used areas helps jar over them and slipping a piece of 21:782-787. remove spiders and their webs. Vacu- paper underneath to seal off the open- uming spiders can be an effective con- ing when you lift the jar. Release the Danielsen, D. W. R., D. E. Clarke, S. J. trol technique because their soft bodies spider about 100 feet from your home Valle, A. A. Ansalmo, L. S. Vincent, and usually don’t survive this process. into a natural area. Brown widows may R. S. Vetter. 2014. Natural egg sac clutch not survive in natural areas but on the size of the brown widow spider, Latro- In the garage, keep items such as gar- other hand, they are an invasive, non- dectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridi- dening clothes and gloves in bags native pest species and should not be idae) in Southern California. Bulletin closed with zipper-locks or twist ties. there anyway. Southern California Academy Sciences. Store seasonal items such as sports gear, 113:100-102. camping gear, winter clothes or holiday One aspect that makes controlling decorations in boxes that can be taped widow spiders difficult is that they, like Goddard, J., S. Upshaw, D. Held, and K. shut and placed off the floor away from many spiders, exhibit a behavior called Johnnson. 2008. Severe reaction from walls in order to exclude spiders. When ballooning. When the spiderlings are envenomation by the brown widow cleaning up clutter in garages and other very small, on warm days when there is spider, Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: storage areas, be sure to wear gloves to an updraft, they climb to the top of a Theridiidae). Southern Medical Journal. avoid accidental bites. fence post or piece of vegetation, raise 101:1269-1270. their abdomens into the air, and release Other areas to check carefully include a small filament of silk. When the Kaston, B. J. 1970. Comparative biology children’s toys or playhouses made of updraft currents overtake the forces of of American black widow spiders. molded plastic that have open spaces gravity, the spiderling is carried into the Transactions San Diego Society Natural facing downward where spiders can air to another location. This may only History. 16:33-82. crawl in. Additional favored habitats of be a few feet away, or it could be miles. widow spiders include picnic tables, Ballooning spiderlings have been cap- McCrone, J. D. 1964. Comparative trash can grips, lawn chairs, plant pots tured at 10,000 feet from the ground lethality of several Latrodectus venoms. with curled lips, and other outdoor and 200 miles offshore. Because spider- Toxicon. 69:201-203. objects with sheltered lips or crevices. lings will be dropping down on your property continually, eliminating them Muller, G. J. 1993. Black and brown Be careful that you do not carry spiders will be a task that needs to be done widow spider bites in : A indoors on items such as plants, fire- repeatedly throughout the year. series of 45 cases. South African Medical wood, and boxes. Stack woodpiles Journal. 83:399-405. away from your house, and never pick

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Vetter, R. S. 2007. Pest Note: Spi- ders. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7442. http://www.ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/ PESTNOTES/pn7442.html

Vetter, R. S. 2012. How to iden- tify brown widow spiders. https://cisr.ucr.edu/identifying _brown_widow_spiders.html

Vetter, R. S. and G. K. Isbister. 2008. Medical aspects of spider bites. Annual Review of Entomology. 53:409-429. http://www.annualreviews. org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev. ento.53.103106.093503?url_ver=Z39.88- 2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref. org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed&.

Vetter, R. S. and M. K. Rust. 2012. A large European combfoot spi- der, Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Araneae: Theridiidae) newly estab- lished in Ventura County, California. AUTHOR: R. S. Vetter, Entomology, UC For more information, contact the University of Riverside (retired) California Cooperative Extension office in your county. Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 88:92-97. See your telephone directory for addresses and phone TECHNICAL EDITOR: K. Windbiel-Rojas numbers, or visit: ucanr.edu/County_Offices. Vetter, R. S., R. J. Adams, J. E. Ber- PRODUCTION: D. Won University of California scientists and other qual- rian, and L. S. Vincent. 2015. The ified professionals have anonymously peer reviewed PHOTOS: Figures 1-4, 6-13: R. S. Vetter; this publication for technical accuracy. Andrew Suther- European spider, Steatoda nobi- Figure 5: J. K. Clark land, ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management, lis (Araneae: Theridiidae), becoming managed this process. widespread in California. Pan- To simplify information, trade names of products Pacific Entomologist. 91:98-100. have been used. No endorsement of named prod- ucts is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. Vetter, R. S., J. Tarango, K. A. Camp- This material is partially based upon work sup- bell, C. Tham, C. Y. Hayashi and, ported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of D.-H. Choe. 2016. Efficacy of several Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Inte- grated Pest Management. pesticide products on brown widow Produced by the Statewide Integrated Pest Man- spider (Araneae: Theridiidae) egg sacs agement Program, University of California, 2801 Sec- and their penetration of pesticides ond Street, Davis, CA 95618-7774. through the egg sac silk. Journal of Economic Entomology. 109:267-272. Pest Notes are available Vetter, R. S., L. S. Vincent, D. W. R. at ipm.ucanr.edu. Danielsen, K. I. Reinker, D. E. Clarke, A. A. Itnyre, J. N. Kabashima, and M. K. Rust. 2012. The prevalence WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS of brown widow and black widow Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original, labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. urban southern California. Journal Pesticides applied in your home and landscape can move and contaminate creeks, rivers, and oceans. of Medical Entomology. 49:947-951. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Vincent, L. S., R. S. Vetter, W. R. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash or pour pesticides down the sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label, or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Col- Wrenn, J. K. Kempf, and J. E. Ber- lection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container dis- rian. 2008. The brown widow spider, posal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a man- 1841, in Southern California. Pan- ner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Pacific Entomologist. 84:344-349. http://www.researchgate.net/ ANR NONDISCRIMINATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICY STATEMENT publication/250304394_The_brown_ It is the policy of the University of California (UC) and the UC Division of Agriculture & Natural Resources widow_spider_Latrodectus not to engage in discrimination against or harassment of any person in any of its programs or activities (Com- plete nondiscrimination policy statement can be found at http://ucanr.edu/sites/anrstaff/files/215244.pdf) _geometricus_C._L._Koch_1841_ Inquiries regarding ANR’s nondiscrimination policies may be directed to John Sims, Affirmative Action in_southern_California. Contact, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2801 Second Street, Davis, CA 95618, (530) 750-1397.

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