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PHI 110 Lecture 26 1 Welcome Back. Today We're Going to Discuss the First of the Two Modern Moral Theories That We're Gonna

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PHI 110 Lecture 26 1 Welcome Back. Today We're Going to Discuss the First of the Two Modern Moral Theories That We're Gonna PHI 110 Lecture 26 1 Welcome back. Today we’re going to discuss the first of the two modern moral theories that we’re gonna cover in this course. Today we’ll be talking about John Stuart Mill’s theory known as Utilitarianism. In subsequent lectures we’ll talk about Immanuel Kant’s moral theory. These will be the two modern moral theories that we discuss in this course. They are indeed the dominant moral theories even today. In an introductory level course, if you discuss any two moral theories these are the two moral theories that you would discuss. Remember what a moral theory is. A moral theory is devoted to identifying the common characteristics of right or wrong actions. So we look to moral theory to tell us what is it about actions that make them morally right, what is it about actions that make them morally wrong. To put it another way, what does moral wrongness consist of and what does moral rightness consist of? What is that common quality that all wrong actions have and that all right actions have by virtue of which they are respectively right and wrong? I would argue that — and, of course, this could be a matter of contention. I would argue that utilitarianism is the dominant moral theory in the western world today. Others might take issue with that. Certainly if there’s any rival to utilitarianism’s dominance it’s going to be some version of Kantianism. But as I understand the public ethos in the United States, England, and other western countries, it would seem to me that the overwhelming number of people -- you were to sort of try and discern what sort of ethical view they have, you’d find a lot of utilitarian ideas. John Stuart Mill is not the creator of utilitarianism. That credit has to go to a philosopher born to the previous generation, Jeremy Bentham. He is the originator, the creator, of the utilitarian theory but Mill is its most sophisticated and most articulate and most famous spokesman. So the theory originates with Bentham but in Mill it receives its most sophisticated, fullest, and most influential treatment. PHI 110 Lecture 26 2 Let me just say a couple of things about John Stuart Mill by way of biography. John Stuart Mill was the son of James Mill who was a philosopher in his own right and was a passionate supporter and advocate of Bentham’s utilitarianism. Part of the reason why Mill was a utilitarian was because his father was a utilitarian and indeed a very outspoken advocate of utilitarianism. Mill was a child prodigy. His father, in a sense, wanted to prepare his son, John, to lead the charge for utilitarianism in the public sphere and so his father very much molded and shaped the younger Mill’s education and intellect from the beginning in a way that I think today we’d find objectionable. I mean, the father really, in a sense, denied his son a childhood in order to train him to become the supreme utilitarian. Mill was reading Latin and Greek at the age of 10. In Mill’s autobiography, which is one of the great examples of the genre — there’s a handful of great autobiographies of great intellectuals, the greatest probably being Saint Augustine’s. But, of course, there’s also John Jacques Rousseau’s confessions, and John Stuart Mill’s autobiography certainly has to rank among the greatest of this genre of literature. Mill later in life suffered a terrible, catastrophic nervous breakdown. There’s no question that a lot of it had to do with the intense pressure that his father put upon him as a young child to perform and to absorb a level of education and instruction that I think any of us today would find — would deem oppressive. When he was older, Mill worked for the British East India company which was one of the largest and most prosperous companies of the empire, the British Empire. He served a brief stint as a member of parliament representing the City of London and Westminster from 1865 to 1868. Mill was an active proponent of progressive and liberal causes. Remember, whenever we use words like progressive and liberal, what they mean is somewhat relative to the times. What counts as progressive in Victorian England is gonna be very different from what counts as progressive today. Most of the things that mill argued for PHI 110 Lecture 26 3 are things that no one today would disagree with. And so while they may have seemed radical in Victorian England, they’re certainly not considered radical today. One of Mill’s major causes was women’s suffrage: women’s right to vote, to own property, sort of basic human rights that we take for granted today. I can’t imagine anyone today in the United States or England, or anywhere else in the west, who would say that women ought not to vote or ought not to be able to own property or ought not be able to become educated. But, of course, they were not allowed to do any of these things not long ago and Mill was one of the earliest proponents of women’s suffrage and one of the most influential advocates of basic liberal ideas. Some of his major works include a system of logic, principles of political economy, on liberty, utilitarianism, and a short essay on the subjection of women in which he made the case for women’s liberation in the basic sense of voting rights and things like this which I think today we would find utterly obvious and unobjectionable. But Mill is most famous for being a philosopher. Indeed, he is most most famous — bad English — he’s most most famous for his version of the utilitarian ethic and for the theory of liberty that he presents in the book on liberty. Underlying Mill’s moral philosophy, underlying the utilitarian account of right and wrong, is a certain conception of value which it’s essential that we understand. There is a conception — if you remember this from our discussions of Aristotle, Aristotle talks about the human good, what constitutes human fulfillment, what is the valuable human life. Mill also is going to have a conception of value, that which is valuable and what are the hierarchies of value. Of all the things that have value, what are their relative places with respect to one another in the hierarchy of value. And unless we understand Mill’s conception of value, we won’t understand his moral philosophy. His moral philosophy is built directly out of this theory of value. And there’s a great sense to this, right? When we talk about morality, we talk about PHI 110 Lecture 26 4 obligation. What are we obliged to do, what are we obliged to refrain from doing. When we talk about value, we talk about that which is of the greatest importance, that which is of the most significance, that which matters the most. And certainly there’s gonna be a relationship between that which is of the greatest value, that which is of the most significance, and that which we are obliged to do and that which we are obliged not to do. I would suppose that as a general matter one is going to be morally obliged to do — to promote that which is of the greatest value and to discourage that which detracts from or takes away from or obstructs that which is of value. So there’s a sort of obvious intuitive relationship between conceptions of value on the one hand and conceptions of moral obligation on the other. In Mill’s theory the relationship is sort of seamless, as will become evident when we get to the specifics. Value comes in two essential varieties. On the one hand there are things whose value is instrumental. We call these things instrumental goods. An instrumental good is something whose value depends upon the value of something else. That is, something that’s an instrumental good has no inherent value. Its value is derivative. So the best example probably for our purposes will be money. Imagine, you know, a ten dollar bill. What is a ten dollar bill? It’s a piece of green paper. Inherently, in and of itself, it has no value whatsoever. The value of the ten dollar bill is derivative of the value of the things that can be purchased with it. So suppose that a ten dollar bill will buy me a carton of milk, a thing of eggs, and a pound of hamburger meat. Maybe this is optimistic, but let’s just pretend that. What that means is that the value of that ten dollar bill is really a function of the value of those things: the value of the milk, the value of the eggs, the value of the hamburger meat. The ten dollar bill’s value is directly derived from the value of those things to which it is an instrument. I’m trying to use the lingo that we get comfortable with it. The ten dollar bill’s value is instrumental to the purchase of these things which themselves are PHI 110 Lecture 26 5 objects of value. So some things are instrumental goods. Their value lies in the fact that they are instruments to other things of value. In the case of money, the kind of instrument it is, it is a purchasing instrument. Its value lies in the fact that it allows you to obtain things of value.
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